How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1989-01-03...1991-01-02 · 2 years json
21 files changed, 1,938 insertions(+), 89 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+647
31 notable
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
1 of 9
seats changed hands
Agencies
+11 −1
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$631B
$2.60T → $3.23T

The presidency passed from Ronald Wilson Reagan to George Herbert Walker Bush. Congress enacted 647 public laws. 13 senators and 44 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 1 new justice joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +7.8% (FY1989 → FY1991).

Executive6 files+891−23

executive/presidentThe presidency
+1−1National Archives ↗
Ronald Wilson Reagan R
40th president
George Herbert Walker Bush R
41st president · took office Jan 20, 1989
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
+1−1Senate Historical Office ↗
George Herbert Walker Bush R
James Danforth Quayle R
took office Jan 20, 1989
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+18−20Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State
George Shultz R
James Baker R
Secretary of Defense
Frank Carlucci R
Dick Cheney R
Secretary of the Navy
William L. Ball R
Henry L. Garrett III R
Secretary of the Interior
Donald P. Hodel R
Manuel Lujan R
Secretary of Agriculture
Richard Edmund Lyng R
Clayton Keith Yeutter R
Secretary of Commerce
William Verity R
vacant on Jan 2, 1991
next: Ron Brown D · Jan 22, 1993
Show 11 more cabinet offices
Secretary of Labor
Ann McLaughlin Korologos R
vacant on Jan 2, 1991
next: Robert Reich D · Jan 20, 1993
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Otis R. Bowen R
Louis Wade Sullivan R
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Samuel Pierce R
Jack Kemp R
Secretary of Transportation
James H. Burnley IV R
Samuel K. Skinner R
Secretary of Energy
John S. Herrington R
James D. Watkins R
Secretary of Education
Lauro Cavazos D
vacant on Jan 2, 1991
next: Lamar Alexander R · Mar 22, 1991
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
office did not exist
Ed Derwinski R
White House Chief of Staff · 2 people took this office in between
Kenneth Duberstein R
Samuel K. Skinner R
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Joe Wright
Richard Darman R
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
Lee M. Thomas R
William K. Reilly R
Ambassador to the United Nations
Vernon A. Walters R
Thomas R. Pickering
Other senior officials (4 changed)
Secretary of the Navy
William L. Ball R
Henry L. Garrett III R
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
William J. Crowe D
Colin Powell R
National Security Advisor
Colin Powell R
Brent Scowcroft R
Solicitor General
Charles Fried R
Ken Starr R
5 offices unchanged
Secretary of the Treasury: Nicholas F. Brady R
Attorney General: Dick Thornburgh R
Director of Central Intelligence: William H. Webster R
Chair of the Federal Reserve: Alan Greenspan R
Director of the FBI: William S. Sessions R
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+860Congress.gov ↗
1,036 civilian nominations received · 860 confirmed · 43 withdrawn · 114 returned to the President
Richard G. Darman, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
James Addison Baker, III, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Carla Anderson Hills, of California, to be United States Trade Representative, with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
Samuel Knox Skinner, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
Robert Adam Mosbacher, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
William Kane Reilly, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Jack Kemp, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Manuel Lujan, Jr., of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Clayton Yeutter, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 8, 1989 · 100–0
Louis W. Sullivan, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 1, 1989 · 98–1
Edward J. Derwinski, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Mar 2, 1989 · 94–0
Show 4 more top confirmations
Thomas R. Pickering, of New Jersey, to be the Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and the Representative of the United States of America in the Security Council of the United Nations.
confirmed Mar 7, 1989 · 99–0
Richard B. Cheney, of Wyoming, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Mar 17, 1989 · 92–0
Susan S. Engeleiter, of Wisconsin, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice James Abdnor, resigned.
confirmed Apr 19, 1989
David H. Souter, of New Hampshire, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, vice William Joseph Brennan, Jr., retired.
confirmed Oct 2, 1990 · 90–9
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+11−1Wikidata ↗
319 → 329 tracked organizations · 14 → 15 executive departments
United States Department of Veterans Affairs department
established Mar 15, 1989 · department of the United States government
Office of National Drug Control Policy
established Oct 27, 1989 · United States government agency
Board of Veterans' Appeals
established Mar 15, 1989 · administrative tribunal within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
United States Chief Financial Officers Council
established Jan 1, 1990 · organization of chief financial officers of United States executive departments
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Hispanics
established Jan 1, 1990 · initiative housed in the United States Department of Education
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
established Apr 25, 1990 · bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board
established Oct 1, 1990 · Federal advisory committee
Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission
established Nov 5, 1990 · commission which recommended specific U.S. military bases for closure or realignment
Armed Forces Retirement Home
established Jan 1, 1991 · retirement centers for veterans of the U.S. military
Defense Finance and Accounting Service
established Jan 1, 1991 · agency of the United States Department of Defense
Show 2 more
Office of Women's Health
established Jan 1, 1991 · part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
United States Veterans Administration
abolished Mar 15, 1989 · US federal agency · replaced by United States Department of Veterans Affairs
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military3 files+1−1

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
+1−1UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
1 conflict began and ended in between
Invasion of Panama
Dec 23, 1989 – Dec 23, 1989 · U.S. a principal party · against Panama
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
−12,546 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
470,432 → 457,886 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 2,091,166 → 1,911,713 total active duty
22 → 21 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Sep 30, 1988 → as of Sep 30, 1990
Saudi Arabia 421 → 30,831
+30,410
Germany 249,411 → 227,586
−21,825
South Korea 45,501 → 41,344
−4,157
United Kingdom 28,497 → 25,111
−3,386
Japan 49,680 → 46,593
−3,087
Philippines 16,655 → 13,863
−2,792
Spain 8,724 → 6,986
−1,738
Guam 8,519 → 7,033
−1,486
Norway 1,674 → 215
−1,459
Belgium 3,317 → 2,300
−1,017
Greece 3,284 → 2,429
−855
Honduras 1,573 → 894
−679
Largest U.S. deployments as of Sep 30, 1990
Germany 227,586
Japan 46,593
South Korea 41,344
Saudi Arabia 30,831
United Kingdom 25,111
Italy 14,204
Philippines 13,863
Panama 11,042
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.
military/spendingCost of war
1 warDoD Cost of War reports · CRS ↗
Lifetime cost of wars fought in this window · constant FY2011 dollars (CRS)
Gulf War $102B
0.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1990–1991
Operation spending is what the Defense Department obligated to each named operation in each fiscal year, from its Cost of War reports; it excludes State Department and USAID programs, veterans' care, interest, and base budgets. Lifetime costs are the Congressional Research Service's estimates of direct military spending for each war, in FY2011 dollars.

Legislative4 files+704−58

legislative/controlControl of Congress
0 changesHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
100th Congress → 101st Congress · 1 new Congress elected
0 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority on both dates
258 D · 177 R → 259 D · 175 R
Senate: Democrat majority on both dates
54 D · 46 R → 55 D · 45 R
legislative/senateSenate
+13−13congress-legislators ↗
Jan 3, 1989 · 54 D · 46 R
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Richard C. Shelby (Democrat, AL)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Alan Cranston (Democrat, CA)Timothy E. Wirth (Democrat, CO)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. (Democrat, FL)Bob Graham (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Wyche Fowler Jr. (Democrat, GA)Spark Masayuki Matsunaga (Democrat, HI)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Alan John Dixon (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)John Cornelius Stennis (Democrat, MS)John Melcher (Democrat, MT)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)James Terry Sanford (Democrat, NC)Quentin Northrup Burdick (Democrat, ND)Kent Conrad (Democrat, ND)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)David Lyle Boren (Democrat, OK)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (Democrat, TN)Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (Democrat, TX)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Brockman Adams (Democrat, WA)William Proxmire (Democrat, WI)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)John McCain (Republican, AZ)Pete Wilson (Republican, CA)William Lester Armstrong (Republican, CO)Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. (Republican, CT)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)James Albertus McClure (Republican, ID)Steven Douglas Symms (Republican, ID)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)James Danforth Quayle (Republican, IN)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)Rudolph Eli Boschwitz (Republican, MN)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Christopher S. Bond (Republican, MO)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)David Kemp Karnes (Republican, NE)Gordon John Humphrey (Republican, NH)Warren Bruce Rudman (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Jacob Chic Hecht (Republican, NV)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Henry John Heinz III (Republican, PA)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)Edwin Jacob Garn (Republican, UT)Paul Seward Trible Jr. (Republican, VA)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)Robert Theodore Stafford (Republican, VT)Daniel Jackson Evans (Republican, WA)Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (Republican, WI)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)
Jan 2, 1991 · 55 D · 45 R
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Richard C. Shelby (Democrat, AL)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Alan Cranston (Democrat, CA)Timothy E. Wirth (Democrat, CO)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph I. Lieberman (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Bob Graham (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Wyche Fowler Jr. (Democrat, GA)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Alan John Dixon (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)James Terry Sanford (Democrat, NC)Kent Conrad (Democrat, ND)Quentin Northrup Burdick (Democrat, ND)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)J. Robert Kerrey (Democrat, NE)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV)Richard H. Bryan (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)David Lyle Boren (Democrat, OK)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD)Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (Democrat, TN)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (Democrat, TX)Charles S. Robb (Democrat, VA)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Brockman Adams (Democrat, WA)Herb Kohl (Democrat, WI)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)John McCain (Republican, AZ)Pete Wilson (Republican, CA)William Lester Armstrong (Republican, CO)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)James Albertus McClure (Republican, ID)Steven Douglas Symms (Republican, ID)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)Rudolph Eli Boschwitz (Republican, MN)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)Christopher S. Bond (Republican, MO)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Trent Lott (Republican, MS)Conrad Burns (Republican, MT)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)Warren Bruce Rudman (Republican, NH)Robert Smith (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)Henry John Heinz III (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Edwin Jacob Garn (Republican, UT)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT)T. Slade Gorton (Republican, WA)Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (Republican, WI)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)
13 new members · 13 departed · 87 served on both dates · women 2 → 2 · median age 56 → 57
7 seats changed party
Jacob Chic Hecht R
Nevada seat
Richard H. Bryan D
Nevada seat
David Kemp Karnes R
Nebraska seat
J. Robert Kerrey D
Nebraska seat
Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. D
Florida seat
Connie Mack III R
Florida seat
Paul Seward Trible Jr. R
Virginia seat
Charles S. Robb D
Virginia seat
Show 3 more seat flips
John Melcher D
Montana seat
Conrad Burns R
Montana seat
John Cornelius Stennis D
Mississippi seat
Trent Lott R
Mississippi seat
Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. R
Connecticut seat
Joseph I. Lieberman D
Connecticut seat
Who joined and who left (13 in · 13 out)
Joseph I. Lieberman D
Connecticut
Connie Mack III R
Florida
Daniel K. Akaka D
Hawaii
Daniel Coats R
Indiana
Trent Lott R
Mississippi
Conrad Burns R
Montana
J. Robert Kerrey D
Nebraska
Robert Smith R
New Hampshire
Richard H. Bryan D
Nevada
Charles S. Robb D
Virginia
James M. Jeffords R
Vermont
T. Slade Gorton R
Washington
Herb Kohl D
Wisconsin
Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. R
Connecticut
Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. D
Florida
Spark Masayuki Matsunaga D
Hawaii
James Danforth Quayle R
Indiana
John Cornelius Stennis D
Mississippi
John Melcher D
Montana
David Kemp Karnes R
Nebraska
Gordon John Humphrey R
New Hampshire
Jacob Chic Hecht R
Nevada
Paul Seward Trible Jr. R
Virginia
Robert Theodore Stafford R
Vermont
Daniel Jackson Evans R
Washington
William Proxmire D
Wisconsin
legislative/houseHouse
+44−45congress-legislators ↗
Jan 3, 1989 · 258 D · 177 R
William Flynt Nichols (Democrat, AL-3)Ronnie Gene Flippo (Democrat, AL-5)Ben Erdreich (Democrat, AL-6)Claude Harris Jr. (Democrat, AL-7)Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)Tommy Franklin Robinson (Democrat, AR-2)William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democrat, AR-1)Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. (Democrat, AR-4)Morris King Udall (Democrat, AZ-2)Jim Bates (Democrat, CA-44)Douglas Harry Bosco (Democrat, CA-1)Anthony Lee Coelho (Democrat, CA-15)Augustus Freeman Hawkins (Democrat, CA-29)Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democrat, CA-32)Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (Democrat, CA-31)Meldon Edises Levine (Democrat, CA-27)Edward Ross Roybal (Democrat, CA-25)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-10)Richard Henry Lehman (Democrat, CA-18)Leon Edward Panetta (Democrat, CA-16)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-23)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-13)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-8)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-4)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-36)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-28)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-30)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-3)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-11)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-9)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-24)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA-6)Nancy Pelosi (Democrat, CA-5)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)David Evans Skaggs (Democrat, CO-2)Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Democrat, CO-3)Bruce Andrew Morrison (Democrat, CT-3)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Thomas R. Carper (Democrat, DE-AL)William Venroe Chappell Jr. (Democrat, FL-4)Kenneth Hood MacKay Jr. (Democrat, FL-6)Daniel Andrew Mica (Democrat, FL-14)James William Grant (Democrat, FL-2)Claude Denson Pepper (Democrat, FL-18)Charles Edward Bennett (Democrat, FL-3)Dante Bruno Fascell (Democrat, FL-19)William Lehman (Democrat, FL-17)Lawrence Jack Smith (Democrat, FL-16)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-7)Bill Nelson (Democrat, FL-11)Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)Charles Floyd Hatcher (Democrat, GA-2)Edgar Lanier Jenkins (Democrat, GA-9)Richard Belmont Ray (Democrat, GA-3)Robert Lindsay Thomas (Democrat, GA-1)George Darden (Democrat, GA-7)James Roy Rowland Jr. (Democrat, GA-8)John Lewis (Democrat, GA-5)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI-2)David Ray Nagle (Democrat, IA-3)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Richard Howard Stallings (Democrat, ID-2)Kenneth James Gray (Democrat, IL-22)Frank Annunzio (Democrat, IL-11)Terry Lee Bruce (Democrat, IL-19)Charles Arthur Hayes (Democrat, IL-1)Martin Anthony Russo (Democrat, IL-3)Gus Savage (Democrat, IL-2)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-8)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-5)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)Jerry F. Costello (Democrat, IL-21)James Prather Jontz (Democrat, IN-5)Francis Xavier McCloskey (Democrat, IN-8)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)James Charles Slattery (Democrat, KS-2)Carroll Hubbard Jr. (Democrat, KY-1)Carl Christopher Perkins (Democrat, KY-7)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)William Huston Natcher (Democrat, KY-2)Charles Elson Roemer III (Democrat, LA-4)Corinne Claiborne Boggs (Democrat, LA-2)Thomas Jerald Huckaby (Democrat, LA-5)James Allison Hayes (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)Edward Patrick Boland (Democrat, MA-2)Chester Greenough Atkins (Democrat, MA-5)Brian Joseph Donnelly (Democrat, MA-11)Joseph Daniel Early (Democrat, MA-3)Nicholas James Mavroules (Democrat, MA-6)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (Democrat, MA-8)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Royden Patrick Dyson (Democrat, MD-1)Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (Democrat, MD-6)Charles Thomas McMillen (Democrat, MD-4)Benjamin L. Cardin (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)Kweisi Mfume (Democrat, MD-7)Joseph Edward Brennan (Democrat, ME-1)George William Crockett Jr. (Democrat, MI-13)Dennis Mark Hertel (Democrat, MI-14)Jerome Bob Traxler (Democrat, MI-8)Howard Eliot Wolpe III (Democrat, MI-3)Milton Robert Carr (Democrat, MI-6)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-15)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-12)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-7)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-1)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-17)Gerald Edward Sikorski (Democrat, MN-6)Timothy Joseph Penny (Democrat, MN-1)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Alan Dupree Wheat (Democrat, MO-5)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Charles Wayne Dowdy (Democrat, MS-4)Albert Michael Espy (Democrat, MS-2)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)James McClure Clarke (Democrat, NC-11)Walter Beaman Jones Sr. (Democrat, NC-1)H. Martin Lancaster (Democrat, NC-3)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine (Democrat, NC-2)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)David E. Price (Democrat, NC-4)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND-AL)James John Howard (Democrat, NJ-3)Peter Wallace Rodino Jr. (Democrat, NJ-10)James Joseph Florio (Democrat, NJ-1)Bernard James Dwyer (Democrat, NJ-6)Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. (Democrat, NJ-14)Robert A. Roe (Democrat, NJ-8)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)James Hubert Bilbray (Democrat, NV-1)Mario Biaggi (Democrat, NY-19)Samuel Studdiford Stratton (Democrat, NY-23)Robert Garcia (Democrat, NY-18)Thomas Joseph Downey (Democrat, NY-2)Matthew Francis McHugh (Democrat, NY-28)Robert Jan Mrazek (Democrat, NY-3)Henry James Nowak (Democrat, NY-33)James Haas Scheuer (Democrat, NY-8)Stephen Joshua Solarz (Democrat, NY-13)Theodore S. Weiss (Democrat, NY-17)George Joseph Hochbrueckner (Democrat, NY-1)Floyd Harold Flake (Democrat, NY-6)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-9)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-32)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-12)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-7)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-11)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-16)Louise McIntosh Slaughter (Democrat, NY-30)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-10)Thomas Andrew Luken (Democrat, OH-1)Dennis Edward Eckart (Democrat, OH-11)Edward Farrell Feighan (Democrat, OH-19)Mary Rose Oakar (Democrat, OH-20)Donald James Pease (Democrat, OH-13)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-21)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)Thomas C. Sawyer (Democrat, OH-14)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)Glenn Lee English Jr. (Democrat, OK-6)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)Wes Watkins (Democrat, OK-3)Les AuCoin (Democrat, OR-1)Peter A. DeFazio (Democrat, OR-4)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Douglas Walgren (Democrat, PA-18)Joseph Matthew Gaydos (Democrat, PA-20)William Herbert Gray III (Democrat, PA-2)Joseph Paul Kolter (Democrat, PA-4)Peter Houston Kostmayer (Democrat, PA-8)Gus Yatron (Democrat, PA-6)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-22)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Fernand Joseph St. Germain (Democrat, RI-1)Elizabeth J. Patterson (Democrat, SC-4)Robert Mooneyhan Tallon Jr. (Democrat, SC-6)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)Tim Johnson (Democrat, SD-1)Ed Jones (Democrat, TN-8)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)Jim Cooper (Democrat, TN-4)Robert Clement (Democrat, TN-5)James Marvin Leath (Democrat, TX-11)George Thomas Leland (Democrat, TX-18)James Claude Wright Jr. (Democrat, TX-12)Albert Garza Bustamante (Democrat, TX-23)Michael Allen Andrews (Democrat, TX-25)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Jim Chapman (Democrat, TX-1)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Douglas Wayne Owens (Democrat, UT-2)James R. Olin (Democrat, VA-6)Owen B. Pickett (Democrat, VA-2)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. (Democrat, VA-5)Don Leroy Bonker (Democrat, WA-3)Michael Edward Lowry (Democrat, WA-7)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Robert William Kastenmeier (Democrat, WI-2)Jim Moody (Democrat, WI-5)Leslie Aspin (Democrat, WI-1)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Harley Orrin Staggers Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-3)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-4)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)William Louis Dickinson (Republican, AL-2)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican, AR-3)John Jacob Rhodes III (Republican, AZ-1)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)Jon Kyl (Republican, AZ-4)Robert Edward Badham (Republican, CA-40)Ernest Leslie Konnyu (Republican, CA-12)Charles Pashayan Jr. (Republican, CA-17)Norman David Shumway (Republican, CA-14)William Edwin Dannemeyer (Republican, CA-39)Robert John Lagomarsino (Republican, CA-19)William David Lowery (Republican, CA-41)Alfred A. McCandless (Republican, CA-37)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-38)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-22)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-43)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-20)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-45)David Dreier (Republican, CA-33)Elton Gallegly (Republican, CA-21)Wally Herger (Republican, CA-2)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-35)Daniel E. Lungren (Republican, CA-42)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO-4)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Joel Hefley (Republican, CO-5)John Rowland (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Christopher H. Shays (Republican, CT-4)Andrew Poysell Ireland (Republican, FL-10)Thomas F. Lewis (Republican, FL-12)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL-13)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-5)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-15)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-8)Patrick Lynn Swindall (Republican, GA-4)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Patricia Fukuda Saiki (Republican, HI-1)Thomas Joseph Tauke (Republican, IA-2)Frederick Lawrence Grandy (Republican, IA-6)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-5)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID-1)Jack Davis (Republican, IL-4)Lynn Morley Martin (Republican, IL-16)Edward Rell Madigan (Republican, IL-15)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-12)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)J. Dennis Hastert (Republican, IL-14)John Patrick Hiler (Republican, IN-3)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN-4)Robert Russell Whittaker (Republican, KS-5)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Larry Jones Hopkins (Republican, KY-6)Jim Bunning (Republican, KY-4)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)Clyde Cecil Holloway (Republican, LA-8)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Richard Hugh Baker (Republican, LA-6)Silvio Ottavio Conte (Republican, MA-1)Helen Delich Bentley (Republican, MD-2)Constance Morella (Republican, MD-8)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)Bill Schuette (Republican, MI-10)William S. Broomfield (Republican, MI-18)Robert William Davis (Republican, MI-11)Carl Duane Pursell (Republican, MI-2)Guy Adrian Vander Jagt (Republican, MI-9)Paul B. Henry (Republican, MI-5)Fred Upton (Republican, MI-4)William Eldridge Frenzel (Republican, MN-3)Arlan Ingehart Stangeland (Republican, MN-7)John Vincent Weber (Republican, MN-2)Gene Taylor (Republican, MO-7)John William Buechner (Republican, MO-2)Earl Thomas Coleman (Republican, MO-6)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-8)Trent Lott (Republican, MS-5)Ronald Charles Marlenee (Republican, MT-2)John Alexander, III McMillan (Republican, NC-9)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Harold John, Jr., Daub (Republican, NE-2)Virginia Dodd Smith (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)Robert Smith (Republican, NH-1)Judd A. Gregg (Republican, NH-2)James Andrew Courter (Republican, NJ-12)Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican, NJ-7)Dean Anderson Gallo (Republican, NJ-11)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-13)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Manuel Luján Jr. (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)Joseph J. DioGuardi (Republican, NY-20)Jack French Kemp (Republican, NY-31)George Cornelius Wortley (Republican, NY-27)Guy Victor Molinari (Republican, NY-14)Sedgwick William Green (Republican, NY-15)Frank Jefferson Horton (Republican, NY-29)Norman Frederick Lent (Republican, NY-4)David O’Brien Martin (Republican, NY-26)Raymond Joseph McGrath (Republican, NY-5)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-21)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-24)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-22)Amory Houghton Jr. (Republican, NY-34)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-25)Delbert Leroy Latta (Republican, OH-5)Donald Edgar Lukens (Republican, OH-8)Bob McEwen (Republican, OH-6)Clarence E. Miller (Republican, OH-10)Chalmers Pangburn Wylie (Republican, OH-15)Willis David Gradison Jr. (Republican, OH-2)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Michael DeWine (Republican, OH-7)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)Marvin Henry Edwards (Republican, OK-5)James M. Inhofe (Republican, OK-1)Dennis Alan Smith (Republican, OR-5)Robert Freeman Smith (Republican, OR-2)Robert Lawrence Coughlin (Republican, PA-13)Donald Lawrence Ritter (Republican, PA-15)Richard Taylor Schulze (Republican, PA-5)Thomas Joseph Ridge (Republican, PA-21)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-23)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)W. Curtis Weldon (Republican, PA-7)Claudine Schneider (Republican, RI-2)Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Donald Kenneth Sundquist (Republican, TN-7)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)John J. Duncan, Jr. (Republican, TN-2)Eldon Beau Boulter (Republican, TX-13)David McCann Sweeney (Republican, TX-14)Harry Stephen Bartlett (Republican, TX-3)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)Lamar Smith (Republican, TX-21)Howard Curtis Nielson (Republican, UT-3)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Stanford E. Parris (Republican, VA-8)Daniel French Slaughter Jr. (Republican, VA-7)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-3)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT-AL)Rodney Dennis Chandler (Republican, WA-8)John Ripin Miller (Republican, WA-1)Sidney Wallace Morrison (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican, WY-AL)
Jan 2, 1991 · 259 D · 175 R
Ronnie Gene Flippo (Democrat, AL-5)Ben Erdreich (Democrat, AL-6)Claude Harris Jr. (Democrat, AL-7)Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)John Glen Browder (Democrat, AL-3)William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democrat, AR-1)Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. (Democrat, AR-4)Morris King Udall (Democrat, AZ-2)Jim Bates (Democrat, CA-44)Douglas Harry Bosco (Democrat, CA-1)Augustus Freeman Hawkins (Democrat, CA-29)Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democrat, CA-32)Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (Democrat, CA-31)Meldon Edises Levine (Democrat, CA-27)Edward Ross Roybal (Democrat, CA-25)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-10)Richard Henry Lehman (Democrat, CA-18)Leon Edward Panetta (Democrat, CA-16)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-23)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-13)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-8)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-4)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-36)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-28)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-30)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-3)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-11)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-9)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-24)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA-6)Nancy Pelosi (Democrat, CA-5)Gary Condit (Democrat, CA-15)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)David Evans Skaggs (Democrat, CO-2)Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Democrat, CO-3)Bruce Andrew Morrison (Democrat, CT-3)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Thomas R. Carper (Democrat, DE-AL)Charles Edward Bennett (Democrat, FL-3)Dante Bruno Fascell (Democrat, FL-19)William Lehman (Democrat, FL-17)Lawrence Jack Smith (Democrat, FL-16)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-7)Harry A. Johnston II (Democrat, FL-14)Bill Nelson (Democrat, FL-11)Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)Charles Floyd Hatcher (Democrat, GA-2)Edgar Lanier Jenkins (Democrat, GA-9)Ben Jones (Democrat, GA-4)Richard Belmont Ray (Democrat, GA-3)Robert Lindsay Thomas (Democrat, GA-1)George Darden (Democrat, GA-7)James Roy Rowland Jr. (Democrat, GA-8)John Lewis (Democrat, GA-5)Patsy Takemoto Mink (Democrat, HI-2)David Ray Nagle (Democrat, IA-3)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Richard Howard Stallings (Democrat, ID-2)Frank Annunzio (Democrat, IL-11)Terry Lee Bruce (Democrat, IL-19)Charles Arthur Hayes (Democrat, IL-1)Martin Anthony Russo (Democrat, IL-3)Gus Savage (Democrat, IL-2)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-8)George Edward Sangmeister (Democrat, IL-4)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Glenn Poshard (Democrat, IL-22)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-5)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Jerry F. Costello (Democrat, IL-21)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)James Prather Jontz (Democrat, IN-5)Jill Lynette Long Thompson (Democrat, IN-4)Francis Xavier McCloskey (Democrat, IN-8)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)James Charles Slattery (Democrat, KS-2)Carroll Hubbard Jr. (Democrat, KY-1)Carl Christopher Perkins (Democrat, KY-7)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)William Huston Natcher (Democrat, KY-2)Corinne Claiborne Boggs (Democrat, LA-2)Thomas Jerald Huckaby (Democrat, LA-5)James Allison Hayes (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)Chester Greenough Atkins (Democrat, MA-5)Brian Joseph Donnelly (Democrat, MA-11)Joseph Daniel Early (Democrat, MA-3)Nicholas James Mavroules (Democrat, MA-6)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (Democrat, MA-8)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Richard E. Neal (Democrat, MA-2)Royden Patrick Dyson (Democrat, MD-1)Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (Democrat, MD-6)Charles Thomas McMillen (Democrat, MD-4)Benjamin L. Cardin (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)Kweisi Mfume (Democrat, MD-7)Joseph Edward Brennan (Democrat, ME-1)George William Crockett Jr. (Democrat, MI-13)Dennis Mark Hertel (Democrat, MI-14)Jerome Bob Traxler (Democrat, MI-8)Howard Eliot Wolpe III (Democrat, MI-3)Milton Robert Carr (Democrat, MI-6)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-15)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-12)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-7)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-1)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-17)Gerald Edward Sikorski (Democrat, MN-6)Timothy Joseph Penny (Democrat, MN-1)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Alan Dupree Wheat (Democrat, MO-5)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Albert Michael Espy (Democrat, MS-2)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)Michael Parker (Democrat, MS-4)Gene Taylor (Democrat, MS-5)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)James McClure Clarke (Democrat, NC-11)Walter Beaman Jones Sr. (Democrat, NC-1)H. Martin Lancaster (Democrat, NC-3)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine (Democrat, NC-2)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)David E. Price (Democrat, NC-4)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND-AL)Peter D. Hoagland (Democrat, NE-2)Bernard James Dwyer (Democrat, NJ-6)Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. (Democrat, NJ-14)Robert A. Roe (Democrat, NJ-8)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)Donald M. Payne (Democrat, NJ-10)Frank Pallone, Jr. (Democrat, NJ-3)Robert E. Andrews (Democrat, NJ-1)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)James Hubert Bilbray (Democrat, NV-1)Thomas Joseph Downey (Democrat, NY-2)Matthew Francis McHugh (Democrat, NY-28)Robert Jan Mrazek (Democrat, NY-3)Henry James Nowak (Democrat, NY-33)James Haas Scheuer (Democrat, NY-8)Stephen Joshua Solarz (Democrat, NY-13)Theodore S. Weiss (Democrat, NY-17)George Joseph Hochbrueckner (Democrat, NY-1)Floyd Harold Flake (Democrat, NY-6)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-9)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-32)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-12)Michael R. McNulty (Democrat, NY-23)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-7)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-11)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-16)Louise McIntosh Slaughter (Democrat, NY-30)Eliot L. Engel (Democrat, NY-19)Nita M. Lowey (Democrat, NY-20)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-10)José E. Serrano (Democrat, NY-18)Thomas Andrew Luken (Democrat, OH-1)Dennis Edward Eckart (Democrat, OH-11)Edward Farrell Feighan (Democrat, OH-19)Mary Rose Oakar (Democrat, OH-20)Donald James Pease (Democrat, OH-13)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-21)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)Thomas C. Sawyer (Democrat, OH-14)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)Glenn Lee English Jr. (Democrat, OK-6)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)Wes Watkins (Democrat, OK-3)Les AuCoin (Democrat, OR-1)Peter A. DeFazio (Democrat, OR-4)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Douglas Walgren (Democrat, PA-18)Joseph Matthew Gaydos (Democrat, PA-20)William Herbert Gray III (Democrat, PA-2)Joseph Paul Kolter (Democrat, PA-4)Peter Houston Kostmayer (Democrat, PA-8)Gus Yatron (Democrat, PA-6)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-22)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Elizabeth J. Patterson (Democrat, SC-4)Robert Mooneyhan Tallon Jr. (Democrat, SC-6)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)Tim Johnson (Democrat, SD-1)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Robert Clement (Democrat, TN-5)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)John S. Tanner (Democrat, TN-8)Jim Cooper (Democrat, TN-4)James Marvin Leath (Democrat, TX-11)Albert Garza Bustamante (Democrat, TX-23)Michael Allen Andrews (Democrat, TX-25)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)William Sarpalius (Democrat, TX-13)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Jim Chapman (Democrat, TX-1)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Gregory H. Laughlin (Democrat, TX-14)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Preston M. Geren (Democrat, TX-12)Craig Anthony Washington (Democrat, TX-18)Douglas Wayne Owens (Democrat, UT-2)James R. Olin (Democrat, VA-6)Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. (Democrat, VA-5)Owen B. Pickett (Democrat, VA-2)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Jolene Unsoeld (Democrat, WA-3)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Jim McDermott (Democrat, WA-7)Robert William Kastenmeier (Democrat, WI-2)Jim Moody (Democrat, WI-5)Leslie Aspin (Democrat, WI-1)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Harley Orrin Staggers Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-3)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-4)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)William Louis Dickinson (Republican, AL-2)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican, AR-3)Tommy Franklin Robinson (Republican, AR-2)John Jacob Rhodes III (Republican, AZ-1)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)Jon Kyl (Republican, AZ-4)Charles Pashayan Jr. (Republican, CA-17)Norman David Shumway (Republican, CA-14)William Edwin Dannemeyer (Republican, CA-39)Robert John Lagomarsino (Republican, CA-19)William David Lowery (Republican, CA-41)Alfred A. McCandless (Republican, CA-37)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-38)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-22)Tom Campbell (Republican, CA-12)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-43)C. Christopher Cox (Republican, CA-40)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-20)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-45)David Dreier (Republican, CA-33)Elton Gallegly (Republican, CA-21)Wally Herger (Republican, CA-2)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-35)Dana Rohrabacher (Republican, CA-42)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO-4)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Joel Hefley (Republican, CO-5)John Rowland (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Christopher H. Shays (Republican, CT-4)Andrew Poysell Ireland (Republican, FL-10)Craig T. James (Republican, FL-4)Thomas F. Lewis (Republican, FL-12)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-5)Porter J. Goss (Republican, FL-13)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-15)Cliff Stearns (Republican, FL-6)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-8)James William Grant (Republican, FL-2)Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican, FL-18)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Patricia Fukuda Saiki (Republican, HI-1)Thomas Joseph Tauke (Republican, IA-2)Frederick Lawrence Grandy (Republican, IA-6)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-5)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID-1)Lynn Morley Martin (Republican, IL-16)Edward Rell Madigan (Republican, IL-15)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-12)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)J. Dennis Hastert (Republican, IL-14)John Patrick Hiler (Republican, IN-3)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Robert Russell Whittaker (Republican, KS-5)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Larry Jones Hopkins (Republican, KY-6)Jim Bunning (Republican, KY-4)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)Clyde Cecil Holloway (Republican, LA-8)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Richard Hugh Baker (Republican, LA-6)James O. McCrery III (Republican, LA-4)Silvio Ottavio Conte (Republican, MA-1)Helen Delich Bentley (Republican, MD-2)Constance Morella (Republican, MD-8)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)Bill Schuette (Republican, MI-10)William S. Broomfield (Republican, MI-18)Robert William Davis (Republican, MI-11)Carl Duane Pursell (Republican, MI-2)Guy Adrian Vander Jagt (Republican, MI-9)Paul B. Henry (Republican, MI-5)Fred Upton (Republican, MI-4)William Eldridge Frenzel (Republican, MN-3)Arlan Ingehart Stangeland (Republican, MN-7)John Vincent Weber (Republican, MN-2)John William Buechner (Republican, MO-2)Earl Thomas Coleman (Republican, MO-6)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-8)Melton D. Hancock (Republican, MO-7)Ronald Charles Marlenee (Republican, MT-2)John Alexander, III McMillan (Republican, NC-9)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Virginia Dodd Smith (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)Charles Gywnne Douglas III (Republican, NH-2)James Andrew Courter (Republican, NJ-12)Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican, NJ-7)Dean Anderson Gallo (Republican, NJ-11)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-13)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Steven Harvey Schiff (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)Sedgwick William Green (Republican, NY-15)Frank Jefferson Horton (Republican, NY-29)Norman Frederick Lent (Republican, NY-4)David O’Brien Martin (Republican, NY-26)Raymond Joseph McGrath (Republican, NY-5)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-21)L. William Paxon (Republican, NY-31)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-24)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-22)Amory Houghton Jr. (Republican, NY-34)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-25)James T. Walsh (Republican, NY-27)Susan Molinari (Republican, NY-14)Donald Edgar Lukens (Republican, OH-8)Bob McEwen (Republican, OH-6)Clarence E. Miller (Republican, OH-10)Chalmers Pangburn Wylie (Republican, OH-15)Willis David Gradison Jr. (Republican, OH-2)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Michael DeWine (Republican, OH-7)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Paul E. Gillmor (Republican, OH-5)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)Marvin Henry Edwards (Republican, OK-5)James M. Inhofe (Republican, OK-1)Dennis Alan Smith (Republican, OR-5)Robert Freeman Smith (Republican, OR-2)Robert Lawrence Coughlin (Republican, PA-13)Donald Lawrence Ritter (Republican, PA-15)Richard Taylor Schulze (Republican, PA-5)Thomas Joseph Ridge (Republican, PA-21)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-23)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)W. Curtis Weldon (Republican, PA-7)Claudine Schneider (Republican, RI-2)Ronald K. Machtley (Republican, RI-1)Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Donald Kenneth Sundquist (Republican, TN-7)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)John J. Duncan, Jr. (Republican, TN-2)Harry Stephen Bartlett (Republican, TX-3)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)Lamar Smith (Republican, TX-21)Howard Curtis Nielson (Republican, UT-3)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Stanford E. Parris (Republican, VA-8)Daniel French Slaughter Jr. (Republican, VA-7)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-3)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)Peter P. Smith (Republican, VT-AL)Rodney Dennis Chandler (Republican, WA-8)John Ripin Miller (Republican, WA-1)Sidney Wallace Morrison (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Craig Thomas (Republican, WY-AL)
44 new members · 45 departed · 390 served on both dates · women 23 → 29 · median age 52 → 52
12 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Arkansas 3 D · 1 R
Arkansas 2 D · 2 R
Florida 12 D · 7 R
Florida 8 D · 11 R
Georgia 8 D · 2 R
Georgia 9 D · 1 R
Illinois 13 D · 9 R
Illinois 14 D · 8 R
Indiana 6 D · 4 R
Indiana 7 D · 3 R
Louisiana 5 D · 3 R
Louisiana 4 D · 4 R
Mississippi 4 D · 1 R
Mississippi 5 D · 0 R
Nebraska 0 D · 3 R
Nebraska 1 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 1 R
New York 20 D · 14 R
New York 21 D · 13 R
Rhode Island 1 D · 1 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 2 R
Texas 17 D · 10 R
Texas 19 D · 8 R
Who joined and who left (44 in · 45 out)
John Glen Browder D
Alabama-3
Tom Campbell R
California-12
C. Christopher Cox R
California-40
Dana Rohrabacher R
California-42
Gary Condit D
California-15
Craig T. James R
Florida-4
Harry A. Johnston II D
Florida-14
Porter J. Goss R
Florida-13
Cliff Stearns R
Florida-6
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen R
Florida-18
Ben Jones D
Georgia-4
Patsy Takemoto Mink D
Hawaii-2
George Edward Sangmeister D
Illinois-4
Glenn Poshard D
Illinois-22
Jill Lynette Long Thompson D
Indiana-4
James O. McCrery III R
Louisiana-4
Richard E. Neal D
Massachusetts-2
Melton D. Hancock R
Missouri-7
Michael Parker D
Mississippi-4
Gene Taylor D
Mississippi-5
Peter D. Hoagland D
Nebraska-2
Charles Gywnne Douglas III R
New Hampshire-2
Donald M. Payne D
New Jersey-10
Frank Pallone, Jr. D
New Jersey-3
Robert E. Andrews D
New Jersey-1
Steven Harvey Schiff R
New Mexico-1
L. William Paxon R
New York-31
Michael R. McNulty D
New York-23
James T. Walsh R
New York-27
Eliot L. Engel D
New York-19
Nita M. Lowey D
New York-20
Susan Molinari R
New York-14
José E. Serrano D
New York-18
Paul E. Gillmor R
Ohio-5
Ronald K. Machtley R
Rhode Island-1
John S. Tanner D
Tennessee-8
William Sarpalius D
Texas-13
Gregory H. Laughlin D
Texas-14
Preston M. Geren D
Texas-12
Craig Anthony Washington D
Texas-18
Peter P. Smith R
Vermont-AL
Jolene Unsoeld D
Washington-3
Jim McDermott D
Washington-7
Craig Thomas R
Wyoming-AL
William Flynt Nichols D
Alabama-3
Robert Edward Badham R
California-40
Ernest Leslie Konnyu R
California-12
Anthony Lee Coelho D
California-15
Daniel E. Lungren R
California-42
William Venroe Chappell Jr. D
Florida-4
Kenneth Hood MacKay Jr. D
Florida-6
Daniel Andrew Mica D
Florida-14
Claude Denson Pepper D
Florida-18
Connie Mack III R
Florida-13
Patrick Lynn Swindall R
Georgia-4
Daniel K. Akaka D
Hawaii-2
Jack Davis R
Illinois-4
Kenneth James Gray D
Illinois-22
Daniel Coats R
Indiana-4
Charles Elson Roemer III D
Louisiana-4
Edward Patrick Boland D
Massachusetts-2
Gene Taylor R
Missouri-7
Charles Wayne Dowdy D
Mississippi-4
Trent Lott R
Mississippi-5
Harold John, Jr., Daub R
Nebraska-2
Robert Smith R
New Hampshire-1
Judd A. Gregg R
New Hampshire-2
James John Howard D
New Jersey-3
Peter Wallace Rodino Jr. D
New Jersey-10
James Joseph Florio D
New Jersey-1
Manuel Luján Jr. R
New Mexico-1
Mario Biaggi D
New York-19
Joseph J. DioGuardi R
New York-20
Jack French Kemp R
New York-31
Samuel Studdiford Stratton D
New York-23
George Cornelius Wortley R
New York-27
Robert Garcia D
New York-18
Guy Victor Molinari R
New York-14
Delbert Leroy Latta R
Ohio-5
Fernand Joseph St. Germain D
Rhode Island-1
Ed Jones D
Tennessee-8
Eldon Beau Boulter R
Texas-13
David McCann Sweeney R
Texas-14
George Thomas Leland D
Texas-18
James Claude Wright Jr. D
Texas-12
James M. Jeffords R
Vermont-AL
Don Leroy Bonker D
Washington-3
Michael Edward Lowry D
Washington-7
Richard Bruce Cheney R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+647Congress.gov ↗
647 public laws enacted · 1 landmark · 30 notable · 405 routine · 211 ceremonial
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 landmark
Pub. L. 101-336 · Jul 26, 1990
Whistleblower Protection Act
Pub. L. 101-12 · Apr 10, 1989
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989
Pub. L. 101-73 · Aug 9, 1989
Flag Protection Act
Pub. L. 101-131 · Oct 28, 1989
Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
Pub. L. 101-298 · May 22, 1990
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-380 · Aug 18, 1990
Ryan White CARE Act
Pub. L. 101-381 · Aug 18, 1990
Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-391 · Sep 25, 1990
Civil Rights Act of 1990
Oct 22, 1990
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Pub. L. 101-476 · Oct 30, 1990
Show 21 more notable laws
Native American Languages Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-477 · Oct 30, 1990
Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990
Nov 5, 1990
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-508 · Nov 5, 1990
Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-509 · Nov 5, 1990
Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act
Pub. L. 101-510 · Nov 5, 1990
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-535 · Nov 8, 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Pub. L. 101-549 · Nov 15, 1990
Administrative Dispute Resolution Act
Pub. L. 101-552 · Nov 15, 1990
Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-566 · Nov 15, 1990
Chief Financial Officers Act
Pub. L. 101-576 · Nov 15, 1990
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Pub. L. 101-601 · Nov 16, 1990
Global Change Research Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-606 · Nov 16, 1990
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-624 · Nov 28, 1990
Tongass Timber Reform Act
Pub. L. 101-626 · Nov 28, 1990
Food and Drug Administration Revitalization Act
Pub. L. 101-635 · Nov 28, 1990
Water Resources Development Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-640 · Nov 28, 1990
Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-644 · Nov 29, 1990
Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-647 · Nov 29, 1990
Negotiated Rulemaking Act
Pub. L. 101-648 · Nov 29, 1990
Immigration Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-649 · Nov 29, 1990
Judicial Improvements Act of 1990
Pub. L. 101-650 · Dec 1, 1990

Judicial3 files+342−1

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
+1−1Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 7 R · 2 D · every justice ↗
William Joseph Brennan, Jr. R
appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower · 1957
David Hackett Souter R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1990
8 justices served on both dates
Byron Raymond White D
appointed by John F. Kennedy · 1962
Thurgood Marshall D
appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson · 1967
Harry Andrew Blackmun R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1970
John Paul Stevens R
appointed by Gerald Ford · 1975
Sandra Day O'Connor R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1981
William Hubbs Rehnquist R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
Antonin Scalia R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
Anthony McLeod Kennedy R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1988
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+72Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): 91 R · 52 D · 22 N( → 107 R · 44 D · 16 N(
District courts (active judges): 348 R · 202 D · 3 N( → 361 R · 181 D · 2 N(
George H.W. Bush R appointed 72 judges
1 Supreme Court · 22 appeals · 49 district
2 circuits flipped majority
First Circuit 3 D · 3 R (tie majority)
First Circuit 1 D · 4 R (R majority)
Ninth Circuit 13 D · 12 R (D majority)
Ninth Circuit 13 D · 15 R (R majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+269Supreme Court Database ↗
269 argued decisions · 9 landmark
Thornburgh v. Abbott
490 U.S. 401 · May 15, 1989 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent
Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
490 U.S. 477 · May 15, 1989 · Decided 5–4 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Alabama v. Smith
490 U.S. 794 · Jun 12, 1989 · Decided 8–1 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Healy v. The Beer Institute
491 U.S. 324 · Jun 19, 1989 · Decided 6–3 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Texas v. Johnson
491 U.S. 397 · Jun 21, 1989 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Struck down state law
Sable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
492 U.S. 115 · Jun 23, 1989 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
W. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
493 U.S. 400 · Jan 17, 1990 · Decided 9–0 · Judicial Power · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
United States v. Shawn D. Eichman
496 U.S. 310 · Jun 11, 1990 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Collins v. Youngblood
497 U.S. 37 · Jun 21, 1990 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+7.8% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 1989 → fiscal year 1991 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $1.14T
FY1989
Spending $1.32T
FY1991 · +16% nominal · +7.8% after inflation
Revenue $991B
FY1989
Revenue $1.05T
FY1991 · +6.4% nominal · −0.9% after inflation
Surplus / deficit −$153B
FY1989
Surplus / deficit −$269B
FY1991 · −$117B
Spending, % of GDP 20.6%
FY1989
Spending, % of GDP 21.7%
FY1991 · +1.1 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 39.4%
FY1989
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 44.1%
FY1991 · +4.7 pts
Spending by function · real change
National Defense
$304B → $273B · −16%
Social Security
$233B → $269B · +7.8%
Net interest
$169B → $194B · +7.2%
Income Security
$138B → $173B · +17%
Medicare
$85.0B → $104B · +15%
Commerce and Housing Credit
$29.7B → $76.3B · +139%
Health
$48.4B → $71.1B · +37%
Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
$35.3B → $41.3B · +8.8%
Veterans Benefits and Services
$30.0B → $31.3B · −2.9%
Transportation
$27.6B → $31.1B · +4.9%
Natural Resources and Environment
$16.2B → $18.5B · +6.8%
General Science, Space, and Technology
$12.8B → $16.1B · +17%
International Affairs
$9.6B → $15.8B · +54%
Agriculture
$16.7B → $14.9B · −17%
Administration of Justice
$9.6B → $12.5B · +21%
General Government
$9.3B → $11.6B · +16%
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$631BTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$2.60T
as of Sep 30, 1988
$3.23T
as of Sep 28, 1990

Constitution & Union1 file±0

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
±0National Archives ↗
26 → 26 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.

Reverts1 file−6

revert/undoneWhat was undone
−6Federal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 6 Supreme Court precedents overruled
6 decisions that overruled precedent
Thornburgh v. Abbott
May 15, 1989 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
May 15, 1989 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Alabama v. Smith
Jun 12, 1989 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
Healy v. The Beer Institute
Jun 19, 1989 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
W. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
Jan 17, 1990 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Collins v. Youngblood
Jun 21, 1990 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
46 events
George Herbert Walker Bush takes office · 1989-01-20United States Department of Veterans Affairs · 1989-03-15Whistleblower Protection Act · 1989-04-10Thornburgh v. Abbott · 1989-05-15Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc. · 1989-05-15Alabama v. Smith · 1989-06-12Healy v. The Beer Institute · 1989-06-19Texas v. Johnson · 1989-06-21Sable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission · 1989-06-23Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 · 1989-08-09Office of National Drug Control Policy · 1989-10-27Flag Protection Act · 1989-10-28Invasion of Panama · 1989-12-23Invasion of Panama · 1989-12-24W. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp. · 1990-01-17Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 · 1990-05-22United States v. Shawn D. Eichman · 1990-06-11Collins v. Youngblood · 1990-06-21Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 · 1990-07-26Oil Pollution Act of 1990 · 1990-08-18Ryan White CARE Act · 1990-08-18Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990 · 1990-09-25David Hackett Souter — Associate Justice · 1990-10-03Civil Rights Act of 1990 · 1990-10-22Individuals with Disabilities Education Act · 1990-10-30Native American Languages Act of 1990 · 1990-10-30Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990 · 1990-11-05Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 · 1990-11-05Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 · 1990-11-05Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act · 1990-11-05Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 · 1990-11-08Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 · 1990-11-15Administrative Dispute Resolution Act · 1990-11-15Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1990 · 1990-11-15Chief Financial Officers Act · 1990-11-15Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act · 1990-11-16Global Change Research Act of 1990 · 1990-11-16Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 · 1990-11-28Tongass Timber Reform Act · 1990-11-28Food and Drug Administration Revitalization Act · 1990-11-28Water Resources Development Act of 1990 · 1990-11-28Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 · 1990-11-29Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 · 1990-11-29Negotiated Rulemaking Act · 1990-11-29Immigration Act of 1990 · 1990-11-29Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 · 1990-12-0119901991
  1. presidentGeorge Herbert Walker Bush takes office
  2. agency+United States Department of Veterans Affairs
  3. lawWhistleblower Protection Act
  4. rulingThornburgh v. Abbott
  5. rulingRodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
  6. rulingAlabama v. Smith
  7. rulingHealy v. The Beer Institute
  8. rulingTexas v. Johnson
  9. rulingSable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
  10. lawFinancial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989
  11. agency+Office of National Drug Control Policy
  12. lawFlag Protection Act
  13. war+Invasion of Panama
  14. war−Invasion of Panama
  15. rulingW. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
  16. lawBiological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
  17. rulingUnited States v. Shawn D. Eichman
  18. rulingCollins v. Youngblood
  19. lawAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990
  20. lawOil Pollution Act of 1990
  21. lawRyan White CARE Act
  22. lawHotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990
  23. justiceDavid Hackett Souter — Associate Justice
  24. lawCivil Rights Act of 1990
  25. lawIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act
  26. lawNative American Languages Act of 1990
  27. lawLaunch Services Purchase Act of 1990
  28. lawOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
  29. lawFederal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990
  30. lawDefense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act
  31. lawNutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
  32. lawClean Air Act Amendments of 1990
  33. lawAdministrative Dispute Resolution Act
  34. lawSpark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1990
  35. lawChief Financial Officers Act
  36. lawNative American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
  37. lawGlobal Change Research Act of 1990
  38. lawFood, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
  39. lawTongass Timber Reform Act
  40. lawFood and Drug Administration Revitalization Act
  41. lawWater Resources Development Act of 1990
  42. lawIndian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
  43. lawGun-Free School Zones Act of 1990
  44. lawNegotiated Rulemaking Act
  45. lawImmigration Act of 1990
  46. lawJudicial Improvements Act of 1990