How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1995-01-03...1997-01-02 · 2 years json
21 files changed, 11,007 insertions(+), 119 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+333
55 notable
Executive orders
+89
signed
Final rules
+9,737
405 significant
Supreme Court
0 of 9
seats changed hands
Agencies
+6 −3
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$517B
$4.80T → $5.32T

William Jefferson Clinton was president on both dates. Congress enacted 333 public laws. 11 senators and 90 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +1.9% (FY1995 → FY1997).

Executive7 files+10,337−6

executive/presidentThe presidency
±0National Archives ↗
William Jefferson Clinton D
42nd president · in office on both dates
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
±0Senate Historical Office ↗
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. D
in office on both dates
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+4−3Wikidata ↗
Secretary of the Treasury
Robert Rubin D
Secretary of Agriculture
Dan Glickman D
Secretary of Commerce
Ron Brown D
vacant on Jan 2, 1997
next: William M. Daley D · Jan 30, 1997
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Alice Rivlin D
Franklin Raines D
Director of Central Intelligence · 2 people took this office in between
R. James Woolsey, Jr. D
George Tenet D
20 offices unchanged
Secretary of State: Warren Christopher D
Secretary of Defense: William Perry D
Attorney General: Janet Reno D
Secretary of the Navy: John Howard Dalton
Secretary of the Interior: Bruce Babbitt D
Secretary of Labor: Robert Reich D
Secretary of Health and Human Services: Donna Shalala D
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development: Henry Cisneros D
Secretary of Transportation: Federico Peña D
Secretary of Energy: Hazel R. O'Leary D
Secretary of Education: Richard Riley D
Secretary of Veterans Affairs: Jesse Brown D
White House Chief of Staff: Leon Panetta D
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: Carol Browner D
Ambassador to the United Nations: Madeleine Albright D
Secretary of the Navy: John Howard Dalton
Chair of the Federal Reserve: Alan Greenspan R
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: John Shalikashvili
Director of the FBI: Louis Joseph Freeh R
National Security Advisor: Anthony Lake D
executive/ordersExecutive orders
+89Federal Register API ↗
89 executive orders signed · William J. Clinton 89
49 → 134 orders (issued since 1994) in force · 4 revoked in this window
EO 12958 Classified National Security Information
Apr 17, 1995 · William J. Clinton · revoked by EO 13526
EO 12960 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
May 12, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12968 Access to Classified Information
Aug 2, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12984 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
Dec 28, 1995 · William J. Clinton · revoked by EO 13033
EO 13029 Implementing, for the United States, the Provisions of An- nex 1 of the Decision Concerning Legal Capacity and Privileges and Immunities, Issued by the Council of Ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe on December 1, 1993
Dec 3, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13033 Executive Order 13033 of December 27, 1996
Dec 27, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 12945 Amendment to Executive Order No. 12640
Jan 20, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12946 President's Advisory Board on Arms Proliferation Policy
Jan 20, 1995 · William J. Clinton · revoked by EO 13062
Show 6 more
EO 12947 Prohibiting Transactions With Terrorists Who Threaten To Disrupt the Middle East Peace Process
Jan 23, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12948 Amendment to Executive Order No. 12898
Jan 30, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12949 Foreign Intelligence Physical Searches
Feb 9, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12950 Establishing an Emergency Board To Investigate a Dispute Between Metro North Commuter Railroad and Its Employees Represented by Certain Labor Organizations
Feb 22, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12951 Release of Imagery Acquired by Space-Based National Intelligence Reconnaissance Systems
Feb 22, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12952 Amendment to Executive Order No. 12950
Feb 24, 1995 · William J. Clinton
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+501Congress.gov ↗
711 civilian nominations received · 501 confirmed · 21 withdrawn · 187 returned to the President
Robert E. Rubin, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Lloyd Bentsen, resigned.
confirmed Jan 10, 1995 · 99–0
Daniel Robert Glickman, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Mike Espy, resigned.
confirmed Mar 30, 1995 · 94–0
Alan Greenspan, of New York, to be Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of four years. (Reappointment)
confirmed Jun 20, 1996 · 91–7
Franklin D. Raines, of the District of Columbia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Alice M. Rivlin.
confirmed Sep 6, 1996 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+6−3Wikidata ↗
350 → 353 tracked organizations · 15 → 15 executive departments
Surface Transportation Board
established Jan 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States federal government
Institute of Museum and Library Services
established Oct 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States government, supporting libraries and museums
Office of Congressional Workplace Rights
established Jan 23, 1995 · US agency protecting workers
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
established Oct 1, 1996 · intelligence agency of the United States of America
U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division
established Oct 1, 1996 · defunct division of the U.S. Geological Survey
Joint Genome Institute
established Jan 1, 1997 · research facility in California, US
United States Bureau of Mines
abolished Jan 1, 1996 · U.S. government agency that existed during 1910–1996 · replaced by NIOSH Office of Mine Safety and Health Research
United States Travel and Tourism Administration
abolished Jan 1, 1996 · US government agency (1981–1996)
Defense Mapping Agency
abolished Oct 1, 1996 · former mapping, charting, and geodesy organization of the United States Department of Defense · replaced by National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
executive/regulationsFederal regulations
+9,737Federal Register API ↗
9,737 final rules published in the Federal Register
from Jan 3, 1995
405 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866
major economic or policy impact
6,368 proposed rules · 47,590 notices
Loading which agencies published the most rules…
Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.

Military2 files±0

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
±0UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window.
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
−38,827 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
259,288 → 220,461 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 1,573,762 → 1,434,579 total active duty
16 → 20 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Sep 30, 1994 → as of Sep 30, 1996
Germany 87,955 → 48,878
−39,077
Haiti 17,495 → 277
−17,218
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 → 15,003
+15,003
Hungary 16 → 6,523
+6,507
Kuwait 269 → 5,531
+5,262
Croatia 6 → 4,007
+4,001
Panama 9,479 → 6,435
−3,044
Japan 45,398 → 42,962
−2,436
United Kingdom 13,781 → 11,662
−2,119
Cuba 3,760 → 1,886
−1,874
Turkey 4,077 → 2,922
−1,155
Guam 6,319 → 5,305
−1,014
Largest U.S. deployments as of Sep 30, 1996
Germany 48,878
Japan 42,962
South Korea 36,539
Bosnia and Herzegovina 15,003
Italy 12,401
United Kingdom 11,662
Hungary 6,523
Panama 6,435
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.

Legislative4 files+434−102

legislative/controlControl of Congress
2 changesHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
103rd Congress → 104th Congress · 1 new Congress elected
2 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority
257 D · 178 R
House: Republican majority
235 R · 199 D
Senate: Democrat majority
53 D · 47 R
Senate: Republican majority
53 R · 47 D
legislative/senateSenate
+11−11congress-legislators ↗
Jan 3, 1995 · 53 D · 47 R
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Dianne Feinstein (Democrat, CA)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA)Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Democrat, CO)Joseph I. Lieberman (Democrat, CT)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Bob Graham (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Carol Moseley Braun (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)Paul David Wellstone (Democrat, MN)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)Kent Conrad (Democrat, ND)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND)J. Robert Kerrey (Democrat, NE)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Richard H. Bryan (Democrat, NV)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)Harris Wofford (Democrat, PA)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Charles S. Robb (Democrat, VA)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Patty Murray (Democrat, WA)Herb Kohl (Democrat, WI)Russell D. Feingold (Democrat, WI)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)Richard C. Shelby (Republican, AL)John McCain (Republican, AZ)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL)Paul D. Coverdell (Republican, GA)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID)Dirk Kempthorne (Republican, ID)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Christopher S. Bond (Republican, MO)Trent Lott (Republican, MS)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Conrad Burns (Republican, MT)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)Duncan McLauchlin Faircloth (Republican, NC)Robert Smith (Republican, NH)Judd A. Gregg (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)James M. Inhofe (Republican, OK)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Fred Thompson (Republican, TN)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Kay Bailey Hutchison (Republican, TX)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)Robert F. Bennett (Republican, UT)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT)T. Slade Gorton (Republican, WA)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)
Jan 2, 1997 · 53 R · 47 D
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA)Dianne Feinstein (Democrat, CA)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph I. Lieberman (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Bob Graham (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Carol Moseley Braun (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)Paul David Wellstone (Democrat, MN)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND)Kent Conrad (Democrat, ND)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)J. Robert Kerrey (Democrat, NE)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV)Richard H. Bryan (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD)Charles S. Robb (Democrat, VA)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Patty Murray (Democrat, WA)Russell D. Feingold (Democrat, WI)Herb Kohl (Democrat, WI)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)Richard C. Shelby (Republican, AL)John McCain (Republican, AZ)Jon Kyl (Republican, AZ)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO)Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Republican, CO)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL)Paul D. Coverdell (Republican, GA)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID)Dirk Kempthorne (Republican, ID)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Samuel D. Brownback (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME)Spencer Abraham (Republican, MI)Rod Grams (Republican, MN)Christopher S. Bond (Republican, MO)John Ashcroft (Republican, MO)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Trent Lott (Republican, MS)Conrad Burns (Republican, MT)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)Duncan McLauchlin Faircloth (Republican, NC)Robert Smith (Republican, NH)Judd A. Gregg (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Michael DeWine (Republican, OH)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)James M. Inhofe (Republican, OK)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)Richard J. Santorum (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Fred Thompson (Republican, TN)William H. Frist (Republican, TN)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Kay Bailey Hutchison (Republican, TX)Robert F. Bennett (Republican, UT)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT)T. Slade Gorton (Republican, WA)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)Craig Thomas (Republican, WY)
11 new members · 11 departed · 89 served on both dates · women 7 → 8 · median age 60 → 59
8 seats changed party
Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. D
Michigan seat
Spencer Abraham R
Michigan seat
Howard Morton Metzenbaum D
Ohio seat
Michael DeWine R
Ohio seat
James Ralph Sasser D
Tennessee seat
William H. Frist R
Tennessee seat
Harris Wofford D
Pennsylvania seat
Richard J. Santorum R
Pennsylvania seat
Show 4 more seat flips
George John Mitchell D
Maine seat
Olympia J. Snowe R
Maine seat
Dennis Webster DeConcini D
Arizona seat
Jon Kyl R
Arizona seat
Ben Nighthorse Campbell D
Colorado seat
Ben Nighthorse Campbell R
Colorado seat
Robert William Packwood R
Oregon seat
Ron Wyden D
Oregon seat
Who joined and who left (11 in · 11 out)
Jon Kyl R
Arizona
Samuel D. Brownback R
Kansas
Olympia J. Snowe R
Maine
Spencer Abraham R
Michigan
Rod Grams R
Minnesota
John Ashcroft R
Missouri
Michael DeWine R
Ohio
Ron Wyden D
Oregon
Richard J. Santorum R
Pennsylvania
William H. Frist R
Tennessee
Craig Thomas R
Wyoming
Dennis Webster DeConcini D
Arizona
Robert Joseph Dole R
Kansas
George John Mitchell D
Maine
Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. D
Michigan
David Ferdinand Durenberger R
Minnesota
John Claggett Danforth R
Missouri
Howard Morton Metzenbaum D
Ohio
Robert William Packwood R
Oregon
Harris Wofford D
Pennsylvania
James Ralph Sasser D
Tennessee
Malcolm Wallop R
Wyoming
legislative/houseHouse
+90−91congress-legislators ↗
Jan 3, 1995 · 256 D · 178 R · 1 I
Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)John Glen Browder (Democrat, AL-3)Earl F. Hilliard (Democrat, AL-7)Robert E. Cramer Jr. (Democrat, AL-5)Raymond Hoyt Thornton Jr. (Democrat, AR-2)Blanche Lambert Lincoln (Democrat, AR-1)Samuel G. Coppersmith (Democrat, AZ-1)Karan English (Democrat, AZ-6)Ed Pastor (Democrat, AZ-2)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-16)Daniel Hamburg (Democrat, CA-1)Richard Henry Lehman (Democrat, CA-19)Lynn Schenk (Democrat, CA-49)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-24)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-15)Walter R. Tucker III (Democrat, CA-37)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-9)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-3)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-42)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-32)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-31)Gary Condit (Democrat, CA-18)Calvin M. Dooley (Democrat, CA-20)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-5)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-12)Jane Harman (Democrat, CA-36)Bob Filner (Democrat, CA-50)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-13)Lynn C. Woolsey (Democrat, CA-6)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-29)Xavier Becerra (Democrat, CA-30)Lucille Roybal-Allard (Democrat, CA-33)Anna G. Eshoo (Democrat, CA-14)Nancy Pelosi (Democrat, CA-8)Maxine Waters (Democrat, CA-35)Sam Farr (Democrat, CA-17)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)David Evans Skaggs (Democrat, CO-2)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Rosa L. DeLauro (Democrat, CT-3)James Bacchus (Democrat, FL-15)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-11)Harry A. Johnston II (Democrat, FL-19)Douglas Brian Peterson (Democrat, FL-2)Carrie Meek (Democrat, FL-17)Karen Thurman (Democrat, FL-5)Peter Deutsch (Democrat, FL-20)Corrine Brown (Democrat, FL-3)Alcee L. Hastings (Democrat, FL-23)George Darden (Democrat, GA-7)Clete Donald Johnson Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)James Roy Rowland Jr. (Democrat, GA-8)Cynthia McKinney (Democrat, GA-11)Nathan Deal (Democrat, GA-9)John Lewis (Democrat, GA-5)Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. (Democrat, GA-2)Patsy Takemoto Mink (Democrat, HI-2)Neil Abercrombie (Democrat, HI-1)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Larry LaRocco (Democrat, ID-1)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-5)George Edward Sangmeister (Democrat, IL-11)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Mel Reynolds (Democrat, IL-2)Glenn Poshard (Democrat, IL-19)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-3)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Jerry F. Costello (Democrat, IL-12)Luis V. Gutiérrez (Democrat, IL-4)Bobby L. Rush (Democrat, IL-1)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)Jill Lynette Long Thompson (Democrat, IN-4)Francis Xavier McCloskey (Democrat, IN-8)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Timothy Roemer (Democrat, IN-3)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)James Charles Slattery (Democrat, KS-2)Thomas J. Barlow III (Democrat, KY-1)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)Henry Scott Baesler (Democrat, KY-6)James Allison Hayes (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)William J. Jefferson (Democrat, LA-2)Cleo Fields (Democrat, LA-4)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (Democrat, MA-8)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Martin T. Meehan (Democrat, MA-5)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)John W. Olver (Democrat, MA-1)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Richard E. Neal (Democrat, MA-2)Albert Russell Wynn (Democrat, MD-4)Benjamin L. Cardin (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)Kweisi Mfume (Democrat, MD-7)Thomas Hiram Andrews (Democrat, ME-1)Milton Robert Carr (Democrat, MI-8)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-13)Barbara-Rose Collins (Democrat, MI-15)James A. Barcia (Democrat, MI-5)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-10)Bart T. Stupak (Democrat, MI-1)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-9)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-14)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-12)Timothy Joseph Penny (Democrat, MN-1)David Minge (Democrat, MN-2)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Collin C. Peterson (Democrat, MN-7)Alan Dupree Wheat (Democrat, MO-5)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Pat Danner (Democrat, MO-6)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)Michael Parker (Democrat, MS-4)Gene Taylor (Democrat, MS-5)Bennie G. Thompson (Democrat, MS-2)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)H. Martin Lancaster (Democrat, NC-3)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine (Democrat, NC-2)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)Eva Clayton (Democrat, NC-1)Melvin L. Watt (Democrat, NC-12)David E. Price (Democrat, NC-4)Earl Ralph Pomeroy (Democrat, ND-AL)Peter D. Hoagland (Democrat, NE-2)Richard Swett (Democrat, NH-2)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)Herbert C. Klein (Democrat, NJ-8)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)Donald M. Payne (Democrat, NJ-10)Robert E. Andrews (Democrat, NJ-1)Robert Menendez (Democrat, NJ-13)Frank Pallone, Jr. (Democrat, NJ-6)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)James Hubert Bilbray (Democrat, NV-1)George Joseph Hochbrueckner (Democrat, NY-1)Floyd Harold Flake (Democrat, NY-6)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-7)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-29)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-11)Michael R. McNulty (Democrat, NY-21)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-5)Maurice D. Hinchey (Democrat, NY-26)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-10)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-15)Louise McIntosh Slaughter (Democrat, NY-28)Eliot L. Engel (Democrat, NY-17)Nita M. Lowey (Democrat, NY-18)José E. Serrano (Democrat, NY-16)Carolyn B. Maloney (Democrat, NY-14)Jerrold Nadler (Democrat, NY-8)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-9)Nydia M. Velázquez (Democrat, NY-12)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Eric D. Fingerhut (Democrat, OH-19)David Scott Mann (Democrat, OH-1)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-11)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)Thomas C. Sawyer (Democrat, OH-14)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Ted Strickland (Democrat, OH-6)Sherrod Brown (Democrat, OH-13)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)William K. Brewster (Democrat, OK-3)Michael J. Kopetski (Democrat, OR-5)Elizabeth Furse (Democrat, OR-1)Peter A. DeFazio (Democrat, OR-4)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Lucien Edward Blackwell (Democrat, PA-2)Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky (Democrat, PA-13)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-20)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Paul F. McHale Jr. (Democrat, PA-15)Ron Klink (Democrat, PA-4)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Tim Holden (Democrat, PA-6)Jack Reed (Democrat, RI-2)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)James E. Clyburn (Democrat, SC-6)Tim Johnson (Democrat, SD-AL)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Robert Clement (Democrat, TN-5)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)John S. Tanner (Democrat, TN-8)Jim Cooper (Democrat, TN-4)Michael Allen Andrews (Democrat, TX-25)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)William Sarpalius (Democrat, TX-13)Craig Anthony Washington (Democrat, TX-18)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Jim Chapman (Democrat, TX-1)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Preston M. Geren (Democrat, TX-12)Gregory H. Laughlin (Democrat, TX-14)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Frank Mariano Tejeda (Democrat, TX-28)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Thomas Edwards (Democrat, TX-11)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Gene Green (Democrat, TX-29)Eddie Bernice Johnson (Democrat, TX-30)Karen Shepherd (Democrat, UT-2)William Orton (Democrat, UT-3)Leslie Larkin Byrne (Democrat, VA-11)Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. (Democrat, VA-5)Owen B. Pickett (Democrat, VA-2)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)James P. Moran (Democrat, VA-8)Robert C. "Bobby" Scott (Democrat, VA-3)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Myron Bradford Kreidler (Democrat, WA-9)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Jolene Unsoeld (Democrat, WA-3)Jay Inslee (Democrat, WA-4)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Jim McDermott (Democrat, WA-7)Maria Cantwell (Democrat, WA-1)Thomas M. Barrett (Democrat, WI-5)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Peter William Barca (Democrat, WI-1)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-3)Bernard Sanders (Independent, VT-AL)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)Terry Everett (Republican, AL-2)Spencer Bachus (Republican, AL-6)Tim Hutchinson (Republican, AR-3)Jay Dickey (Republican, AR-4)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)Jon Kyl (Republican, AZ-4)Michael Huffington (Republican, CA-22)Alfred A. McCandless (Republican, CA-44)William P. Baker (Republican, CA-10)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-46)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-27)Jay Kim (Republican, CA-41)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-48)Stephen Horn (Republican, CA-38)C. Christopher Cox (Republican, CA-47)Randall H. Cunningham (Republican, CA-51)Richard W. Pombo (Republican, CA-11)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-21)John T. Doolittle (Republican, CA-4)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-52)David Dreier (Republican, CA-28)Elton Gallegly (Republican, CA-23)Wally Herger (Republican, CA-2)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-40)Howard P. "Buck" McKeon (Republican, CA-25)Dana Rohrabacher (Republican, CA-45)Edward R. Royce (Republican, CA-39)Ken Calvert (Republican, CA-43)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Wayne A. Allard (Republican, CO-4)Scott McInnis (Republican, CO-3)Joel Hefley (Republican, CO-5)Gary A. Franks (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Christopher H. Shays (Republican, CT-4)Michael N. Castle (Republican, DE-AL)Thomas F. Lewis (Republican, FL-16)Charles T. Canady (Republican, FL-12)Tillie K. Fowler (Republican, FL-4)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-8)Dan Miller (Republican, FL-13)Porter J. Goss (Republican, FL-14)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-22)Lincoln Diaz-Balart (Republican, FL-21)Cliff Stearns (Republican, FL-6)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-10)John L. Mica (Republican, FL-7)Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican, FL-18)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Michael Allen Collins (Republican, GA-3)John Linder (Republican, GA-4)Jack Kingston (Republican, GA-1)Frederick Lawrence Grandy (Republican, IA-5)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-3)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)James Allen Nussle (Republican, IA-2)Mike Crapo (Republican, ID-2)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)Thomas W. Ewing (Republican, IL-15)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-8)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)J. Dennis Hastert (Republican, IL-14)Donald A. Manzullo (Republican, IL-16)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Stephen E. Buyer (Republican, IN-5)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Jim Bunning (Republican, KY-4)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)Ron Lewis (Republican, KY-2)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Richard Hugh Baker (Republican, LA-6)James O. McCrery III (Republican, LA-5)Peter I. Blute (Republican, MA-3)Peter Gerard Torkildsen (Republican, MA-6)Helen Delich Bentley (Republican, MD-2)Constance Morella (Republican, MD-8)Wayne T. Gilchrest (Republican, MD-1)Roscoe G. Bartlett (Republican, MD-6)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)Nick Smith (Republican, MI-7)Joseph K. Knollenberg (Republican, MI-11)Peter Hoekstra (Republican, MI-2)Dave Camp (Republican, MI-4)Fred Upton (Republican, MI-6)Vernon J. Ehlers (Republican, MI-3)Rod Grams (Republican, MN-6)James M. Ramstad (Republican, MN-3)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-8)Melton D. Hancock (Republican, MO-7)James M. Talent (Republican, MO-2)John Alexander, III McMillan (Republican, NC-9)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Charles H. Taylor (Republican, NC-11)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Bill Barrett (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)William H. Zeliff Jr. (Republican, NH-1)Dean Anderson Gallo (Republican, NJ-11)Richard Zimmer (Republican, NJ-12)Bob Franks (Republican, NJ-7)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-3)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Steven Harvey Schiff (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-19)David A. Levy (Republican, NY-4)Susan Molinari (Republican, NY-13)L. William Paxon (Republican, NY-27)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-22)Rick A. Lazio (Republican, NY-2)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-20)Amory Houghton Jr. (Republican, NY-31)Jack Quinn (Republican, NY-30)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-23)James T. Walsh (Republican, NY-25)John M. McHugh (Republican, NY-24)Peter T. King (Republican, NY-3)Martin R. Hoke (Republican, OH-10)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Paul E. Gillmor (Republican, OH-5)David Lee Hobson (Republican, OH-7)Deborah D. Pryce (Republican, OH-15)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)John A. Boehner (Republican, OH-8)Rob Portman (Republican, OH-2)Ernest J. Istook Jr. (Republican, OK-5)Frank D. Lucas (Republican, OK-6)Steve Largent (Republican, OK-1)Robert Freeman Smith (Republican, OR-2)Thomas Joseph Ridge (Republican, PA-21)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-5)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Richard J. Santorum (Republican, PA-18)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)James C. Greenwood (Republican, PA-8)W. Curtis Weldon (Republican, PA-7)Ronald K. Machtley (Republican, RI-1)Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Bob Inglis (Republican, SC-4)Donald Kenneth Sundquist (Republican, TN-7)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)John J. Duncan, Jr. (Republican, TN-2)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Henry Bonilla (Republican, TX-23)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)Sam Johnson (Republican, TX-3)Lamar Smith (Republican, TX-21)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-7)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)Bob Goodlatte (Republican, VA-6)Jennifer B. Dunn (Republican, WA-8)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Scott L. Klug (Republican, WI-2)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Craig Thomas (Republican, WY-AL)
Jan 2, 1997 · 235 R · 198 D · 1 I
Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)John Glen Browder (Democrat, AL-3)Earl F. Hilliard (Democrat, AL-7)Robert E. Cramer Jr. (Democrat, AL-5)Raymond Hoyt Thornton Jr. (Democrat, AR-2)Blanche Lambert Lincoln (Democrat, AR-1)Ed Pastor (Democrat, AZ-2)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-24)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-9)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-3)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-42)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-32)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-31)Gary Condit (Democrat, CA-18)Calvin M. Dooley (Democrat, CA-20)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-5)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-12)Jane Harman (Democrat, CA-36)Bob Filner (Democrat, CA-50)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-13)Lynn C. Woolsey (Democrat, CA-6)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-29)Sam Farr (Democrat, CA-17)Xavier Becerra (Democrat, CA-30)Lucille Roybal-Allard (Democrat, CA-33)Anna G. Eshoo (Democrat, CA-14)Zoe Lofgren (Democrat, CA-16)Nancy Pelosi (Democrat, CA-8)Maxine Waters (Democrat, CA-35)Juanita Millender-McDonald (Democrat, CA-37)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)David Evans Skaggs (Democrat, CO-2)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Rosa L. DeLauro (Democrat, CT-3)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-11)Harry A. Johnston II (Democrat, FL-19)Douglas Brian Peterson (Democrat, FL-2)Carrie Meek (Democrat, FL-17)Karen Thurman (Democrat, FL-5)Peter Deutsch (Democrat, FL-20)Corrine Brown (Democrat, FL-3)Alcee L. Hastings (Democrat, FL-23)Cynthia McKinney (Democrat, GA-11)John Lewis (Democrat, GA-5)Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. (Democrat, GA-2)Patsy Takemoto Mink (Democrat, HI-2)Neil Abercrombie (Democrat, HI-1)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Glenn Poshard (Democrat, IL-19)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-3)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Jerry F. Costello (Democrat, IL-12)Luis V. Gutiérrez (Democrat, IL-4)Bobby L. Rush (Democrat, IL-1)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)Jesse L. Jackson Jr. (Democrat, IL-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Timothy Roemer (Democrat, IN-3)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Michael Delavan Ward (Democrat, KY-3)Henry Scott Baesler (Democrat, KY-6)William J. Jefferson (Democrat, LA-2)Cleo Fields (Democrat, LA-4)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (Democrat, MA-8)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Martin T. Meehan (Democrat, MA-5)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)John W. Olver (Democrat, MA-1)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Richard E. Neal (Democrat, MA-2)Albert Russell Wynn (Democrat, MD-4)Benjamin L. Cardin (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)Elijah E. Cummings (Democrat, MD-7)John Baldacci (Democrat, ME-2)Barbara-Rose Collins (Democrat, MI-15)James A. Barcia (Democrat, MI-5)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-10)Lynn Rivers (Democrat, MI-13)Bart T. Stupak (Democrat, MI-1)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-9)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-14)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-12)David Minge (Democrat, MN-2)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)William Luther (Democrat, MN-6)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Collin C. Peterson (Democrat, MN-7)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Pat Danner (Democrat, MO-6)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Karen McCarthy (Democrat, MO-5)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)Gene Taylor (Democrat, MS-5)Bennie G. Thompson (Democrat, MS-2)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)Eva Clayton (Democrat, NC-1)Melvin L. Watt (Democrat, NC-12)Earl Ralph Pomeroy (Democrat, ND-AL)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)Donald M. Payne (Democrat, NJ-10)Robert E. Andrews (Democrat, NJ-1)Robert Menendez (Democrat, NJ-13)Frank Pallone, Jr. (Democrat, NJ-6)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)Floyd Harold Flake (Democrat, NY-6)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-7)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-29)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-11)Michael R. McNulty (Democrat, NY-21)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-5)Maurice D. Hinchey (Democrat, NY-26)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-10)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-15)Louise McIntosh Slaughter (Democrat, NY-28)Eliot L. Engel (Democrat, NY-17)Nita M. Lowey (Democrat, NY-18)José E. Serrano (Democrat, NY-16)Carolyn B. Maloney (Democrat, NY-14)Jerrold Nadler (Democrat, NY-8)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-9)Nydia M. Velázquez (Democrat, NY-12)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-11)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)Thomas C. Sawyer (Democrat, OH-14)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Sherrod Brown (Democrat, OH-13)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)William K. Brewster (Democrat, OK-3)Elizabeth Furse (Democrat, OR-1)Peter A. DeFazio (Democrat, OR-4)Earl Blumenauer (Democrat, OR-3)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Paul F. McHale Jr. (Democrat, PA-15)Ron Klink (Democrat, PA-4)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Frank Mascara (Democrat, PA-20)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Tim Holden (Democrat, PA-6)Chaka Fattah (Democrat, PA-2)Michael F. Doyle (Democrat, PA-18)Patrick Joseph Kennedy (Democrat, RI-1)Jack Reed (Democrat, RI-2)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)James E. Clyburn (Democrat, SC-6)Tim Johnson (Democrat, SD-AL)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Robert Clement (Democrat, TN-5)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)John S. Tanner (Democrat, TN-8)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Jim Chapman (Democrat, TX-1)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Preston M. Geren (Democrat, TX-12)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Frank Mariano Tejeda (Democrat, TX-28)Ken Bentsen (Democrat, TX-25)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Thomas Edwards (Democrat, TX-11)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Gene Green (Democrat, TX-29)Eddie Bernice Johnson (Democrat, TX-30)Sheila Jackson Lee (Democrat, TX-18)Lloyd Doggett (Democrat, TX-10)William Orton (Democrat, UT-3)Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. (Democrat, VA-5)Owen B. Pickett (Democrat, VA-2)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)James P. Moran (Democrat, VA-8)Robert C. "Bobby" Scott (Democrat, VA-3)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Jim McDermott (Democrat, WA-7)Thomas M. Barrett (Democrat, WI-5)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-3)Bernard Sanders (Independent, VT-AL)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)Terry Everett (Republican, AL-2)Spencer Bachus (Republican, AL-6)Tim Hutchinson (Republican, AR-3)Jay Dickey (Republican, AR-4)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)John D. Hayworth Jr. (Republican, AZ-6)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)John B. Shadegg (Republican, AZ-4)Matt Salmon (Republican, AZ-1)William P. Baker (Republican, CA-10)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-46)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-27)Andrea Seastrand (Republican, CA-22)Sonny Bono (Republican, CA-44)Jay Kim (Republican, CA-41)Frank D. Riggs (Republican, CA-1)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-48)Stephen Horn (Republican, CA-38)C. Christopher Cox (Republican, CA-47)Randall H. Cunningham (Republican, CA-51)Richard W. Pombo (Republican, CA-11)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-21)John T. Doolittle (Republican, CA-4)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-52)George P. Radanovich (Republican, CA-19)Brian P. Bilbray (Republican, CA-49)David Dreier (Republican, CA-28)Elton Gallegly (Republican, CA-23)Wally Herger (Republican, CA-2)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-40)Howard P. "Buck" McKeon (Republican, CA-25)Dana Rohrabacher (Republican, CA-45)Edward R. Royce (Republican, CA-39)Ken Calvert (Republican, CA-43)Tom Campbell (Republican, CA-15)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Wayne A. Allard (Republican, CO-4)Scott McInnis (Republican, CO-3)Joel Hefley (Republican, CO-5)Gary A. Franks (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Christopher H. Shays (Republican, CT-4)Michael N. Castle (Republican, DE-AL)Charles T. Canady (Republican, FL-12)Tillie K. Fowler (Republican, FL-4)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-8)Dan Miller (Republican, FL-13)Joe Scarborough (Republican, FL-1)Porter J. Goss (Republican, FL-14)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)Mark Adam Foley (Republican, FL-16)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-22)David J. Weldon Jr. (Republican, FL-15)Lincoln Diaz-Balart (Republican, FL-21)Cliff Stearns (Republican, FL-6)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-10)John L. Mica (Republican, FL-7)Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican, FL-18)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Bob Barr (Republican, GA-7)Michael Allen Collins (Republican, GA-3)Charles W. Norwood Jr. (Republican, GA-10)John Linder (Republican, GA-4)Saxby Chambliss (Republican, GA-8)Jack Kingston (Republican, GA-1)Nathan Deal (Republican, GA-9)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-3)Greg Ganske (Republican, IA-4)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)James Allen Nussle (Republican, IA-2)Tom Latham (Republican, IA-5)Helen Chenoweth-Hage (Republican, ID-1)Mike Crapo (Republican, ID-2)Michael P. Flanagan (Republican, IL-5)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)Thomas W. Ewing (Republican, IL-15)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-8)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)J. Dennis Hastert (Republican, IL-14)Ray H. LaHood (Republican, IL-18)Gerald C. Weller (Republican, IL-11)Donald A. Manzullo (Republican, IL-16)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)David M. McIntosh (Republican, IN-2)John Nathan Hostettler (Republican, IN-8)Stephen E. Buyer (Republican, IN-5)Mark Edward Souder (Republican, IN-4)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Todd Tiahrt (Republican, KS-4)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Jim R. Ryun (Republican, KS-2)Jim Bunning (Republican, KY-4)Ron Lewis (Republican, KY-2)Ed Whitfield (Republican, KY-1)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Richard Hugh Baker (Republican, LA-6)James O. McCrery III (Republican, LA-5)William J. Tauzin (Republican, LA-3)James Allison Hayes (Republican, LA-7)Peter I. Blute (Republican, MA-3)Peter Gerard Torkildsen (Republican, MA-6)Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. (Republican, MD-2)Constance Morella (Republican, MD-8)Wayne T. Gilchrest (Republican, MD-1)Roscoe G. Bartlett (Republican, MD-6)James Longley (Republican, ME-1)Dick Chrysler (Republican, MI-8)Nick Smith (Republican, MI-7)Joseph K. Knollenberg (Republican, MI-11)Vernon J. Ehlers (Republican, MI-3)Peter Hoekstra (Republican, MI-2)Dave Camp (Republican, MI-4)Fred Upton (Republican, MI-6)Gilbert W. Gutknecht (Republican, MN-1)James M. Ramstad (Republican, MN-3)Melton D. Hancock (Republican, MO-7)James M. Talent (Republican, MO-2)Roger F. Wicker (Republican, MS-1)Michael Parker (Republican, MS-4)David Funderburk (Republican, NC-2)Fred Heineman (Republican, NC-4)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Charles H. Taylor (Republican, NC-11)Sue Wilkins Myrick (Republican, NC-9)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Walter B. Jones (Republican, NC-3)Richard Burr (Republican, NC-5)Jon Lynn Christensen (Republican, NE-2)Bill Barrett (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)William H. Zeliff Jr. (Republican, NH-1)Charles F. Bass (Republican, NH-2)William J. Martini (Republican, NJ-8)Richard Zimmer (Republican, NJ-12)Bob Franks (Republican, NJ-7)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-3)Rodney P. Frelinghuysen (Republican, NJ-11)Frank A. LoBiondo (Republican, NJ-2)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Steven Harvey Schiff (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)John Eric Ensign (Republican, NV-1)Dan Frisa (Republican, NY-4)Susan Molinari (Republican, NY-13)L. William Paxon (Republican, NY-27)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-22)Michael P. Forbes (Republican, NY-1)Rick A. Lazio (Republican, NY-2)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-20)Amory Houghton Jr. (Republican, NY-31)Jack Quinn (Republican, NY-30)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-23)Sue W. Kelly (Republican, NY-19)James T. Walsh (Republican, NY-25)John M. McHugh (Republican, NY-24)Peter T. King (Republican, NY-3)Frank Cremeans (Republican, OH-6)Martin R. Hoke (Republican, OH-10)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Robert William Ney (Republican, OH-18)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Paul E. Gillmor (Republican, OH-5)David Lee Hobson (Republican, OH-7)Deborah D. Pryce (Republican, OH-15)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)Steven C. LaTourette (Republican, OH-19)John A. Boehner (Republican, OH-8)Steve Chabot (Republican, OH-1)Rob Portman (Republican, OH-2)Steve Largent (Republican, OK-1)J.C. Watts (Republican, OK-4)Ernest J. Istook Jr. (Republican, OK-5)Tom Coburn (Republican, OK-2)Frank D. Lucas (Republican, OK-6)Jim Bunn (Republican, OR-5)Wes Cooley (Republican, OR-2)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-5)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Jon D. Fox (Republican, PA-13)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)James C. Greenwood (Republican, PA-8)W. Curtis Weldon (Republican, PA-7)Philip English (Republican, PA-21)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Bob Inglis (Republican, SC-4)Mark Sanford (Republican, SC-1)Lindsey Graham (Republican, SC-3)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)Ed Bryant (Republican, TN-7)Van Hilleary (Republican, TN-4)Zach Wamp (Republican, TN-3)John J. Duncan, Jr. (Republican, TN-2)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Henry Bonilla (Republican, TX-23)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Steve Stockman (Republican, TX-9)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)Sam Johnson (Republican, TX-3)Lamar Smith (Republican, TX-21)Mac Thornberry (Republican, TX-13)Gregory H. Laughlin (Republican, TX-14)Enid Greene Waldholtz (Republican, UT-2)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-7)Thomas M. Davis III (Republican, VA-11)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)Bob Goodlatte (Republican, VA-6)Randy J. Tate (Republican, WA-9)Linda Smith (Republican, WA-3)Richard Alan White (Republican, WA-1)Jack Metcalf (Republican, WA-2)Jennifer B. Dunn (Republican, WA-8)George R. Nethercutt Jr. (Republican, WA-5)Doc Hastings (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Scott L. Klug (Republican, WI-2)Mark W. Neumann (Republican, WI-1)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Barbara L. Cubin (Republican, WY-AL)
90 new members · 91 departed · 344 served on both dates · women 47 → 48 · median age 53 → 53
31 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Arizona 3 D · 3 R
Arizona 1 D · 5 R
California 30 D · 22 R
California 26 D · 26 R
Florida 10 D · 13 R
Florida 8 D · 15 R
Georgia 7 D · 4 R
Georgia 3 D · 8 R
Iowa 1 D · 4 R
Iowa 0 D · 5 R
Idaho 1 D · 1 R
Idaho 0 D · 2 R
Illinois 12 D · 8 R
Illinois 10 D · 10 R
Indiana 7 D · 3 R
Indiana 4 D · 6 R
Kansas 2 D · 2 R
Kansas 0 D · 4 R
Kentucky 3 D · 3 R
Kentucky 2 D · 4 R
Louisiana 4 D · 3 R
Louisiana 2 D · 5 R
Michigan 10 D · 6 R
Michigan 9 D · 7 R
Missouri 6 D · 3 R
Missouri 6 D · 2 R
Mississippi 5 D · 0 R
Mississippi 3 D · 2 R
North Carolina 8 D · 4 R
North Carolina 4 D · 8 R
Nebraska 1 D · 2 R
Nebraska 0 D · 3 R
New Hampshire 1 D · 1 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 2 R
New Jersey 7 D · 6 R
New Jersey 5 D · 8 R
Nevada 1 D · 1 R
Nevada 0 D · 2 R
New York 18 D · 13 R
New York 17 D · 14 R
Ohio 10 D · 9 R
Ohio 6 D · 13 R
Oklahoma 3 D · 3 R
Oklahoma 1 D · 5 R
Oregon 4 D · 1 R
Oregon 3 D · 2 R
Rhode Island 1 D · 1 R
Rhode Island 2 D · 0 R
South Carolina 3 D · 3 R
South Carolina 2 D · 4 R
Tennessee 6 D · 3 R
Tennessee 4 D · 5 R
Texas 21 D · 9 R
Texas 18 D · 12 R
Utah 2 D · 1 R
Utah 1 D · 2 R
Virginia 7 D · 4 R
Virginia 6 D · 5 R
Washington 8 D · 1 R
Washington 2 D · 7 R
Wisconsin 4 D · 5 R
Wisconsin 3 D · 6 R
Who joined and who left (90 in · 91 out)
John D. Hayworth Jr. R
Arizona-6
John B. Shadegg R
Arizona-4
Matt Salmon R
Arizona-1
Andrea Seastrand R
California-22
Sonny Bono R
California-44
Frank D. Riggs R
California-1
George P. Radanovich R
California-19
Brian P. Bilbray R
California-49
Zoe Lofgren D
California-16
Tom Campbell R
California-15
Juanita Millender-McDonald D
California-37
Joe Scarborough R
Florida-1
Mark Adam Foley R
Florida-16
David J. Weldon Jr. R
Florida-15
Bob Barr R
Georgia-7
Charles W. Norwood Jr. R
Georgia-10
Saxby Chambliss R
Georgia-8
Greg Ganske R
Iowa-4
Tom Latham R
Iowa-5
Helen Chenoweth-Hage R
Idaho-1
Michael P. Flanagan R
Illinois-5
Ray H. LaHood R
Illinois-18
Gerald C. Weller R
Illinois-11
Jesse L. Jackson Jr. D
Illinois-2
David M. McIntosh R
Indiana-2
John Nathan Hostettler R
Indiana-8
Mark Edward Souder R
Indiana-4
Todd Tiahrt R
Kansas-4
Jim R. Ryun R
Kansas-2
Michael Delavan Ward D
Kentucky-3
Ed Whitfield R
Kentucky-1
Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. R
Maryland-2
Elijah E. Cummings D
Maryland-7
James Longley R
Maine-1
John Baldacci D
Maine-2
Dick Chrysler R
Michigan-8
Lynn Rivers D
Michigan-13
William Luther D
Minnesota-6
Gilbert W. Gutknecht R
Minnesota-1
Karen McCarthy D
Missouri-5
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi-1
David Funderburk R
North Carolina-2
Fred Heineman R
North Carolina-4
Sue Wilkins Myrick R
North Carolina-9
Walter B. Jones R
North Carolina-3
Richard Burr R
North Carolina-5
Jon Lynn Christensen R
Nebraska-2
Charles F. Bass R
New Hampshire-2
William J. Martini R
New Jersey-8
Rodney P. Frelinghuysen R
New Jersey-11
Frank A. LoBiondo R
New Jersey-2
John Eric Ensign R
Nevada-1
Dan Frisa R
New York-4
Michael P. Forbes R
New York-1
Sue W. Kelly R
New York-19
Frank Cremeans R
Ohio-6
Robert William Ney R
Ohio-18
Steven C. LaTourette R
Ohio-19
Steve Chabot R
Ohio-1
J.C. Watts R
Oklahoma-4
Tom Coburn R
Oklahoma-2
Jim Bunn R
Oregon-5
Wes Cooley R
Oregon-2
Earl Blumenauer D
Oregon-3
Jon D. Fox R
Pennsylvania-13
Frank Mascara D
Pennsylvania-20
Philip English R
Pennsylvania-21
Chaka Fattah D
Pennsylvania-2
Michael F. Doyle D
Pennsylvania-18
Patrick Joseph Kennedy D
Rhode Island-1
Mark Sanford R
South Carolina-1
Lindsey Graham R
South Carolina-3
Ed Bryant R
Tennessee-7
Van Hilleary R
Tennessee-4
Zach Wamp R
Tennessee-3
Ken Bentsen D
Texas-25
Steve Stockman R
Texas-9
Mac Thornberry R
Texas-13
Sheila Jackson Lee D
Texas-18
Lloyd Doggett D
Texas-10
Enid Greene Waldholtz R
Utah-2
Thomas M. Davis III R
Virginia-11
Randy J. Tate R
Washington-9
Linda Smith R
Washington-3
Richard Alan White R
Washington-1
Jack Metcalf R
Washington-2
George R. Nethercutt Jr. R
Washington-5
Doc Hastings R
Washington-4
Mark W. Neumann R
Wisconsin-1
Barbara L. Cubin R
Wyoming-AL
Samuel G. Coppersmith D
Arizona-1
Karan English D
Arizona-6
Jon Kyl R
Arizona-4
William Donlon Edwards D
California-16
Daniel Hamburg D
California-1
Michael Huffington R
California-22
Richard Henry Lehman D
California-19
Alfred A. McCandless R
California-44
Lynn Schenk D
California-49
Norman Yoshio Mineta D
California-15
Walter R. Tucker III D
California-37
James Bacchus D
Florida-15
Earl Dewitt Hutto D
Florida-1
Thomas F. Lewis R
Florida-16
George Darden D
Georgia-7
Clete Donald Johnson Jr. D
Georgia-10
James Roy Rowland Jr. D
Georgia-8
Frederick Lawrence Grandy R
Iowa-5
Neal Edward Smith D
Iowa-4
Larry LaRocco D
Idaho-1
Robert Henry Michel R
Illinois-18
Daniel David Rostenkowski D
Illinois-5
George Edward Sangmeister D
Illinois-11
Mel Reynolds D
Illinois-2
Jill Lynette Long Thompson D
Indiana-4
Francis Xavier McCloskey D
Indiana-8
Philip Riley Sharp D
Indiana-2
Daniel Robert Glickman D
Kansas-4
James Charles Slattery D
Kansas-2
Thomas J. Barlow III D
Kentucky-1
Romano Louis Mazzoli D
Kentucky-3
Helen Delich Bentley R
Maryland-2
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Thomas Hiram Andrews D
Maine-1
Olympia J. Snowe R
Maine-2
Milton Robert Carr D
Michigan-8
William David Ford D
Michigan-13
Timothy Joseph Penny D
Minnesota-1
Rod Grams R
Minnesota-6
Alan Dupree Wheat D
Missouri-5
Norvell William Emerson R
Missouri-8
Jamie Lloyd Whitten D
Mississippi-1
H. Martin Lancaster D
North Carolina-3
John Alexander, III McMillan R
North Carolina-9
Stephen Lybrook Neal D
North Carolina-5
Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine D
North Carolina-2
David E. Price D
North Carolina-4
Peter D. Hoagland D
Nebraska-2
Richard Swett D
New Hampshire-2
Dean Anderson Gallo R
New Jersey-11
William John Hughes D
New Jersey-2
Herbert C. Klein D
New Jersey-8
James Hubert Bilbray D
Nevada-1
Hamilton Fish Jr. R
New York-19
George Joseph Hochbrueckner D
New York-1
David A. Levy R
New York-4
Douglas Earl Applegate D
Ohio-18
Eric D. Fingerhut D
Ohio-19
David Scott Mann D
Ohio-1
Ted Strickland D
Ohio-6
David Keith McCurdy D
Oklahoma-4
Michael Lynn Synar D
Oklahoma-2
Michael J. Kopetski D
Oregon-5
Robert Freeman Smith R
Oregon-2
Ron Wyden D
Oregon-3
Lucien Edward Blackwell D
Pennsylvania-2
Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky D
Pennsylvania-13
Austin John Murphy D
Pennsylvania-20
Thomas Joseph Ridge R
Pennsylvania-21
Richard J. Santorum R
Pennsylvania-18
Ronald K. Machtley R
Rhode Island-1
Butler Carson Derrick Jr. D
South Carolina-3
Arthur Ravenel Jr. R
South Carolina-1
Marilyn Laird Lloyd D
Tennessee-3
Donald Kenneth Sundquist R
Tennessee-7
Jim Cooper D
Tennessee-4
Michael Allen Andrews D
Texas-25
Jack Bascom Brooks D
Texas-9
James Jarrell Pickle D
Texas-10
William Sarpalius D
Texas-13
Craig Anthony Washington D
Texas-18
Karen Shepherd D
Utah-2
Leslie Larkin Byrne D
Virginia-11
Thomas Stephen Foley D
Washington-5
Myron Bradford Kreidler D
Washington-9
Allan Byron Swift D
Washington-2
Jolene Unsoeld D
Washington-3
Jay Inslee D
Washington-4
Maria Cantwell D
Washington-1
Peter William Barca D
Wisconsin-1
Craig Thomas R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+333Congress.gov ↗
333 public laws enacted · 2 landmark · 53 notable · 241 routine · 37 ceremonial
Telecommunications Act of 1996 landmark
Pub. L. 104-104 · Feb 8, 1996
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 landmark
Pub. L. 104-193 · Aug 22, 1996
Congressional Accountability Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-1 · Jan 23, 1995
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-4 · Mar 22, 1995
District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-8 · Apr 17, 1995
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-13 · May 22, 1995
Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-39 · Nov 1, 1995
Fisheries Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-43 · Nov 3, 1995
Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-45 · Nov 8, 1995
Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government Appropriations Act, 1996
Pub. L. 104-52 · Nov 19, 1995
Show 30 more notable laws
National Highway System Designation Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-59 · Nov 28, 1995
Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-65 · Dec 19, 1995
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-67 · Dec 22, 1995
Housing for Older Persons Act
Pub. L. 104-76 · Dec 28, 1995
ICC Termination Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-88 · Dec 29, 1995
Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-98 · Jan 16, 1996
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-113 · Mar 7, 1996
Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-114 · Mar 12, 1996
Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-121 · Mar 29, 1996
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-127 · Apr 4, 1996
Line Item Veto Act
Pub. L. 104-130 · Apr 9, 1996
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-132 · Apr 24, 1996
District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995
Pub. L. 104-134 · Apr 26, 1996
Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act
Pub. L. 104-142 · May 13, 1996
Megan's Law
Pub. L. 104-145 · May 17, 1996
Healthy Meals for Children Act
Pub. L. 104-149 · May 29, 1996
Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2
Pub. L. 104-168 · Jul 30, 1996
National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act
Pub. L. 104-169 · Aug 3, 1996
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-170 · Aug 3, 1996
Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-172 · Aug 5, 1996
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
Pub. L. 104-182 · Aug 6, 1996
Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-188 · Aug 20, 1996
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-191 · Aug 21, 1996
War Crimes Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-192 · Aug 21, 1996
Defense of Marriage Act
Pub. L. 104-199 · Sep 21, 1996
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997
Pub. L. 104-201 · Sep 23, 1996
Mental Health Parity Act
Pub. L. 104-204 · Sep 26, 1996
Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1997
Pub. L. 104-205 · Sep 30, 1996
Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act, 1997
Pub. L. 104-206 · Sep 30, 1996
Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996
Pub. L. 104-237 · Oct 3, 1996

Judicial3 files+236

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
±0Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 7 R · 2 D · every justice ↗
9 justices served on both dates
John Paul Stevens R
appointed by Gerald Ford · 1975
Sandra Day O'Connor R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1981
William Hubbs Rehnquist R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
Antonin Scalia R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
Anthony McLeod Kennedy R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1988
David Hackett Souter R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1990
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991
Ruth Bader Ginsburg D
appointed by William J. Clinton · 1993
Stephen Gerald Breyer D
appointed by William J. Clinton · 1994
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+76Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): 111 R · 46 D · 11 N( → 101 R · 51 D · 8 N(
District courts (active judges): 395 R · 204 D → 353 R · 230 D
William J. Clinton D appointed 76 judges
11 appeals · 63 district · 2 other
1 circuit flipped majority
Second Circuit 6 D · 7 R (R majority)
Second Circuit 6 D · 4 R (D majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+160Supreme Court Database ↗
160 argued decisions · 15 landmark
United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
513 U.S. 454 · Feb 22, 1995 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Ed Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
514 U.S. 211 · Apr 18, 1995 · Decided 7–2 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Rubin v. Coors Brewing Company
514 U.S. 476 · Apr 19, 1995 · Decided 9–0 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr.
514 U.S. 549 · Apr 26, 1995 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Hubbard v. United States
514 U.S. 695 · May 15, 1995 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Ray Thornton
514 U.S. 779 · May 22, 1995 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Affirmed · Struck down state law
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
515 U.S. 200 · Jun 12, 1995 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent
United States v. Gaudin
515 U.S. 506 · Jun 19, 1995 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Fulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
516 U.S. 325 · Feb 21, 1996 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
517 U.S. 44 · Mar 27, 1996 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Affirmed · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Show 5 more
Inc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association
May 13, 1996 · Decided 9–0 · First Amendment · Reversed · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
United States v. International Business Machines Corporation
Jun 10, 1996 · Decided 6–2 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Lewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr.
Jun 24, 1996 · Decided 8–1 · Due Process · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee and Douglas Jones v. Federal Election Commission
Jun 26, 1996 · Decided 7–2 · First Amendment · Vacated and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
Jun 28, 1996 · Decided 7–2 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+1.9% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 1995 → fiscal year 1997 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $1.52T
FY1995
Spending $1.60T
FY1997 · +5.6% nominal · +1.9% after inflation
Revenue $1.35T
FY1995
Revenue $1.58T
FY1997 · +17% nominal · +13% after inflation
Surplus / deficit −$164B
FY1995
Surplus / deficit −$21.9B
FY1997 · +$142B
Spending, % of GDP 20.0%
FY1995
Spending, % of GDP 18.9%
FY1997 · −1.1 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 47.7%
FY1995
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 44.6%
FY1997 · −3.1 pts
Spending by function · real change
Social Security
$336B → $365B · +4.9%
National Defense
$272B → $271B · −4.1%
Net interest
$232B → $244B · +1.4%
Income Security
$224B → $235B · +1.3%
Medicare
$160B → $190B · +15%
Health
$115B → $124B · +3.5%
Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
$51.1B → $49.0B · −7.4%
Transportation
$39.4B → $40.8B · −0.1%
Veterans Benefits and Services
$37.9B → $39.3B · +0.1%
Natural Resources and Environment
$21.9B → $21.2B · −6.6%
Administration of Justice
$16.5B → $20.6B · +20%
General Science, Space, and Technology
$16.7B → $17.1B · −1.0%
International Affairs
$16.4B → $15.2B · −11%
General Government
$13.8B → $12.5B · −12%
Community and Regional Development
$10.7B → $11.0B · −0.8%
Agriculture
$9.7B → $8.9B · −11%
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$517BTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$4.80T
as of Dec 30, 1994
$5.32T
as of Jan 2, 1997

Constitution & Union1 file±0

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
±0National Archives ↗
27 → 27 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.

Reverts1 file−11

revert/undoneWhat was undone
−11Federal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
4 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 7 Supreme Court precedents overruled
Clinton revoked 4 orders: 4 by themselves
EO 12903 Nuclear Cooperation With EURATOM
signed Mar 9, 1994 by Clinton · revoked Mar 9, 1995 by EO 12955 (Clinton)
EO 12944 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
signed Dec 28, 1994 by Clinton · revoked Dec 28, 1995 by EO 12984 (Clinton)
EO 12984 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
signed Dec 28, 1995 by Clinton · revoked Dec 27, 1996 by EO 13033 (Clinton)
EO 12990 Adjustments of Rates of Pay and Allowances for the Uniformed Services, Amendment to Executive Order No. 12984
signed Feb 29, 1996 by Clinton · revoked Dec 27, 1996 by EO 13033 (Clinton)
7 decisions that overruled precedent
Hubbard v. United States
May 15, 1995 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
Jun 12, 1995 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
United States v. Gaudin
Jun 19, 1995 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Fulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
Feb 21, 1996 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
Mar 27, 1996 · 5-4 · Federalism
Inc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association
May 13, 1996 · 9-0 · First Amendment
Lewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr.
Jun 24, 1996 · 8-1 · Due Process
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted). Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
78 events
Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 · 1995-01-23United States v. National Treasury Employees Union · 1995-02-22Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 · 1995-03-22Classified National Security Information · 1995-04-17District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Act of 1995 · 1995-04-17Ed Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc. · 1995-04-18Rubin v. Coors Brewing Company · 1995-04-19United States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr. · 1995-04-26Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984 · 1995-05-12Hubbard v. United States · 1995-05-15Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 · 1995-05-22U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Ray Thornton · 1995-05-22Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena · 1995-06-12United States v. Gaudin · 1995-06-19Access to Classified Information · 1995-08-02Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995 · 1995-11-01Fisheries Act of 1995 · 1995-11-03Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 · 1995-11-08Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government Appropriations Act, 1996 · 1995-11-19National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 · 1995-11-28Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 · 1995-12-19Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 · 1995-12-22Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances · 1995-12-28Housing for Older Persons Act · 1995-12-28ICC Termination Act of 1995 · 1995-12-29Surface Transportation Board · 1996-01-01Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995 · 1996-01-16Telecommunications Act of 1996 · 1996-02-08Fulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner · 1996-02-21National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 · 1996-03-07Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996 · 1996-03-12Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida · 1996-03-27Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996 · 1996-03-29Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 · 1996-04-04Line Item Veto Act · 1996-04-09Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 · 1996-04-24District of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995 · 1996-04-26Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act · 1996-05-13Inc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association · 1996-05-13Megan's Law · 1996-05-17Healthy Meals for Children Act · 1996-05-29United States v. International Business Machines Corporation · 1996-06-10Lewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr. · 1996-06-24Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee and Douglas Jones v. Federal Election Commission · 1996-06-26Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission · 1996-06-28Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2 · 1996-07-30National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act · 1996-08-03Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 · 1996-08-03Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 · 1996-08-05Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 · 1996-08-06Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 · 1996-08-20Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 · 1996-08-21War Crimes Act of 1996 · 1996-08-21Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 · 1996-08-22Defense of Marriage Act · 1996-09-21National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 · 1996-09-23Mental Health Parity Act · 1996-09-26Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1997 · 1996-09-30Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act, 1997 · 1996-09-30Institute of Museum and Library Services · 1996-10-01Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996 · 1996-10-03Maritime Security Act of 1996 · 1996-10-08Animal Drug Availability Act 1996 · 1996-10-09Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996 · 1996-10-09Hydrogen Future Act of 1996 · 1996-10-09Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996 · 1996-10-09Helium Privatization Act of 1996 · 1996-10-09Veterans' Benefits Improvements Act of 1996 · 1996-10-09National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 · 1996-10-11Economic Espionage Act of 1996 · 1996-10-11Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Settlement Act of 1996 · 1996-10-11Water Resources Development Act of 1996 · 1996-10-12Accountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996 · 1996-10-12Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 · 1996-10-26National Invasive Species Act of 1996 · 1996-10-26Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 · 1996-11-12Implementing, for the United States, the Provisions of An- nex 1 of the Decision Concerning Legal Capacity and Privileges and Immunities, Issued by the Council of Ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe on December 1, 1993 · 1996-12-03Executive Order 13033 of December 27, 1996 · 1996-12-2719961997
  1. lawCongressional Accountability Act of 1995
  2. rulingUnited States v. National Treasury Employees Union
  3. lawUnfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
  4. orderClassified National Security Information
  5. lawDistrict of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Act of 1995
  6. rulingEd Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
  7. rulingRubin v. Coors Brewing Company
  8. rulingUnited States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr.
  9. orderAmendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
  10. rulingHubbard v. United States
  11. lawPaperwork Reduction Act of 1995
  12. rulingU.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Ray Thornton
  13. rulingAdarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
  14. rulingUnited States v. Gaudin
  15. orderAccess to Classified Information
  16. lawDigital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995
  17. lawFisheries Act of 1995
  18. lawJerusalem Embassy Act of 1995
  19. lawTreasury, Postal Service, and General Government Appropriations Act, 1996
  20. lawNational Highway System Designation Act of 1995
  21. lawLobbying Disclosure Act of 1995
  22. lawPrivate Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995
  23. orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
  24. lawHousing for Older Persons Act
  25. lawICC Termination Act of 1995
  26. agency+Surface Transportation Board
  27. lawFederal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995
  28. lawTelecommunications Act of 1996
  29. rulingFulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
  30. lawNational Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995
  31. lawCuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996
  32. rulingSeminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
  33. lawContract with America Advancement Act of 1996
  34. lawFederal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
  35. lawLine Item Veto Act
  36. lawAntiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
  37. lawDistrict of Columbia School Reform Act of 1995
  38. lawMercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act
  39. rulingInc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association
  40. lawMegan's Law
  41. lawHealthy Meals for Children Act
  42. rulingUnited States v. International Business Machines Corporation
  43. rulingLewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr.
  44. rulingColorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee and Douglas Jones v. Federal Election Commission
  45. rulingDenver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
  46. lawTaxpayer Bill of Rights 2
  47. lawNational Gambling Impact Study Commission Act
  48. lawFood Quality Protection Act of 1996
  49. lawIran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996
  50. lawSafe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
  51. lawSmall Business Job Protection Act of 1996
  52. lawHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
  53. lawWar Crimes Act of 1996
  54. lawPersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
  55. lawDefense of Marriage Act
  56. lawNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997
  57. lawMental Health Parity Act
  58. lawDepartment of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1997
  59. lawEnergy and Water Development Appropriations Act, 1997
  60. agency+Institute of Museum and Library Services
  61. lawComprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996
  62. lawMaritime Security Act of 1996
  63. lawAnimal Drug Availability Act 1996
  64. lawFederal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996
  65. lawHydrogen Future Act of 1996
  66. lawProfessional Boxing Safety Act of 1996
  67. lawHelium Privatization Act of 1996
  68. lawVeterans' Benefits Improvements Act of 1996
  69. lawNational Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996
  70. lawEconomic Espionage Act of 1996
  71. lawNavajo-Hopi Land Dispute Settlement Act of 1996
  72. lawWater Resources Development Act of 1996
  73. lawAccountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996
  74. lawNative American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996
  75. lawNational Invasive Species Act of 1996
  76. lawOmnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996
  77. orderImplementing, for the United States, the Provisions of An- nex 1 of the Decision Concerning Legal Capacity and Privileges and Immunities, Issued by the Council of Ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe on December 1, 1993
  78. orderExecutive Order 13033 of December 27, 1996