How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so far Biden term Trump I term Obama term Since 9/11 Since Reagan Postwar → now

$ civicdiff 2023-01-02..2021-01-03 # the same day json

20 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 48 deletions(−)

Laws enacted

0 notable

Executive orders

signed

Final rules

0 significant

Supreme Court

1 of 9

seats changed hands

Agencies

+0 −0

departments & tracked agencies

Public debt

−$3.67T

$31.4T → $27.7T

The presidency passed from Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. to Donald J. Trump. 3 senators and 21 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 1 new justice joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +25% (FY2023 → FY2021).

Executive7 files+29−28

executive/presidentThe presidency

+1−1National Archives ↗

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. D

46th president

Donald J. Trump R

45th president

executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency

+1−1Senate Historical Office ↗

Kamala D. Harris D

Mike Pence R

executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials

+27−26Wikidata ↗

Secretary of State

Antony Blinken D

Mike Pompeo R

Secretary of the Treasury

Janet Yellen D

Steven Mnuchin R

Secretary of Defense

Lloyd J. Austin III I

Christopher C. Miller (acting)

Attorney General

Merrick Garland I

Jeffrey A. Rosen R (acting)

Secretary of the Navy

Carlos Del Toro

Kenneth Braithwaite R

Secretary of the Interior

Deb Haaland D

David L. Bernhardt R (acting)

Show 18 more cabinet offices

Secretary of Agriculture

Tom Vilsack D

Sonny Perdue D

Secretary of Commerce

Secretary of Labor

Secretary of Health and Human Services

Xavier Becerra D

Alex Azar R

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Marcia Fudge D

Ben Carson R

Secretary of Transportation

Secretary of Energy

Secretary of Education

Miguel Cardona D

Betsy DeVos R

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Denis McDonough D

Robert Wilkie R

Secretary of Homeland Security

Alejandro Mayorkas D

Chad Wolf R (acting)

White House Chief of Staff

Ron Klain D

Mark Meadows R

Director of the Office of Management and Budget

Shalanda Young D

Russell Vought R

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency

Michael S. Regan

Andrew R. Wheeler R

Ambassador to the United Nations

Linda Thomas-Greenfield D

Kelly Craft R

Director of National Intelligence

Avril Haines D

John Ratcliffe R

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

William J. Burns

Gina Haspel R

Administrator of the Small Business Administration

Isabel Guzman

Jovita Carranza R

U.S. Trade Representative

Katherine Tai D

Robert Lighthizer R

Other senior officials (3 changed)

Secretary of the Navy

Carlos Del Toro

Kenneth Braithwaite R

National Security Advisor

Jake Sullivan D

Robert C. O'Brien R

Solicitor General

Jeff Wall (acting)

5 offices unchanged

Postmaster General: Louis DeJoy R

Chair of the Federal Reserve: Jerome Powell R

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Mark A. Milley

Director of the FBI: Christopher A. Wray R

executive/ordersExecutive orders

±0Federal Register API ↗

0 executive orders signed

975 → 924 orders (issued since 1994) in force · 0 revoked in this window

executive/nominationsSenate confirmations

±0Congress.gov ↗

0 civilian nominations received · 0 confirmed · 0 withdrawn · 0 returned to the President

Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.

executive/agenciesFederal agencies

±0Wikidata ↗

431 → 428 tracked organizations · 16 → 16 executive departments

No agencies created or abolished in this window.

Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

executive/regulationsFederal regulations

±0Federal Register API ↗

0 final rules published in the Federal Register

from Jan 2, 2023

0 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866

major economic or policy impact

0 proposed rules · 0 notices

Loading which agencies published the most rules…

Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.

Military2 files+5

military/conflictsArmed conflicts

+5UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗

U.S. in 3 armed conflicts → 8

War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)

began 2003 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against the Taliban

Afghanistan: Islamic State

began Mar 3, 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS

Niger: Islamic State

began 2017 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS

Kenya: al-Shabaab

began 2019 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab

Somalia: Islamic State

began Jun 4, 2019 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS

3 conflicts active on both dates

Iraq: insurgency and war against IS

since Aug 8, 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS

Somalia: al-Shabaab

since 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab

Iran–Israel conflict

since 2020 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Israel

An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.

military/troopsU.S. troops abroad

+7,995 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗

165,700 → 173,695 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 1,316,644 → 1,369,223 total active duty

10 → 13 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops

as of Dec 31, 2022 → as of Dec 31, 2020

Afghanistan 0 → 8,600

+8,600

Iraq 144 → 5,200

+5,056

Kuwait 662 → 1,862

+1,200

Germany 35,557 → 34,475

−1,082

Japan 57,482 → 56,474

−1,008

Syria 0 → 900

+900

Largest U.S. deployments as of Dec 31, 2020

Japan 56,474

Germany 34,475

South Korea 25,430

Italy 12,263

United Kingdom 9,424

Afghanistan 8,600

Guam 6,172

Iraq 5,200

Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.

Legislative4 files+24−19

legislative/controlControl of Congress

0 changesHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗

117

Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican

117th Congress → 117th Congress · 0 new Congresses elected

0 changes of chamber control along the way

House: Democrat majority on both dates

217 D · 213 R → 223 D · 212 R

Senate: Republican majority on both dates

50 R · 50 D → 52 R · 48 D

legislative/senateSenate

+3−3congress-legislators ↗

Jan 2, 2023 · 50 R · 47 D · 3 I

Jan 3, 2021 · 52 R · 46 D · 2 I

3 new members · 3 departed · 97 served on both dates · women 24 → 26 · median age 67 → 65

2 seats changed party

Georgia

Georgia

Georgia

Georgia

Who joined and who left (3 in · 3 out)

California

Georgia

Georgia

California

Georgia

Georgia

legislative/houseHouse

+21−16congress-legislators ↗

Jan 2, 2023 · 217 D · 213 R

Jan 3, 2021 · 223 D · 212 R

21 new members · 16 departed · 414 served on both dates · women 123 → 118 · median age 60 → 59

7 state delegations changed

Show delegation changes

Alaska 1 D · 0 R

Alaska 0 D · 1 R

Florida 9 D · 16 R

Florida 11 D · 16 R

North Carolina 4 D · 8 R

North Carolina 5 D · 8 R

New York 19 D · 8 R

New York 20 D · 7 R

Pennsylvania 8 D · 9 R

Pennsylvania 9 D · 9 R

Texas 12 D · 24 R

Texas 13 D · 23 R

Virginia 6 D · 4 R

Virginia 7 D · 4 R

Who joined and who left (21 in · 16 out)

Alaska-AL

California-22

Florida-20

Florida-13

Florida-22

Indiana-2

Louisiana-5

Louisiana-2

Minnesota-1

North Carolina-1

Nebraska-1

New Mexico-1

New York-22

New York-23

New York-19

Ohio-11

Ohio-15

Pennsylvania-18

Texas-6

Texas-34

Virginia-4

Mary Sattler Peltola D

Alaska-AL

Connie Conway R

California-22

Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick D

Florida-20

Indiana-2

Louisiana-5

Louisiana-2

Minnesota-1

Nebraska-1

Melanie A. Stansbury D

New Mexico-1

New York-22

New York-23

New York-19

Ohio-11

Ohio-15

Texas-6

Texas-34

legislative/lawsLaws enacted

±0Congress.gov ↗

0 public laws enacted · 0 landmark · 0 notable · 0 routine · 0 ceremonial

No laws in this window are flagged as notable.

Judicial3 files+1−1

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court

+1−1Federal Judicial Center ↗

Bench by appointing party: 6 R · 3 D → 6 R · 3 D

Ketanji Brown Jackson D

appointed by Joseph R. Biden · 2022

Stephen Gerald Breyer D

appointed by William J. Clinton · 1994

8 justices served on both dates

Clarence Thomas R

appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991

John Glover Roberts, Jr. R

appointed by George W. Bush · 2005

Samuel A. Alito, Jr. R

appointed by George W. Bush · 2006

Sonia Sotomayor D

appointed by Barack Obama · 2009

Elena Kagan D

appointed by Barack Obama · 2010

Neil M. Gorsuch R

appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2017

Brett M. Kavanaugh R

appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2018

Amy Coney Barrett R

appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2020

judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts

±0Federal Judicial Center ↗

Courts of appeals (active judges): 91 R · 78 D → 96 R · 81 D

District courts (active judges): 325 D · 282 R → 317 D · 317 R

1 circuit flipped majority

Second Circuit 7 D · 6 R (D majority)

Second Circuit 6 D · 7 R (R majority)

D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.

judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions

±0Supreme Court Database ↗

0 argued decisions · 0 landmark

Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget

+25% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗

Fiscal year 2023 → fiscal year 2021 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index

Spending $6.13T

FY2023

Spending $6.82T

FY2021 · +11% nominal · +25% after inflation

Revenue $4.44T

FY2023

Revenue $4.05T

FY2021 · −8.9% nominal · +2.1% after inflation

Surplus / deficit −$1.69T

FY2023

Surplus / deficit −$2.77T

FY2021 · −$1.09T

Spending, % of GDP 22.4%

FY2023

Spending, % of GDP 29.6%

FY2021 · +7.2 pts

Debt held by the public, % of GDP 95.8%

FY2023

Debt held by the public, % of GDP 96.7%

FY2021 · +0.9 pts

Spending by function · real change

Income Security

$775B → $1.65T · +138%

Social Security

$1.35T → $1.13T · −6.2%

Health

$889B → $796B · +0.4%

National Defense

$820B → $754B · +3.0%

Medicare

$848B → $696B · −7.9%

Net interest

$658B → $352B · −40%

Commerce and Housing Credit

$101B → $308B · +242%

General Government

$38.2B → $274B · +703%

Veterans Benefits and Services

$302B → $234B · −13%

Transportation

$126B → $154B · +37%

Administration of Justice

$80.4B → $71.4B · −0.5%

Agriculture

$33.7B → $47.4B · +58%

International Affairs

$63.1B → $45.2B · −20%

Community and Regional Development

$86.6B → $44.7B · −42%

Natural Resources and Environment

$47.4B → $44.2B · +4.4%

General Science, Space, and Technology

$41.3B → $35.5B · −3.6%

fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding

−$3.67TTreasury Fiscal Data ↗

$31.4T

as of Dec 30, 2022

$27.7T

as of Dec 31, 2020

Constitution & Union1 file±0

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood

±0National Archives ↗

27 → 27 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states

No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between

0 events

How did the United States change between Jan 2, 2023 and Jan 3, 2021?

Executive7 files+29−28

Military2 files+5

Legislative4 files+24−19

Judicial3 files+1−1

Fiscal2 files±0

Constitution & Union1 file±0

Log1 file±0

How did the United States change between and ?