How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1991-01-03...1993-01-02 · 2 years json
22 files changed, 1,701 insertions(+), 78 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+587
24 notable
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
1 of 9
seats changed hands
Agencies
+15 −1
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$831B
$3.23T → $4.06T

George Herbert Walker Bush was president on both dates. Congress enacted 587 public laws. 6 senators and 51 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 1 new justice joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +1.5% (FY1991 → FY1993). 1 constitutional amendment was ratified.

Executive6 files+706−11

executive/presidentThe presidency
±0National Archives ↗
George Herbert Walker Bush R
41st president · in office on both dates
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
±0Senate Historical Office ↗
James Danforth Quayle R
in office on both dates
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+11−10Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State
James Baker R
Lawrence Eagleburger R
Attorney General
Dick Thornburgh R
William Barr R
Secretary of the Navy · 2 people took this office in between
Henry L. Garrett III R
Sean O'Keefe R
Secretary of Agriculture
Clayton Keith Yeutter R
vacant on Jan 2, 1993
next: Mike Espy D · Jan 22, 1993
Secretary of Transportation
Samuel K. Skinner R
Andrew Card R
Secretary of Education
Lamar Alexander R
Show 5 more cabinet offices
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Ed Derwinski R
Anthony Principi R (acting)
White House Chief of Staff
Samuel K. Skinner R
James Baker R
Ambassador to the United Nations
Thomas R. Pickering
Edward J. Perkins R
Administrator of the Small Business Administration
office did not exist
Pat Saiki R
Director of Central Intelligence
William H. Webster R
Robert Gates R
Other senior officials (1 changed)
Secretary of the Navy · 2 people took this office in between
Henry L. Garrett III R
Sean O'Keefe R
13 offices unchanged
Secretary of the Treasury: Nicholas F. Brady R
Secretary of Defense: Dick Cheney R
Secretary of the Interior: Manuel Lujan R
Secretary of Health and Human Services: Louis Wade Sullivan R
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development: Jack Kemp R
Secretary of Energy: James D. Watkins R
Director of the Office of Management and Budget: Richard Darman R
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: William K. Reilly R
Chair of the Federal Reserve: Alan Greenspan R
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Colin Powell R
Director of the FBI: William S. Sessions R
National Security Advisor: Brent Scowcroft R
Solicitor General: Ken Starr R
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+680Congress.gov ↗
912 civilian nominations received · 680 confirmed · 12 withdrawn · 204 returned to the President
Lynn Martin, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 7, 1991 · 94–0
Edward R. Madigan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Clayton Yeutter, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 1991 · 99–0
Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr., of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 14, 1991 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Patricia F. Saiki, of Hawaii, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Susan S. Engeleiter, resigned.
confirmed Mar 21, 1991 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Clarence Thomas, of Georgia, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, vice Thurgood Marshall, retired.
confirmed Oct 15, 1991 · 52–48
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Nov 20, 1991 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Andrew H. Card, Jr., of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 21, 1992 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Alan Greenspan, of New York, to be Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of four years, to which position he was appointed during the last recess of the Senate.
confirmed Feb 27, 1992 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Barbara Hackman Franklin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 1992 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Edward Joseph Perkins, of Oregon, a Career Member of the Senior Foreign Service, Class of Career Minister, to be the Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations with rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and the Representative of the United States of America in the Security Council of the United Nations.
confirmed Apr 2, 1992 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+15−1Wikidata ↗
329 → 343 tracked organizations · 15 → 15 executive departments
Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · nonprofit organization in Arlington, United States
Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · Memorial U.S. indepedent executive branch
United States Trade and Development Agency
established Jan 1, 1992 · government agency
AmeriCorps
established Jan 1, 1993 · independent agency of the United States federal government
AmeriCorps Seniors
established Jan 1, 1993 · United States federal network of volunteer programs for Americans 55 years and older
Administration for Children and Families
established Apr 15, 1991 · United States federal agency division that provides assistance programs
FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division
established Jan 1, 1992 · division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Agroforestry Center
established Jan 1, 1992 · of U.S. Department of Agriculture
National Civilian Community Corps
established Jan 1, 1992 · American community service program
Naval Criminal Investigative Service
established Jan 1, 1992 · law enforcement agency of the U.S. Navy
Show 6 more
United States Office of Research Integrity
established Jan 1, 1992 · office of the United States Department of Health and Human Services
Assassination Records Review Board
established Jan 1, 1992
Research and Special Programs Administration
established Jan 1, 1992
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
established Jul 10, 1992 · branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel
established Jan 1, 1993 · American copyright agency
Copyright Royalty Tribunal
abolished Jan 1, 1993 · replaced by Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military4 files+2−1

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
+1−1UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
1 conflict began and ended in between
Gulf War
Jan 17, 1991 – Mar 1, 1991 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Kuwait
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
−151,009 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
457,886 → 306,877 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 1,911,713 → 1,763,417 total active duty
21 → 21 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Sep 30, 1990 → as of Sep 30, 1992
Germany 227,586 → 134,483
−93,103
Saudi Arabia 30,831 → 1,801
−29,030
Philippines 13,863 → 1,929
−11,934
South Korea 41,344 → 35,743
−5,601
United Kingdom 25,111 → 20,048
−5,063
Spain 6,986 → 3,863
−3,123
Kuwait 14 → 1,980
+1,966
Greece 2,429 → 1,260
−1,169
Italy 14,204 → 13,246
−958
Guam 7,033 → 7,844
+811
Bermuda 1,585 → 891
−694
Japan 46,593 → 45,946
−647
Largest U.S. deployments as of Sep 30, 1992
Germany 134,483
Japan 45,946
South Korea 35,743
United Kingdom 20,048
Italy 13,246
Panama 10,447
Guam 7,844
Turkey 4,824
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.
military/spendingCost of war
1 warDoD Cost of War reports · CRS ↗
Lifetime cost of wars fought in this window · constant FY2011 dollars (CRS)
Gulf War $102B
0.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1990–1991
Operation spending is what the Defense Department obligated to each named operation in each fiscal year, from its Cost of War reports; it excludes State Department and USAID programs, veterans' care, interest, and base budgets. Lifetime costs are the Congressional Research Service's estimates of direct military spending for each war, in FY2011 dollars.
military/authorizationsDeclarations of war & authorizations
+1Senate Historical Office ↗
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq
Jan 14, 1991 · Authorized the Gulf War (Pub. L. 102-1).

Legislative4 files+644−57

legislative/controlControl of Congress
0 changesHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
101st Congress → 102nd Congress · 1 new Congress elected
0 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority on both dates
259 D · 175 R → 268 D · 165 R
Senate: Democrat majority on both dates
55 D · 45 R → 58 D · 42 R
legislative/senateSenate
+6−6congress-legislators ↗
Jan 3, 1991 · 55 D · 45 R
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Richard C. Shelby (Democrat, AL)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Alan Cranston (Democrat, CA)Timothy E. Wirth (Democrat, CO)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph I. Lieberman (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Bob Graham (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Wyche Fowler Jr. (Democrat, GA)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Alan John Dixon (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)James Terry Sanford (Democrat, NC)Kent Conrad (Democrat, ND)Quentin Northrup Burdick (Democrat, ND)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)J. Robert Kerrey (Democrat, NE)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV)Richard H. Bryan (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)David Lyle Boren (Democrat, OK)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD)Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (Democrat, TN)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (Democrat, TX)Charles S. Robb (Democrat, VA)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Brockman Adams (Democrat, WA)Herb Kohl (Democrat, WI)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)John McCain (Republican, AZ)Pete Wilson (Republican, CA)William Lester Armstrong (Republican, CO)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)James Albertus McClure (Republican, ID)Steven Douglas Symms (Republican, ID)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)Rudolph Eli Boschwitz (Republican, MN)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)Christopher S. Bond (Republican, MO)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Trent Lott (Republican, MS)Conrad Burns (Republican, MT)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)Warren Bruce Rudman (Republican, NH)Robert Smith (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)Henry John Heinz III (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Edwin Jacob Garn (Republican, UT)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT)T. Slade Gorton (Republican, WA)Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (Republican, WI)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)
Jan 2, 1993 · 58 D · 42 R
Richard C. Shelby (Democrat, AL)Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Alan Cranston (Democrat, CA)Dianne Feinstein (Democrat, CA)Timothy E. Wirth (Democrat, CO)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph I. Lieberman (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Bob Graham (Democrat, FL)Wyche Fowler Jr. (Democrat, GA)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Alan John Dixon (Democrat, IL)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)Paul David Wellstone (Democrat, MN)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)James Terry Sanford (Democrat, NC)Kent Conrad (Democrat, ND)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND)J. Robert Kerrey (Democrat, NE)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV)Richard H. Bryan (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)David Lyle Boren (Democrat, OK)Harris Wofford (Democrat, PA)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (Democrat, TN)Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (Democrat, TX)Charles S. Robb (Democrat, VA)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Brockman Adams (Democrat, WA)Herb Kohl (Democrat, WI)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)John McCain (Republican, AZ)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)Steven Douglas Symms (Republican, ID)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)Christopher S. Bond (Republican, MO)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Trent Lott (Republican, MS)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Conrad Burns (Republican, MT)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)Warren Bruce Rudman (Republican, NH)Robert Smith (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Edwin Jacob Garn (Republican, UT)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT)T. Slade Gorton (Republican, WA)Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (Republican, WI)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)
6 new members · 6 departed · 94 served on both dates · women 2 → 3 · median age 57 → 58
3 seats changed party
Rudolph Eli Boschwitz R
Minnesota seat
Paul David Wellstone D
Minnesota seat
Henry John Heinz III R
Pennsylvania seat
Harris Wofford D
Pennsylvania seat
Pete Wilson R
California seat
Dianne Feinstein D
California seat
Who joined and who left (6 in · 6 out)
Dianne Feinstein D
California
George Hanks Brown R
Colorado
Larry E. Craig R
Idaho
Paul David Wellstone D
Minnesota
Byron L. Dorgan D
North Dakota
Harris Wofford D
Pennsylvania
Pete Wilson R
California
William Lester Armstrong R
Colorado
James Albertus McClure R
Idaho
Rudolph Eli Boschwitz R
Minnesota
Quentin Northrup Burdick D
North Dakota
Henry John Heinz III R
Pennsylvania
legislative/houseHouse
+51−51congress-legislators ↗
Jan 3, 1991 · 259 D · 175 R
Ronnie Gene Flippo (Democrat, AL-5)Ben Erdreich (Democrat, AL-6)Claude Harris Jr. (Democrat, AL-7)Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)John Glen Browder (Democrat, AL-3)William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democrat, AR-1)Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. (Democrat, AR-4)Morris King Udall (Democrat, AZ-2)Jim Bates (Democrat, CA-44)Douglas Harry Bosco (Democrat, CA-1)Augustus Freeman Hawkins (Democrat, CA-29)Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democrat, CA-32)Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (Democrat, CA-31)Meldon Edises Levine (Democrat, CA-27)Edward Ross Roybal (Democrat, CA-25)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-10)Richard Henry Lehman (Democrat, CA-18)Leon Edward Panetta (Democrat, CA-16)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-23)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-13)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-8)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-4)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-36)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-28)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-30)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-3)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-11)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-9)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-24)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA-6)Nancy Pelosi (Democrat, CA-5)Gary Condit (Democrat, CA-15)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)David Evans Skaggs (Democrat, CO-2)Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Democrat, CO-3)Bruce Andrew Morrison (Democrat, CT-3)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Thomas R. Carper (Democrat, DE-AL)Charles Edward Bennett (Democrat, FL-3)Dante Bruno Fascell (Democrat, FL-19)William Lehman (Democrat, FL-17)Lawrence Jack Smith (Democrat, FL-16)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-7)Harry A. Johnston II (Democrat, FL-14)Bill Nelson (Democrat, FL-11)Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)Charles Floyd Hatcher (Democrat, GA-2)Edgar Lanier Jenkins (Democrat, GA-9)Ben Jones (Democrat, GA-4)Richard Belmont Ray (Democrat, GA-3)Robert Lindsay Thomas (Democrat, GA-1)George Darden (Democrat, GA-7)James Roy Rowland Jr. (Democrat, GA-8)John Lewis (Democrat, GA-5)Patsy Takemoto Mink (Democrat, HI-2)David Ray Nagle (Democrat, IA-3)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Richard Howard Stallings (Democrat, ID-2)Frank Annunzio (Democrat, IL-11)Terry Lee Bruce (Democrat, IL-19)Charles Arthur Hayes (Democrat, IL-1)Martin Anthony Russo (Democrat, IL-3)Gus Savage (Democrat, IL-2)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-8)George Edward Sangmeister (Democrat, IL-4)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Glenn Poshard (Democrat, IL-22)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-5)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Jerry F. Costello (Democrat, IL-21)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)James Prather Jontz (Democrat, IN-5)Jill Lynette Long Thompson (Democrat, IN-4)Francis Xavier McCloskey (Democrat, IN-8)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)James Charles Slattery (Democrat, KS-2)Carroll Hubbard Jr. (Democrat, KY-1)Carl Christopher Perkins (Democrat, KY-7)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)William Huston Natcher (Democrat, KY-2)Corinne Claiborne Boggs (Democrat, LA-2)Thomas Jerald Huckaby (Democrat, LA-5)James Allison Hayes (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)Chester Greenough Atkins (Democrat, MA-5)Brian Joseph Donnelly (Democrat, MA-11)Joseph Daniel Early (Democrat, MA-3)Nicholas James Mavroules (Democrat, MA-6)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (Democrat, MA-8)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Richard E. Neal (Democrat, MA-2)Royden Patrick Dyson (Democrat, MD-1)Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (Democrat, MD-6)Charles Thomas McMillen (Democrat, MD-4)Benjamin L. Cardin (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)Kweisi Mfume (Democrat, MD-7)Joseph Edward Brennan (Democrat, ME-1)George William Crockett Jr. (Democrat, MI-13)Dennis Mark Hertel (Democrat, MI-14)Jerome Bob Traxler (Democrat, MI-8)Howard Eliot Wolpe III (Democrat, MI-3)Milton Robert Carr (Democrat, MI-6)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-15)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-12)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-7)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-1)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-17)Gerald Edward Sikorski (Democrat, MN-6)Timothy Joseph Penny (Democrat, MN-1)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Alan Dupree Wheat (Democrat, MO-5)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Albert Michael Espy (Democrat, MS-2)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)Michael Parker (Democrat, MS-4)Gene Taylor (Democrat, MS-5)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)James McClure Clarke (Democrat, NC-11)Walter Beaman Jones Sr. (Democrat, NC-1)H. Martin Lancaster (Democrat, NC-3)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine (Democrat, NC-2)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)David E. Price (Democrat, NC-4)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND-AL)Peter D. Hoagland (Democrat, NE-2)Bernard James Dwyer (Democrat, NJ-6)Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. (Democrat, NJ-14)Robert A. Roe (Democrat, NJ-8)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)Donald M. Payne (Democrat, NJ-10)Frank Pallone, Jr. (Democrat, NJ-3)Robert E. Andrews (Democrat, NJ-1)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)James Hubert Bilbray (Democrat, NV-1)Thomas Joseph Downey (Democrat, NY-2)Matthew Francis McHugh (Democrat, NY-28)Robert Jan Mrazek (Democrat, NY-3)Henry James Nowak (Democrat, NY-33)James Haas Scheuer (Democrat, NY-8)Stephen Joshua Solarz (Democrat, NY-13)Theodore S. Weiss (Democrat, NY-17)George Joseph Hochbrueckner (Democrat, NY-1)Floyd Harold Flake (Democrat, NY-6)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-9)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-32)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-12)Michael R. McNulty (Democrat, NY-23)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-7)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-11)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-16)Louise McIntosh Slaughter (Democrat, NY-30)Eliot L. Engel (Democrat, NY-19)Nita M. Lowey (Democrat, NY-20)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-10)José E. Serrano (Democrat, NY-18)Thomas Andrew Luken (Democrat, OH-1)Dennis Edward Eckart (Democrat, OH-11)Edward Farrell Feighan (Democrat, OH-19)Mary Rose Oakar (Democrat, OH-20)Donald James Pease (Democrat, OH-13)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-21)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)Thomas C. Sawyer (Democrat, OH-14)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)Glenn Lee English Jr. (Democrat, OK-6)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)Wes Watkins (Democrat, OK-3)Les AuCoin (Democrat, OR-1)Peter A. DeFazio (Democrat, OR-4)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Douglas Walgren (Democrat, PA-18)Joseph Matthew Gaydos (Democrat, PA-20)William Herbert Gray III (Democrat, PA-2)Joseph Paul Kolter (Democrat, PA-4)Peter Houston Kostmayer (Democrat, PA-8)Gus Yatron (Democrat, PA-6)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-22)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Elizabeth J. Patterson (Democrat, SC-4)Robert Mooneyhan Tallon Jr. (Democrat, SC-6)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)Tim Johnson (Democrat, SD-1)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Robert Clement (Democrat, TN-5)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)John S. Tanner (Democrat, TN-8)Jim Cooper (Democrat, TN-4)James Marvin Leath (Democrat, TX-11)Albert Garza Bustamante (Democrat, TX-23)Michael Allen Andrews (Democrat, TX-25)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)William Sarpalius (Democrat, TX-13)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Jim Chapman (Democrat, TX-1)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Gregory H. Laughlin (Democrat, TX-14)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Preston M. Geren (Democrat, TX-12)Craig Anthony Washington (Democrat, TX-18)Douglas Wayne Owens (Democrat, UT-2)James R. Olin (Democrat, VA-6)Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. (Democrat, VA-5)Owen B. Pickett (Democrat, VA-2)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Jolene Unsoeld (Democrat, WA-3)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Jim McDermott (Democrat, WA-7)Robert William Kastenmeier (Democrat, WI-2)Jim Moody (Democrat, WI-5)Leslie Aspin (Democrat, WI-1)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Harley Orrin Staggers Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-3)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-4)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)William Louis Dickinson (Republican, AL-2)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican, AR-3)Tommy Franklin Robinson (Republican, AR-2)John Jacob Rhodes III (Republican, AZ-1)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)Jon Kyl (Republican, AZ-4)Charles Pashayan Jr. (Republican, CA-17)Norman David Shumway (Republican, CA-14)William Edwin Dannemeyer (Republican, CA-39)Robert John Lagomarsino (Republican, CA-19)William David Lowery (Republican, CA-41)Alfred A. McCandless (Republican, CA-37)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-38)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-22)Tom Campbell (Republican, CA-12)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-43)C. Christopher Cox (Republican, CA-40)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-20)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-45)David Dreier (Republican, CA-33)Elton Gallegly (Republican, CA-21)Wally Herger (Republican, CA-2)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-35)Dana Rohrabacher (Republican, CA-42)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO-4)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Joel Hefley (Republican, CO-5)John Rowland (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Christopher H. Shays (Republican, CT-4)Andrew Poysell Ireland (Republican, FL-10)Craig T. James (Republican, FL-4)Thomas F. Lewis (Republican, FL-12)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-5)Porter J. Goss (Republican, FL-13)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-15)Cliff Stearns (Republican, FL-6)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-8)James William Grant (Republican, FL-2)Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican, FL-18)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Patricia Fukuda Saiki (Republican, HI-1)Thomas Joseph Tauke (Republican, IA-2)Frederick Lawrence Grandy (Republican, IA-6)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-5)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID-1)Lynn Morley Martin (Republican, IL-16)Edward Rell Madigan (Republican, IL-15)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-12)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)J. Dennis Hastert (Republican, IL-14)John Patrick Hiler (Republican, IN-3)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Robert Russell Whittaker (Republican, KS-5)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Larry Jones Hopkins (Republican, KY-6)Jim Bunning (Republican, KY-4)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)Clyde Cecil Holloway (Republican, LA-8)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Richard Hugh Baker (Republican, LA-6)James O. McCrery III (Republican, LA-4)Silvio Ottavio Conte (Republican, MA-1)Helen Delich Bentley (Republican, MD-2)Constance Morella (Republican, MD-8)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)Bill Schuette (Republican, MI-10)William S. Broomfield (Republican, MI-18)Robert William Davis (Republican, MI-11)Carl Duane Pursell (Republican, MI-2)Guy Adrian Vander Jagt (Republican, MI-9)Paul B. Henry (Republican, MI-5)Fred Upton (Republican, MI-4)William Eldridge Frenzel (Republican, MN-3)Arlan Ingehart Stangeland (Republican, MN-7)John Vincent Weber (Republican, MN-2)John William Buechner (Republican, MO-2)Earl Thomas Coleman (Republican, MO-6)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-8)Melton D. Hancock (Republican, MO-7)Ronald Charles Marlenee (Republican, MT-2)John Alexander, III McMillan (Republican, NC-9)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Virginia Dodd Smith (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)Charles Gywnne Douglas III (Republican, NH-2)James Andrew Courter (Republican, NJ-12)Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican, NJ-7)Dean Anderson Gallo (Republican, NJ-11)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-13)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Steven Harvey Schiff (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)Sedgwick William Green (Republican, NY-15)Frank Jefferson Horton (Republican, NY-29)Norman Frederick Lent (Republican, NY-4)David O’Brien Martin (Republican, NY-26)Raymond Joseph McGrath (Republican, NY-5)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-21)L. William Paxon (Republican, NY-31)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-24)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-22)Amory Houghton Jr. (Republican, NY-34)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-25)James T. Walsh (Republican, NY-27)Susan Molinari (Republican, NY-14)Donald Edgar Lukens (Republican, OH-8)Bob McEwen (Republican, OH-6)Clarence E. Miller (Republican, OH-10)Chalmers Pangburn Wylie (Republican, OH-15)Willis David Gradison Jr. (Republican, OH-2)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Michael DeWine (Republican, OH-7)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Paul E. Gillmor (Republican, OH-5)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)Marvin Henry Edwards (Republican, OK-5)James M. Inhofe (Republican, OK-1)Dennis Alan Smith (Republican, OR-5)Robert Freeman Smith (Republican, OR-2)Robert Lawrence Coughlin (Republican, PA-13)Donald Lawrence Ritter (Republican, PA-15)Richard Taylor Schulze (Republican, PA-5)Thomas Joseph Ridge (Republican, PA-21)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-23)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)W. Curtis Weldon (Republican, PA-7)Claudine Schneider (Republican, RI-2)Ronald K. Machtley (Republican, RI-1)Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Donald Kenneth Sundquist (Republican, TN-7)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)John J. Duncan, Jr. (Republican, TN-2)Harry Stephen Bartlett (Republican, TX-3)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)Lamar Smith (Republican, TX-21)Howard Curtis Nielson (Republican, UT-3)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Stanford E. Parris (Republican, VA-8)Daniel French Slaughter Jr. (Republican, VA-7)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-3)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)Peter P. Smith (Republican, VT-AL)Rodney Dennis Chandler (Republican, WA-8)John Ripin Miller (Republican, WA-1)Sidney Wallace Morrison (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Craig Thomas (Republican, WY-AL)
Jan 2, 1993 · 267 D · 165 R · 1 RC · 1 I
Ben Erdreich (Democrat, AL-6)Claude Harris Jr. (Democrat, AL-7)Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)John Glen Browder (Democrat, AL-3)Robert E. Cramer Jr. (Democrat, AL-5)William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democrat, AR-1)Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. (Democrat, AR-4)Raymond Hoyt Thornton Jr. (Democrat, AR-2)Ed Pastor (Democrat, AZ-2)Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democrat, CA-32)Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (Democrat, CA-31)Meldon Edises Levine (Democrat, CA-27)Edward Ross Roybal (Democrat, CA-25)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-10)Richard Henry Lehman (Democrat, CA-18)Leon Edward Panetta (Democrat, CA-16)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-23)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-13)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-8)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-4)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-36)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-28)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-30)Gary Condit (Democrat, CA-15)Calvin M. Dooley (Democrat, CA-17)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-3)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-11)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-9)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-24)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA-6)Nancy Pelosi (Democrat, CA-5)Maxine Waters (Democrat, CA-29)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)David Evans Skaggs (Democrat, CO-2)Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Democrat, CO-3)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Rosa L. DeLauro (Democrat, CT-3)Thomas R. Carper (Democrat, DE-AL)Charles Edward Bennett (Democrat, FL-3)Dante Bruno Fascell (Democrat, FL-19)William Lehman (Democrat, FL-17)Lawrence Jack Smith (Democrat, FL-16)James Bacchus (Democrat, FL-11)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-7)Harry A. Johnston II (Democrat, FL-14)Douglas Brian Peterson (Democrat, FL-2)Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)Charles Floyd Hatcher (Democrat, GA-2)Edgar Lanier Jenkins (Democrat, GA-9)Ben Jones (Democrat, GA-4)Richard Belmont Ray (Democrat, GA-3)Robert Lindsay Thomas (Democrat, GA-1)George Darden (Democrat, GA-7)James Roy Rowland Jr. (Democrat, GA-8)John Lewis (Democrat, GA-5)Patsy Takemoto Mink (Democrat, HI-2)Neil Abercrombie (Democrat, HI-1)David Ray Nagle (Democrat, IA-3)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Richard Howard Stallings (Democrat, ID-2)Larry LaRocco (Democrat, ID-1)Frank Annunzio (Democrat, IL-11)Terry Lee Bruce (Democrat, IL-19)John W. Cox Jr. (Democrat, IL-16)Charles Arthur Hayes (Democrat, IL-1)Martin Anthony Russo (Democrat, IL-3)Gus Savage (Democrat, IL-2)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-8)George Edward Sangmeister (Democrat, IL-4)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Glenn Poshard (Democrat, IL-22)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-5)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Jerry F. Costello (Democrat, IL-21)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)James Prather Jontz (Democrat, IN-5)Jill Lynette Long Thompson (Democrat, IN-4)Francis Xavier McCloskey (Democrat, IN-8)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Timothy Roemer (Democrat, IN-3)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)James Charles Slattery (Democrat, KS-2)Carroll Hubbard Jr. (Democrat, KY-1)Carl Christopher Perkins (Democrat, KY-7)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)William Huston Natcher (Democrat, KY-2)Thomas Jerald Huckaby (Democrat, LA-5)James Allison Hayes (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)William J. Jefferson (Democrat, LA-2)Chester Greenough Atkins (Democrat, MA-5)Brian Joseph Donnelly (Democrat, MA-11)Joseph Daniel Early (Democrat, MA-3)Nicholas James Mavroules (Democrat, MA-6)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (Democrat, MA-8)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Richard E. Neal (Democrat, MA-2)John W. Olver (Democrat, MA-1)Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (Democrat, MD-6)Charles Thomas McMillen (Democrat, MD-4)Benjamin L. Cardin (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)Kweisi Mfume (Democrat, MD-7)Thomas Hiram Andrews (Democrat, ME-1)Dennis Mark Hertel (Democrat, MI-14)Jerome Bob Traxler (Democrat, MI-8)Howard Eliot Wolpe III (Democrat, MI-3)Milton Robert Carr (Democrat, MI-6)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-15)Barbara-Rose Collins (Democrat, MI-13)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-12)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-7)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-1)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-17)Gerald Edward Sikorski (Democrat, MN-6)Timothy Joseph Penny (Democrat, MN-1)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Collin C. Peterson (Democrat, MN-7)Joan Kelly Horn (Democrat, MO-2)Alan Dupree Wheat (Democrat, MO-5)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Albert Michael Espy (Democrat, MS-2)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)Michael Parker (Democrat, MS-4)Gene Taylor (Democrat, MS-5)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)H. Martin Lancaster (Democrat, NC-3)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine (Democrat, NC-2)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)David E. Price (Democrat, NC-4)Eva Clayton (Democrat, NC-1)Peter D. Hoagland (Democrat, NE-2)Richard Swett (Democrat, NH-2)Bernard James Dwyer (Democrat, NJ-6)Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. (Democrat, NJ-14)Robert A. Roe (Democrat, NJ-8)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)Donald M. Payne (Democrat, NJ-10)Robert E. Andrews (Democrat, NJ-1)Frank Pallone, Jr. (Democrat, NJ-3)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)James Hubert Bilbray (Democrat, NV-1)Thomas Joseph Downey (Democrat, NY-2)Matthew Francis McHugh (Democrat, NY-28)Robert Jan Mrazek (Democrat, NY-3)Henry James Nowak (Democrat, NY-33)James Haas Scheuer (Democrat, NY-8)Stephen Joshua Solarz (Democrat, NY-13)George Joseph Hochbrueckner (Democrat, NY-1)Floyd Harold Flake (Democrat, NY-6)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-9)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-32)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-12)Michael R. McNulty (Democrat, NY-23)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-7)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-11)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-16)Louise McIntosh Slaughter (Democrat, NY-30)Eliot L. Engel (Democrat, NY-19)Nita M. Lowey (Democrat, NY-20)José E. Serrano (Democrat, NY-18)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-10)Jerrold Nadler (Democrat, NY-17)Dennis Edward Eckart (Democrat, OH-11)Edward Farrell Feighan (Democrat, OH-19)Charles J. Luken (Democrat, OH-1)Mary Rose Oakar (Democrat, OH-20)Donald James Pease (Democrat, OH-13)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-21)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)Thomas C. Sawyer (Democrat, OH-14)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)Glenn Lee English Jr. (Democrat, OK-6)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)William K. Brewster (Democrat, OK-3)Les AuCoin (Democrat, OR-1)Michael J. Kopetski (Democrat, OR-5)Peter A. DeFazio (Democrat, OR-4)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Joseph Matthew Gaydos (Democrat, PA-20)Joseph Paul Kolter (Democrat, PA-4)Peter Houston Kostmayer (Democrat, PA-8)Gus Yatron (Democrat, PA-6)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-22)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Lucien Edward Blackwell (Democrat, PA-2)Jack Reed (Democrat, RI-2)Elizabeth J. Patterson (Democrat, SC-4)Robert Mooneyhan Tallon Jr. (Democrat, SC-6)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)Tim Johnson (Democrat, SD-1)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Robert Clement (Democrat, TN-5)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)John S. Tanner (Democrat, TN-8)Jim Cooper (Democrat, TN-4)Albert Garza Bustamante (Democrat, TX-23)Michael Allen Andrews (Democrat, TX-25)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)William Sarpalius (Democrat, TX-13)Craig Anthony Washington (Democrat, TX-18)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Jim Chapman (Democrat, TX-1)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Preston M. Geren (Democrat, TX-12)Gregory H. Laughlin (Democrat, TX-14)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Thomas Edwards (Democrat, TX-11)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Douglas Wayne Owens (Democrat, UT-2)William Orton (Democrat, UT-3)James R. Olin (Democrat, VA-6)Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. (Democrat, VA-5)Owen B. Pickett (Democrat, VA-2)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)James P. Moran (Democrat, VA-8)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Jolene Unsoeld (Democrat, WA-3)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Jim McDermott (Democrat, WA-7)Jim Moody (Democrat, WI-5)Leslie Aspin (Democrat, WI-1)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Harley Orrin Staggers Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-3)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-4)Bernard Sanders (Independent, VT-AL)Norman Frederick Lent (Republican-Conservative, NY-4)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)William Louis Dickinson (Republican, AL-2)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican, AR-3)John Jacob Rhodes III (Republican, AZ-1)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)Jon Kyl (Republican, AZ-4)William Edwin Dannemeyer (Republican, CA-39)Robert John Lagomarsino (Republican, CA-19)William David Lowery (Republican, CA-41)Alfred A. McCandless (Republican, CA-37)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-38)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-22)Frank D. Riggs (Republican, CA-1)Tom Campbell (Republican, CA-12)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-43)C. Christopher Cox (Republican, CA-40)Randall H. Cunningham (Republican, CA-44)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-20)John T. Doolittle (Republican, CA-14)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-45)David Dreier (Republican, CA-33)Elton Gallegly (Republican, CA-21)Wally Herger (Republican, CA-2)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-35)Dana Rohrabacher (Republican, CA-42)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Wayne A. Allard (Republican, CO-4)Joel Hefley (Republican, CO-5)Gary A. Franks (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Christopher H. Shays (Republican, CT-4)Andrew Poysell Ireland (Republican, FL-10)Craig T. James (Republican, FL-4)Thomas F. Lewis (Republican, FL-12)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-5)Porter J. Goss (Republican, FL-13)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-15)Cliff Stearns (Republican, FL-6)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-8)Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican, FL-18)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Frederick Lawrence Grandy (Republican, IA-6)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-5)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)James Allen Nussle (Republican, IA-2)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-12)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)J. Dennis Hastert (Republican, IL-14)Thomas W. Ewing (Republican, IL-15)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Richard Nichols (Republican, KS-5)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Larry Jones Hopkins (Republican, KY-6)Jim Bunning (Republican, KY-4)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)Clyde Cecil Holloway (Republican, LA-8)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Richard Hugh Baker (Republican, LA-6)James O. McCrery III (Republican, LA-4)Helen Delich Bentley (Republican, MD-2)Constance Morella (Republican, MD-8)Wayne T. Gilchrest (Republican, MD-1)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)William S. Broomfield (Republican, MI-18)Robert William Davis (Republican, MI-11)Carl Duane Pursell (Republican, MI-2)Guy Adrian Vander Jagt (Republican, MI-9)Paul B. Henry (Republican, MI-5)Dave Camp (Republican, MI-10)Fred Upton (Republican, MI-4)John Vincent Weber (Republican, MN-2)James M. Ramstad (Republican, MN-3)Earl Thomas Coleman (Republican, MO-6)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-8)Melton D. Hancock (Republican, MO-7)Ronald Charles Marlenee (Republican, MT-2)John Alexander, III McMillan (Republican, NC-9)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Charles H. Taylor (Republican, NC-11)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Bill Barrett (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)William H. Zeliff Jr. (Republican, NH-1)Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican, NJ-7)Dean Anderson Gallo (Republican, NJ-11)Richard Zimmer (Republican, NJ-12)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-13)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Steven Harvey Schiff (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)Sedgwick William Green (Republican, NY-15)Frank Jefferson Horton (Republican, NY-29)David O’Brien Martin (Republican, NY-26)Raymond Joseph McGrath (Republican, NY-5)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-21)Susan Molinari (Republican, NY-14)L. William Paxon (Republican, NY-31)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-24)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-22)Amory Houghton Jr. (Republican, NY-34)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-25)James T. Walsh (Republican, NY-27)Bob McEwen (Republican, OH-6)Clarence E. Miller (Republican, OH-10)Chalmers Pangburn Wylie (Republican, OH-15)Willis David Gradison Jr. (Republican, OH-2)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Paul E. Gillmor (Republican, OH-5)David Lee Hobson (Republican, OH-7)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)John A. Boehner (Republican, OH-8)Marvin Henry Edwards (Republican, OK-5)James M. Inhofe (Republican, OK-1)Robert Freeman Smith (Republican, OR-2)Robert Lawrence Coughlin (Republican, PA-13)Donald Lawrence Ritter (Republican, PA-15)Richard Taylor Schulze (Republican, PA-5)Thomas Joseph Ridge (Republican, PA-21)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-23)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Richard J. Santorum (Republican, PA-18)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)W. Curtis Weldon (Republican, PA-7)Ronald K. Machtley (Republican, RI-1)Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Donald Kenneth Sundquist (Republican, TN-7)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)John J. Duncan, Jr. (Republican, TN-2)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)Lamar Smith (Republican, TX-21)Sam Johnson (Republican, TX-3)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-3)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)George Felix Allen (Republican, VA-7)Rodney Dennis Chandler (Republican, WA-8)John Ripin Miller (Republican, WA-1)Sidney Wallace Morrison (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Scott L. Klug (Republican, WI-2)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Craig Thomas (Republican, WY-AL)
51 new members · 51 departed · 383 served on both dates · women 29 → 29 · median age 52 → 54
22 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Arkansas 2 D · 2 R
Arkansas 3 D · 1 R
California 27 D · 18 R
California 26 D · 19 R
Florida 8 D · 11 R
Florida 9 D · 10 R
Hawaii 1 D · 1 R
Hawaii 2 D · 0 R
Idaho 1 D · 1 R
Idaho 2 D · 0 R
Illinois 14 D · 8 R
Illinois 15 D · 7 R
Indiana 7 D · 3 R
Indiana 8 D · 2 R
Massachusetts 10 D · 1 R
Massachusetts 11 D · 0 R
Maryland 6 D · 2 R
Maryland 5 D · 3 R
Minnesota 5 D · 3 R
Minnesota 6 D · 2 R
Missouri 5 D · 4 R
Missouri 6 D · 3 R
North Carolina 8 D · 3 R
North Carolina 7 D · 4 R
North Dakota 1 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 0 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 1 R
New Hampshire 1 D · 1 R
New York 21 D · 13 R
New York 21 D · 12 R · 1 other
Oregon 3 D · 2 R
Oregon 4 D · 1 R
Pennsylvania 12 D · 11 R
Pennsylvania 11 D · 12 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 2 R
Rhode Island 1 D · 1 R
Utah 1 D · 2 R
Utah 2 D · 1 R
Virginia 5 D · 5 R
Virginia 6 D · 4 R
Vermont 0 D · 1 R
Vermont 1 D · 0 R
Wisconsin 5 D · 4 R
Wisconsin 4 D · 5 R
Who joined and who left (51 in · 51 out)
Robert E. Cramer Jr. D
Alabama-5
Raymond Hoyt Thornton Jr. D
Arkansas-2
Ed Pastor D
Arizona-2
Frank D. Riggs R
California-1
Calvin M. Dooley D
California-17
Randall H. Cunningham R
California-44
John T. Doolittle R
California-14
Maxine Waters D
California-29
Wayne A. Allard R
Colorado-4
Gary A. Franks R
Connecticut-5
Rosa L. DeLauro D
Connecticut-3
James Bacchus D
Florida-11
Douglas Brian Peterson D
Florida-2
Neil Abercrombie D
Hawaii-1
James Allen Nussle R
Iowa-2
Larry LaRocco D
Idaho-1
John W. Cox Jr. D
Illinois-16
Thomas W. Ewing R
Illinois-15
Timothy Roemer D
Indiana-3
Richard Nichols R
Kansas-5
William J. Jefferson D
Louisiana-2
John W. Olver D
Massachusetts-1
Wayne T. Gilchrest R
Maryland-1
Thomas Hiram Andrews D
Maine-1
Barbara-Rose Collins D
Michigan-13
Dave Camp R
Michigan-10
James M. Ramstad R
Minnesota-3
Collin C. Peterson D
Minnesota-7
Joan Kelly Horn D
Missouri-2
Charles H. Taylor R
North Carolina-11
Eva Clayton D
North Carolina-1
Bill Barrett R
Nebraska-3
Richard Swett D
New Hampshire-2
William H. Zeliff Jr. R
New Hampshire-1
Richard Zimmer R
New Jersey-12
Jerrold Nadler D
New York-17
Charles J. Luken D
Ohio-1
David Lee Hobson R
Ohio-7
John A. Boehner R
Ohio-8
William K. Brewster D
Oklahoma-3
Michael J. Kopetski D
Oregon-5
Richard J. Santorum R
Pennsylvania-18
Lucien Edward Blackwell D
Pennsylvania-2
Jack Reed D
Rhode Island-2
Thomas Edwards D
Texas-11
Sam Johnson R
Texas-3
William Orton D
Utah-3
James P. Moran D
Virginia-8
George Felix Allen R
Virginia-7
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont-AL
Scott L. Klug R
Wisconsin-2
Ronnie Gene Flippo D
Alabama-5
Tommy Franklin Robinson R
Arkansas-2
Morris King Udall D
Arizona-2
Jim Bates D
California-44
Douglas Harry Bosco D
California-1
Augustus Freeman Hawkins D
California-29
Charles Pashayan Jr. R
California-17
Norman David Shumway R
California-14
George Hanks Brown R
Colorado-4
Bruce Andrew Morrison D
Connecticut-3
John Rowland R
Connecticut-5
Bill Nelson D
Florida-11
James William Grant R
Florida-2
Patricia Fukuda Saiki R
Hawaii-1
Thomas Joseph Tauke R
Iowa-2
Larry E. Craig R
Idaho-1
Lynn Morley Martin R
Illinois-16
Edward Rell Madigan R
Illinois-15
John Patrick Hiler R
Indiana-3
Robert Russell Whittaker R
Kansas-5
Corinne Claiborne Boggs D
Louisiana-2
Silvio Ottavio Conte R
Massachusetts-1
Royden Patrick Dyson D
Maryland-1
Joseph Edward Brennan D
Maine-1
George William Crockett Jr. D
Michigan-13
Bill Schuette R
Michigan-10
William Eldridge Frenzel R
Minnesota-3
Arlan Ingehart Stangeland R
Minnesota-7
John William Buechner R
Missouri-2
James McClure Clarke D
North Carolina-11
Walter Beaman Jones Sr. D
North Carolina-1
Byron L. Dorgan D
North Dakota-AL
Virginia Dodd Smith R
Nebraska-3
Charles Gywnne Douglas III R
New Hampshire-2
James Andrew Courter R
New Jersey-12
Theodore S. Weiss D
New York-17
Thomas Andrew Luken D
Ohio-1
Donald Edgar Lukens R
Ohio-8
Michael DeWine R
Ohio-7
Wes Watkins D
Oklahoma-3
Dennis Alan Smith R
Oregon-5
Douglas Walgren D
Pennsylvania-18
William Herbert Gray III D
Pennsylvania-2
Claudine Schneider R
Rhode Island-2
James Marvin Leath D
Texas-11
Harry Stephen Bartlett R
Texas-3
Howard Curtis Nielson R
Utah-3
Stanford E. Parris R
Virginia-8
Daniel French Slaughter Jr. R
Virginia-7
Peter P. Smith R
Vermont-AL
Robert William Kastenmeier D
Wisconsin-2
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+587Congress.gov ↗
587 public laws enacted · 0 landmark · 24 notable · 389 routine · 174 ceremonial
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991
Pub. L. 102-1 · Jan 14, 1991
Agent Orange Act of 1991
Pub. L. 102-4 · Feb 6, 1991
Intelligence Authorization Act
Pub. L. 102-88 · Aug 14, 1991
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Pub. L. 102-166 · Nov 21, 1991
High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991
Pub. L. 102-194 · Dec 9, 1991
Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
Pub. L. 102-228 · Dec 12, 1991
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
Pub. L. 102-240 · Dec 18, 1991
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991
Pub. L. 102-242 · Dec 19, 1991
Copyright Renewal Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-307 · Jun 26, 1992
United States–Hong Kong Policy Act
Pub. L. 102-383 · Oct 5, 1992
Show 14 more notable laws
Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-404 · Oct 9, 1992
Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-484 · Oct 23, 1992
Energy Policy Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-486 · Oct 24, 1992
Soviet Scientists Immigration Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-509 · Oct 24, 1992
Freedom Support Act
Pub. L. 102-511 · Oct 24, 1992
President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-526 · Oct 26, 1992
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
Pub. L. 102-548 · Oct 28, 1992
Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-550 · Oct 28, 1992
Land Remote Sensing Policy Act
Pub. L. 102-555 · Oct 28, 1992
Audio Home Recording Act
Pub. L. 102-563 · Oct 28, 1992
Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-567 · Oct 29, 1992
Water Resources Development Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-580 · Oct 31, 1992
High Seas Driftnet Fisheries Enforcement Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-582 · Nov 2, 1992
Abandoned Barge Act of 1992
Pub. L. 102-587 · Nov 4, 1992

Judicial3 files+348−1

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
+1−1Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 8 R · 1 D · every justice ↗
Thurgood Marshall D
appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson · 1967
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991
8 justices served on both dates
Byron Raymond White D
appointed by John F. Kennedy · 1962
Harry Andrew Blackmun R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1970
John Paul Stevens R
appointed by Gerald Ford · 1975
Sandra Day O'Connor R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1981
William Hubbs Rehnquist R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
Antonin Scalia R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
Anthony McLeod Kennedy R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1988
David Hackett Souter R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1990
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+122Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): 107 R · 44 D · 16 N( → 117 R · 37 D · 13 N(
District courts (active judges): 361 R · 181 D · 2 N( → 424 R · 129 D · 1 N(
George H.W. Bush R appointed 122 judges
1 Supreme Court · 20 appeals · 100 district · 1 other
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+225Supreme Court Database ↗
225 argued decisions · 10 landmark
Arizona v. Fulminante
499 U.S. 279 · Mar 26, 1991 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
California v. Acevedo
500 U.S. 565 · May 30, 1991 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Exxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
500 U.S. 603 · Jun 3, 1991 · Decided 9–0 · Judicial Power · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for the Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc.
501 U.S. 252 · Jun 17, 1991 · Decided 6–3 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Coleman v. Thompson
501 U.S. 722 · Jun 24, 1991 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Pervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
501 U.S. 808 · Jun 27, 1991 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
J. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
504 U.S. 1 · May 4, 1992 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Quill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
504 U.S. 298 · May 26, 1992 · Decided 8–1 · Economic Activity · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
New York v. United States
505 U.S. 144 · Jun 19, 1992 · Decided 6–3 · Federalism · Affirmed in part, reversed in part · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
505 U.S. 833 · Jun 29, 1992 · Decided 5–4 · Privacy · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+1.5% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 1991 → fiscal year 1993 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $1.32T
FY1991
Spending $1.41T
FY1993 · +6.4% nominal · +1.5% after inflation
Revenue $1.05T
FY1991
Revenue $1.15T
FY1993 · +9.4% nominal · +4.3% after inflation
Surplus / deficit −$269B
FY1991
Surplus / deficit −$255B
FY1993 · +$14.2B
Spending, % of GDP 21.7%
FY1991
Spending, % of GDP 20.8%
FY1993 · −0.9 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 44.1%
FY1991
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 47.9%
FY1993 · +3.8 pts
Spending by function · real change
Social Security
$269B → $305B · +7.9%
National Defense
$273B → $291B · +1.5%
Income Security
$173B → $210B · +16%
Net interest
$194B → $199B · −2.6%
Medicare
$104B → $131B · +19%
Health
$71.1B → $99.3B · +33%
Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
$41.3B → $47.5B · +9.6%
Veterans Benefits and Services
$31.3B → $35.7B · +8.6%
Transportation
$31.1B → $35.0B · +7.3%
Commerce and Housing Credit
$76.3B → −$21.9B · −127%
Natural Resources and Environment
$18.5B → $20.2B · +4.0%
Agriculture
$14.9B → $20.1B · +29%
International Affairs
$15.8B → $17.2B · +3.6%
General Science, Space, and Technology
$16.1B → $17.0B · +0.7%
Administration of Justice
$12.5B → $15.2B · +16%
General Government
$11.6B → $12.9B · +6.7%
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$831BTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$3.23T
as of Sep 28, 1990
$4.06T
as of Sep 30, 1992

Constitution & Union1 file+1

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
+1National Archives ↗
26 → 27 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
Amendment XXVII Congressional pay changes
ratified May 7, 1992 · Delays congressional pay changes until after the next House election. Proposed in 1789.

Reverts1 file−8

revert/undoneWhat was undone
−8Federal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 8 Supreme Court precedents overruled
8 decisions that overruled precedent
Arizona v. Fulminante
Mar 26, 1991 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
California v. Acevedo
May 30, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Exxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
Jun 3, 1991 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Coleman v. Thompson
Jun 24, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Pervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
Jun 27, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
J. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
May 4, 1992 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Quill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
May 26, 1992 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
Jun 29, 1992 · 5-4 · Privacy
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
44 events
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq · 1991-01-14Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 · 1991-01-14Gulf War · 1991-01-17Agent Orange Act of 1991 · 1991-02-06Gulf War · 1991-03-02Arizona v. Fulminante · 1991-03-26California v. Acevedo · 1991-05-30Exxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc. · 1991-06-03Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for the Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc. · 1991-06-17Coleman v. Thompson · 1991-06-24Pervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee · 1991-06-27Intelligence Authorization Act · 1991-08-14Clarence Thomas — Associate Justice · 1991-10-18Civil Rights Act of 1991 · 1991-11-21High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 · 1991-12-09Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 · 1991-12-12Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act · 1991-12-18Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 · 1991-12-19Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation · 1992-01-01Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation · 1992-01-01United States Trade and Development Agency · 1992-01-01J. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes · 1992-05-04Congressional pay changes · 1992-05-07Quill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner · 1992-05-26New York v. United States · 1992-06-19Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 · 1992-06-26Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey · 1992-06-29United States–Hong Kong Policy Act · 1992-10-05Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 · 1992-10-09Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 · 1992-10-23Energy Policy Act of 1992 · 1992-10-24Soviet Scientists Immigration Act of 1992 · 1992-10-24Freedom Support Act · 1992-10-24President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992 · 1992-10-26Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act · 1992-10-28Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 · 1992-10-28Land Remote Sensing Policy Act · 1992-10-28Audio Home Recording Act · 1992-10-28Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992 · 1992-10-29Water Resources Development Act of 1992 · 1992-10-31High Seas Driftnet Fisheries Enforcement Act of 1992 · 1992-11-02Abandoned Barge Act of 1992 · 1992-11-04AmeriCorps · 1993-01-01AmeriCorps Seniors · 1993-01-0119921993
  1. war powersAuthorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq
  2. lawAuthorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991
  3. war+Gulf War
  4. lawAgent Orange Act of 1991
  5. war−Gulf War
  6. rulingArizona v. Fulminante
  7. rulingCalifornia v. Acevedo
  8. rulingExxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
  9. rulingMetropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for the Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc.
  10. rulingColeman v. Thompson
  11. rulingPervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
  12. lawIntelligence Authorization Act
  13. justiceClarence Thomas — Associate Justice
  14. lawCivil Rights Act of 1991
  15. lawHigh Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991
  16. lawSoviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
  17. lawIntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
  18. lawFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991
  19. agency+Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation
  20. agency+Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation
  21. agency+United States Trade and Development Agency
  22. rulingJ. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
  23. amendmentCongressional pay changes
  24. rulingQuill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
  25. rulingNew York v. United States
  26. lawCopyright Renewal Act of 1992
  27. rulingPlanned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
  28. lawUnited States–Hong Kong Policy Act
  29. lawChinese Student Protection Act of 1992
  30. lawFormer Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992
  31. lawEnergy Policy Act of 1992
  32. lawSoviet Scientists Immigration Act of 1992
  33. lawFreedom Support Act
  34. lawPresident John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992
  35. lawIntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
  36. lawHousing and Community Development Act of 1992
  37. lawLand Remote Sensing Policy Act
  38. lawAudio Home Recording Act
  39. lawWeather Service Modernization Act of 1992
  40. lawWater Resources Development Act of 1992
  41. lawHigh Seas Driftnet Fisheries Enforcement Act of 1992
  42. lawAbandoned Barge Act of 1992
  43. agency+AmeriCorps
  44. agency+AmeriCorps Seniors