How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1987-01-03...1989-01-02 · 2 years json
20 files changed, 1,860 insertions(+), 89 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+712
35 notable
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
1 of 9
seats changed hands
Agencies
+6 −0
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$477B
$2.13T → $2.60T

Ronald Wilson Reagan was president on both dates. Congress enacted 712 public laws. 13 senators and 56 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 1 new justice joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +6.1% (FY1987 → FY1989).

Executive6 files+695−13

executive/presidentThe presidency
±0National Archives ↗
Ronald Wilson Reagan R
40th president · in office on both dates
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
±0Senate Historical Office ↗
George Herbert Walker Bush R
in office on both dates
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+15−13Wikidata ↗
Secretary of the Treasury
James Baker R
Nicholas F. Brady R
Secretary of Defense
Caspar Weinberger R
Frank Carlucci R
Attorney General
Edwin Meese R
Dick Thornburgh R
Secretary of the Navy · 2 people took this office in between
John Lehman R
William L. Ball R
Secretary of Commerce · 2 people took this office in between
William Verity R
Secretary of Labor
Ann McLaughlin Korologos R
Show 5 more cabinet offices
Secretary of Transportation
Elizabeth Dole R
James H. Burnley IV R
Secretary of Education
William J. Bennett D
Lauro Cavazos D
White House Chief of Staff · 2 people took this office in between
Donald Regan R
Kenneth Duberstein R
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
James C. Miller III R
Joe Wright
Director of Central Intelligence
William J. Casey R
William H. Webster R
Other senior officials (4 changed)
Secretary of the Navy · 2 people took this office in between
John Lehman R
William L. Ball R
Chair of the Federal Reserve
Paul Volcker D
Alan Greenspan R
Director of the FBI
William H. Webster R
William S. Sessions R
National Security Advisor
Frank Carlucci R
Colin Powell R
10 offices unchanged
Secretary of State: George Shultz R
Secretary of the Interior: Donald P. Hodel R
Secretary of Agriculture: Richard Edmund Lyng R
Secretary of Health and Human Services: Otis R. Bowen R
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development: Samuel Pierce R
Secretary of Energy: John S. Herrington R
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: Lee M. Thomas R
Ambassador to the United Nations: Vernon A. Walters R
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: William J. Crowe D
Solicitor General: Charles Fried R
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+674Congress.gov ↗
869 civilian nominations received · 674 confirmed · 17 withdrawn · 170 returned to the President
James Abdnor, of South Dakota, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice James C. Sanders, resigned.
confirmed Mar 20, 1987 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Alan Greenspan, of New York, to be a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for the unexpired term of fourteen years from February 1, 1978, vice Paul A. Volcker, resigned. Alan Greenspan, of New York, to be Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of four years, vice Paul A. Volcker, resigned.
confirmed Aug 3, 1987 · 91–2
C. William Verity, Jr., of Ohio, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Oct 13, 1987 · 84–11
Frank C. Carlucci, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Nov 20, 1987 · 91–1
James H. Burnley IV, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Nov 30, 1987 · 74–0
Ann Dore McLaughlin, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Dec 11, 1987 · 94–0
Anthony M. Kennedy, of California, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, vice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., retired.
confirmed Feb 3, 1988 · 97–0
Richard L. Thornburgh, of Pennsylvania, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Aug 11, 1988 · 85–0
Nicholas F. Brady, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Sep 14, 1988 · 92–2
Lauro F. Cavazos, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Sep 20, 1988 · 94–0
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+6Wikidata ↗
313 → 319 tracked organizations · 14 → 14 executive departments
National Indian Gaming Commission
established Jan 1, 1988 · United States regulatory agency
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
established Jan 1, 1988 · member institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health
Office for Victims of Crime
established Jan 1, 1988 · part of the U.S. Department of Justice
Technology Administration
established Oct 24, 1988 · former agency in the Department of Commerce that worked with United States industries
Office of Environmental Management
established Jan 1, 1989 · government organization in Washington D.C., United States
Office of Thrift Supervision
established Jan 1, 1989 · U.S. Treasury Department agency
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military2 files±0

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
±0UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window.
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
+4,288 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
466,144 → 470,432 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 2,108,368 → 2,091,166 total active duty
21 → 22 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Sep 30, 1986 → as of Sep 30, 1988
South Korea 43,133 → 45,501
+2,368
Japan 48,104 → 49,680
+1,576
Norway 231 → 1,674
+1,443
Eritrea 1,231 → 0
−1,231
Panama 9,922 → 11,100
+1,178
United Kingdom 29,660 → 28,497
−1,163
Honduras 821 → 1,573
+752
Italy 15,524 → 14,829
−695
Philippines 16,068 → 16,655
+587
Spain 9,227 → 8,724
−503
Largest U.S. deployments as of Sep 30, 1988
Germany 249,411
Japan 49,680
South Korea 45,501
United Kingdom 28,497
Philippines 16,655
Italy 14,829
Panama 11,100
Spain 8,724
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.

Legislative4 files+781−69

legislative/controlControl of Congress
1 changeHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
99th Congress → 100th Congress · 1 new Congress elected
1 change of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority on both dates
253 D · 182 R → 258 D · 177 R
Senate: Republican majority
52 R · 48 D
Senate: Democrat majority
54 D · 46 R
legislative/senateSenate
+13−13congress-legislators ↗
Jan 3, 1987 · 52 R · 48 D
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Alan Cranston (Democrat, CA)Gary Warren Hart (Democrat, CO)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Spark Masayuki Matsunaga (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Alan John Dixon (Democrat, IL)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)Russell Billiu Long (Democrat, LA)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)Thomas Francis Eagleton (Democrat, MO)John Cornelius Stennis (Democrat, MS)John Melcher (Democrat, MT)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)James Terry Sanford (Democrat, NC)Quentin Northrup Burdick (Democrat, ND)Edward Zorinsky (Democrat, NE)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)David Lyle Boren (Democrat, OK)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (Democrat, TN)Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (Democrat, TX)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)William Proxmire (Democrat, WI)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. (Republican, AL)Barry Morris Goldwater (Republican, AZ)Pete Wilson (Republican, CA)William Lester Armstrong (Republican, CO)Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. (Republican, CT)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Paula Hawkins (Republican, FL)Mack Francis Mattingly (Republican, GA)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)Steven Douglas Symms (Republican, ID)James Albertus McClure (Republican, ID)James Danforth Quayle (Republican, IN)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr. (Republican, MD)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)Rudolph Eli Boschwitz (Republican, MN)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)Mark Andrews (Republican, ND)Warren Bruce Rudman (Republican, NH)Gordon John Humphrey (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Paul Dominque Laxalt (Republican, NV)Jacob Chic Hecht (Republican, NV)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)Henry John Heinz III (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)James Abdnor (Republican, SD)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Edwin Jacob Garn (Republican, UT)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)Paul Seward Trible Jr. (Republican, VA)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)Robert Theodore Stafford (Republican, VT)T. Slade Gorton (Republican, WA)Daniel Jackson Evans (Republican, WA)Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (Republican, WI)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)
Jan 2, 1989 · 54 D · 46 R
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Richard C. Shelby (Democrat, AL)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Alan Cranston (Democrat, CA)Timothy E. Wirth (Democrat, CO)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. (Democrat, FL)Bob Graham (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Wyche Fowler Jr. (Democrat, GA)Spark Masayuki Matsunaga (Democrat, HI)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Alan John Dixon (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)John Cornelius Stennis (Democrat, MS)John Melcher (Democrat, MT)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)James Terry Sanford (Democrat, NC)Quentin Northrup Burdick (Democrat, ND)Kent Conrad (Democrat, ND)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)David Lyle Boren (Democrat, OK)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (Democrat, TN)Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (Democrat, TX)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Brockman Adams (Democrat, WA)William Proxmire (Democrat, WI)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)John McCain (Republican, AZ)Pete Wilson (Republican, CA)William Lester Armstrong (Republican, CO)Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. (Republican, CT)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)James Albertus McClure (Republican, ID)Steven Douglas Symms (Republican, ID)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)James Danforth Quayle (Republican, IN)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)Rudolph Eli Boschwitz (Republican, MN)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Christopher S. Bond (Republican, MO)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)David Kemp Karnes (Republican, NE)Gordon John Humphrey (Republican, NH)Warren Bruce Rudman (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Jacob Chic Hecht (Republican, NV)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Henry John Heinz III (Republican, PA)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)Edwin Jacob Garn (Republican, UT)Paul Seward Trible Jr. (Republican, VA)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)Robert Theodore Stafford (Republican, VT)Daniel Jackson Evans (Republican, WA)Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (Republican, WI)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)
13 new members · 13 departed · 87 served on both dates · women 2 → 2 · median age 56 → 56
10 seats changed party
Mark Andrews R
North Dakota seat
Kent Conrad D
North Dakota seat
T. Slade Gorton R
Washington seat
Brockman Adams D
Washington seat
Mack Francis Mattingly R
Georgia seat
Wyche Fowler Jr. D
Georgia seat
James Abdnor R
South Dakota seat
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota seat
Show 6 more seat flips
Paula Hawkins R
Florida seat
Bob Graham D
Florida seat
Thomas Francis Eagleton D
Missouri seat
Christopher S. Bond R
Missouri seat
Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr. R
Maryland seat
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland seat
Paul Dominque Laxalt R
Nevada seat
Harry Reid D
Nevada seat
Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. R
Alabama seat
Richard C. Shelby D
Alabama seat
Edward Zorinsky D
Nebraska seat
David Kemp Karnes R
Nebraska seat
Who joined and who left (13 in · 13 out)
Richard C. Shelby D
Alabama
John McCain R
Arizona
Timothy E. Wirth D
Colorado
Bob Graham D
Florida
Wyche Fowler Jr. D
Georgia
John B. Breaux D
Louisiana
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland
Christopher S. Bond R
Missouri
Kent Conrad D
North Dakota
David Kemp Karnes R
Nebraska
Harry Reid D
Nevada
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota
Brockman Adams D
Washington
Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. R
Alabama
Barry Morris Goldwater R
Arizona
Gary Warren Hart D
Colorado
Paula Hawkins R
Florida
Mack Francis Mattingly R
Georgia
Russell Billiu Long D
Louisiana
Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr. R
Maryland
Thomas Francis Eagleton D
Missouri
Mark Andrews R
North Dakota
Edward Zorinsky D
Nebraska
Paul Dominque Laxalt R
Nevada
James Abdnor R
South Dakota
T. Slade Gorton R
Washington
legislative/houseHouse
+56−56congress-legislators ↗
Jan 3, 1987 · 253 D · 182 R
William Flynt Nichols (Democrat, AL-3)Ronnie Gene Flippo (Democrat, AL-5)Ben Erdreich (Democrat, AL-6)Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)Richard C. Shelby (Democrat, AL-7)Tommy Franklin Robinson (Democrat, AR-2)William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democrat, AR-1)Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. (Democrat, AR-4)Morris King Udall (Democrat, AZ-2)Sala Galante Burton (Democrat, CA-5)Jim Bates (Democrat, CA-44)Douglas Harry Bosco (Democrat, CA-1)Anthony Lee Coelho (Democrat, CA-15)Augustus Freeman Hawkins (Democrat, CA-29)Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democrat, CA-32)Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (Democrat, CA-31)Meldon Edises Levine (Democrat, CA-27)Edward Ross Roybal (Democrat, CA-25)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-10)Richard Henry Lehman (Democrat, CA-18)Leon Edward Panetta (Democrat, CA-16)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-23)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-13)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-8)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-4)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-36)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-28)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-30)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-3)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-11)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-9)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-24)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA-6)Timothy E. Wirth (Democrat, CO-2)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)Bruce Andrew Morrison (Democrat, CT-3)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Thomas R. Carper (Democrat, DE-AL)Don Fuqua (Democrat, FL-2)William Venroe Chappell Jr. (Democrat, FL-4)Kenneth Hood MacKay Jr. (Democrat, FL-6)Daniel Andrew Mica (Democrat, FL-14)Claude Denson Pepper (Democrat, FL-18)Charles Edward Bennett (Democrat, FL-3)Dante Bruno Fascell (Democrat, FL-19)William Lehman (Democrat, FL-17)Lawrence Jack Smith (Democrat, FL-16)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-7)Bill Nelson (Democrat, FL-11)Wyche Fowler Jr. (Democrat, GA-5)Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)Charles Floyd Hatcher (Democrat, GA-2)Edgar Lanier Jenkins (Democrat, GA-9)Richard Belmont Ray (Democrat, GA-3)Robert Lindsay Thomas (Democrat, GA-1)George Darden (Democrat, GA-7)James Roy Rowland Jr. (Democrat, GA-8)Cecil Landau Heftel (Democrat, HI-1)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI-2)Berkley Warren Bedell (Democrat, IA-6)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Richard Howard Stallings (Democrat, ID-2)Kenneth James Gray (Democrat, IL-22)Charles Melvin Price (Democrat, IL-21)Frank Annunzio (Democrat, IL-11)Terry Lee Bruce (Democrat, IL-19)Charles Arthur Hayes (Democrat, IL-1)Martin Anthony Russo (Democrat, IL-3)Gus Savage (Democrat, IL-2)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-8)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-5)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)Francis Xavier McCloskey (Democrat, IN-8)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)James Charles Slattery (Democrat, KS-2)Carroll Hubbard Jr. (Democrat, KY-1)Carl Christopher Perkins (Democrat, KY-7)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)William Huston Natcher (Democrat, KY-2)Catherine Small Long (Democrat, LA-8)Charles Elson Roemer III (Democrat, LA-4)Corinne Claiborne Boggs (Democrat, LA-2)Thomas Jerald Huckaby (Democrat, LA-5)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)Thomas Phillip O’Neill Jr. (Democrat, MA-8)Edward Patrick Boland (Democrat, MA-2)Chester Greenough Atkins (Democrat, MA-5)Brian Joseph Donnelly (Democrat, MA-11)Joseph Daniel Early (Democrat, MA-3)Nicholas James Mavroules (Democrat, MA-6)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Michael Darr Barnes (Democrat, MD-8)Parren James Mitchell (Democrat, MD-7)Royden Patrick Dyson (Democrat, MD-1)Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (Democrat, MD-6)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)George William Crockett Jr. (Democrat, MI-13)Dennis Mark Hertel (Democrat, MI-14)Jerome Bob Traxler (Democrat, MI-8)Howard Eliot Wolpe III (Democrat, MI-3)Milton Robert Carr (Democrat, MI-6)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-15)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-12)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-7)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-1)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-17)Gerald Edward Sikorski (Democrat, MN-6)Timothy Joseph Penny (Democrat, MN-1)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Robert Anton Young III (Democrat, MO-2)Alan Dupree Wheat (Democrat, MO-5)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Charles Wayne Dowdy (Democrat, MS-4)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)Charles Orville Whitley (Democrat, NC-3)Walter Beaman Jones Sr. (Democrat, NC-1)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine (Democrat, NC-2)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND-AL)James John Howard (Democrat, NJ-3)Peter Wallace Rodino Jr. (Democrat, NJ-10)James Joseph Florio (Democrat, NJ-1)Bernard James Dwyer (Democrat, NJ-6)Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. (Democrat, NJ-14)Robert A. Roe (Democrat, NJ-8)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV-1)Joseph Patrick Addabbo (Democrat, NY-6)Stanley Nelson Lundine (Democrat, NY-34)Mario Biaggi (Democrat, NY-19)Samuel Studdiford Stratton (Democrat, NY-23)Robert Garcia (Democrat, NY-18)Thomas Joseph Downey (Democrat, NY-2)Matthew Francis McHugh (Democrat, NY-28)Robert Jan Mrazek (Democrat, NY-3)Henry James Nowak (Democrat, NY-33)James Haas Scheuer (Democrat, NY-8)Stephen Joshua Solarz (Democrat, NY-13)Theodore S. Weiss (Democrat, NY-17)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-9)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-32)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-12)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-7)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-11)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-16)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-10)John Frederick Seiberling (Democrat, OH-14)Thomas Andrew Luken (Democrat, OH-1)Dennis Edward Eckart (Democrat, OH-11)Edward Farrell Feighan (Democrat, OH-19)Mary Rose Oakar (Democrat, OH-20)Donald James Pease (Democrat, OH-13)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-21)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)James Robert Jones (Democrat, OK-1)Glenn Lee English Jr. (Democrat, OK-6)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)Wes Watkins (Democrat, OK-3)James Howard Weaver (Democrat, OR-4)Les AuCoin (Democrat, OR-1)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Robert William Edgar (Democrat, PA-7)Douglas Walgren (Democrat, PA-18)Joseph Matthew Gaydos (Democrat, PA-20)William Herbert Gray III (Democrat, PA-2)Joseph Paul Kolter (Democrat, PA-4)Peter Houston Kostmayer (Democrat, PA-8)Gus Yatron (Democrat, PA-6)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-22)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Fernand Joseph St. Germain (Democrat, RI-1)Robert Mooneyhan Tallon Jr. (Democrat, SC-6)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD-AL)William Hill Boner (Democrat, TN-5)Ed Jones (Democrat, TN-8)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)Jim Cooper (Democrat, TN-4)Sam Blakeley Hall Jr. (Democrat, TX-1)James Marvin Leath (Democrat, TX-11)George Thomas Leland (Democrat, TX-18)James Claude Wright Jr. (Democrat, TX-12)Albert Garza Bustamante (Democrat, TX-23)Michael Allen Andrews (Democrat, TX-25)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Wilbur Clarence Daniel (Democrat, VA-5)James R. Olin (Democrat, VA-6)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)Don Leroy Bonker (Democrat, WA-3)Michael Edward Lowry (Democrat, WA-7)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Robert William Kastenmeier (Democrat, WI-2)Jim Moody (Democrat, WI-5)Leslie Aspin (Democrat, WI-1)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Harley Orrin Staggers Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-3)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-4)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)William Louis Dickinson (Republican, AL-2)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican, AR-3)Eldon Dean Rudd (Republican, AZ-4)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)John McCain (Republican, AZ-1)Eugene A. Chappie (Republican, CA-2)Bobbi Fiedler (Republican, CA-21)Edwin Van Wyck Zschau (Republican, CA-12)Robert Edward Badham (Republican, CA-40)Charles Pashayan Jr. (Republican, CA-17)Norman David Shumway (Republican, CA-14)William Edwin Dannemeyer (Republican, CA-39)Robert John Lagomarsino (Republican, CA-19)William David Lowery (Republican, CA-41)Alfred A. McCandless (Republican, CA-37)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-38)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-22)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-43)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-20)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-45)David Dreier (Republican, CA-33)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-35)Daniel E. Lungren (Republican, CA-42)Kenneth Bentley Kramer (Republican, CO-5)Michael Lathrop Strang (Republican, CO-3)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO-4)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Stewart Brett McKinney (Republican, CT-4)John Rowland (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Andrew Poysell Ireland (Republican, FL-10)Thomas F. Lewis (Republican, FL-12)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL-13)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-5)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-15)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-8)Patrick Lynn Swindall (Republican, GA-4)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Thomas Cooper Evans (Republican, IA-3)Thomas Joseph Tauke (Republican, IA-2)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-5)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID-1)John Grotberg (Republican, IL-14)George Miller O’Brien (Republican, IL-4)Lynn Morley Martin (Republican, IL-16)Edward Rell Madigan (Republican, IL-15)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-12)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)Elwood Haynes Hillis (Republican, IN-5)John Patrick Hiler (Republican, IN-3)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN-4)Robert Russell Whittaker (Republican, KS-5)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Marion Gene Snyder (Republican, KY-4)Larry Jones Hopkins (Republican, KY-6)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)William Henson Moore III (Republican, LA-6)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Silvio Ottavio Conte (Republican, MA-1)Marjorie Sewell Holt (Republican, MD-4)Helen Delich Bentley (Republican, MD-2)John Rettie McKernan Jr. (Republican, ME-1)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)Mark Deli Siljander (Republican, MI-4)Bill Schuette (Republican, MI-10)William S. Broomfield (Republican, MI-18)Robert William Davis (Republican, MI-11)Carl Duane Pursell (Republican, MI-2)Guy Adrian Vander Jagt (Republican, MI-9)Paul B. Henry (Republican, MI-5)William Eldridge Frenzel (Republican, MN-3)Arlan Ingehart Stangeland (Republican, MN-7)John Vincent Weber (Republican, MN-2)Gene Taylor (Republican, MO-7)Earl Thomas Coleman (Republican, MO-6)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-8)William Webster Franklin (Republican, MS-2)Trent Lott (Republican, MS-5)Ronald Charles Marlenee (Republican, MT-2)William Wilfred Cobey Jr. (Republican, NC-4)William Martin Hendon (Republican, NC-11)John Alexander, III McMillan (Republican, NC-9)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Harold John, Jr., Daub (Republican, NE-2)Virginia Dodd Smith (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)Robert Smith (Republican, NH-1)Judd A. Gregg (Republican, NH-2)James Andrew Courter (Republican, NJ-12)Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican, NJ-7)Dean Anderson Gallo (Republican, NJ-11)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-13)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Manuel Luján Jr. (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)William Carney (Republican, NY-1)Fred J. Eckert (Republican, NY-30)Joseph J. DioGuardi (Republican, NY-20)Jack French Kemp (Republican, NY-31)George Cornelius Wortley (Republican, NY-27)Guy Victor Molinari (Republican, NY-14)Sedgwick William Green (Republican, NY-15)Frank Jefferson Horton (Republican, NY-29)Norman Frederick Lent (Republican, NY-4)David O’Brien Martin (Republican, NY-26)Raymond Joseph McGrath (Republican, NY-5)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-21)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-24)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-22)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-25)Thomas Norman Kindness (Republican, OH-8)Delbert Leroy Latta (Republican, OH-5)Bob McEwen (Republican, OH-6)Clarence E. Miller (Republican, OH-10)Chalmers Pangburn Wylie (Republican, OH-15)Willis David Gradison Jr. (Republican, OH-2)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Michael DeWine (Republican, OH-7)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)Marvin Henry Edwards (Republican, OK-5)Dennis Alan Smith (Republican, OR-5)Robert Freeman Smith (Republican, OR-2)Robert Lawrence Coughlin (Republican, PA-13)Donald Lawrence Ritter (Republican, PA-15)Richard Taylor Schulze (Republican, PA-5)Thomas Joseph Ridge (Republican, PA-21)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-23)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)Claudine Schneider (Republican, RI-2)Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. (Republican, SC-4)Thomas Forbes Hartnett (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)John James Duncan (Republican, TN-2)Donald Kenneth Sundquist (Republican, TN-7)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)Thomas Gilbert Loeffler (Republican, TX-21)Eldon Beau Boulter (Republican, TX-13)David McCann Sweeney (Republican, TX-14)Harry Stephen Bartlett (Republican, TX-3)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)David Smith Monson (Republican, UT-2)Howard Curtis Nielson (Republican, UT-3)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)George William Whitehurst (Republican, VA-2)Stanford E. Parris (Republican, VA-8)Daniel French Slaughter Jr. (Republican, VA-7)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-3)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT-AL)Rodney Dennis Chandler (Republican, WA-8)John Ripin Miller (Republican, WA-1)Sidney Wallace Morrison (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican, WY-AL)
Jan 2, 1989 · 258 D · 177 R
William Flynt Nichols (Democrat, AL-3)Ronnie Gene Flippo (Democrat, AL-5)Ben Erdreich (Democrat, AL-6)Claude Harris Jr. (Democrat, AL-7)Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)Tommy Franklin Robinson (Democrat, AR-2)William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democrat, AR-1)Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. (Democrat, AR-4)Morris King Udall (Democrat, AZ-2)Jim Bates (Democrat, CA-44)Douglas Harry Bosco (Democrat, CA-1)Anthony Lee Coelho (Democrat, CA-15)Augustus Freeman Hawkins (Democrat, CA-29)Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democrat, CA-32)Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (Democrat, CA-31)Meldon Edises Levine (Democrat, CA-27)Edward Ross Roybal (Democrat, CA-25)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-10)Richard Henry Lehman (Democrat, CA-18)Leon Edward Panetta (Democrat, CA-16)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-23)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-13)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-8)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-4)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-36)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-28)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-30)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-3)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-11)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-9)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-24)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA-6)Nancy Pelosi (Democrat, CA-5)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)David Evans Skaggs (Democrat, CO-2)Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Democrat, CO-3)Bruce Andrew Morrison (Democrat, CT-3)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Thomas R. Carper (Democrat, DE-AL)William Venroe Chappell Jr. (Democrat, FL-4)Kenneth Hood MacKay Jr. (Democrat, FL-6)Daniel Andrew Mica (Democrat, FL-14)James William Grant (Democrat, FL-2)Claude Denson Pepper (Democrat, FL-18)Charles Edward Bennett (Democrat, FL-3)Dante Bruno Fascell (Democrat, FL-19)William Lehman (Democrat, FL-17)Lawrence Jack Smith (Democrat, FL-16)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-7)Bill Nelson (Democrat, FL-11)Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)Charles Floyd Hatcher (Democrat, GA-2)Edgar Lanier Jenkins (Democrat, GA-9)Richard Belmont Ray (Democrat, GA-3)Robert Lindsay Thomas (Democrat, GA-1)George Darden (Democrat, GA-7)James Roy Rowland Jr. (Democrat, GA-8)John Lewis (Democrat, GA-5)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI-2)David Ray Nagle (Democrat, IA-3)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Richard Howard Stallings (Democrat, ID-2)Kenneth James Gray (Democrat, IL-22)Frank Annunzio (Democrat, IL-11)Terry Lee Bruce (Democrat, IL-19)Charles Arthur Hayes (Democrat, IL-1)Martin Anthony Russo (Democrat, IL-3)Gus Savage (Democrat, IL-2)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-8)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-5)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)Jerry F. Costello (Democrat, IL-21)James Prather Jontz (Democrat, IN-5)Francis Xavier McCloskey (Democrat, IN-8)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)James Charles Slattery (Democrat, KS-2)Carroll Hubbard Jr. (Democrat, KY-1)Carl Christopher Perkins (Democrat, KY-7)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)William Huston Natcher (Democrat, KY-2)Charles Elson Roemer III (Democrat, LA-4)Corinne Claiborne Boggs (Democrat, LA-2)Thomas Jerald Huckaby (Democrat, LA-5)James Allison Hayes (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)Edward Patrick Boland (Democrat, MA-2)Chester Greenough Atkins (Democrat, MA-5)Brian Joseph Donnelly (Democrat, MA-11)Joseph Daniel Early (Democrat, MA-3)Nicholas James Mavroules (Democrat, MA-6)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (Democrat, MA-8)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Royden Patrick Dyson (Democrat, MD-1)Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (Democrat, MD-6)Charles Thomas McMillen (Democrat, MD-4)Benjamin L. Cardin (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)Kweisi Mfume (Democrat, MD-7)Joseph Edward Brennan (Democrat, ME-1)George William Crockett Jr. (Democrat, MI-13)Dennis Mark Hertel (Democrat, MI-14)Jerome Bob Traxler (Democrat, MI-8)Howard Eliot Wolpe III (Democrat, MI-3)Milton Robert Carr (Democrat, MI-6)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-15)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-12)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-7)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-1)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-17)Gerald Edward Sikorski (Democrat, MN-6)Timothy Joseph Penny (Democrat, MN-1)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Alan Dupree Wheat (Democrat, MO-5)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Charles Wayne Dowdy (Democrat, MS-4)Albert Michael Espy (Democrat, MS-2)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)James McClure Clarke (Democrat, NC-11)Walter Beaman Jones Sr. (Democrat, NC-1)H. Martin Lancaster (Democrat, NC-3)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine (Democrat, NC-2)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)David E. Price (Democrat, NC-4)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND-AL)James John Howard (Democrat, NJ-3)Peter Wallace Rodino Jr. (Democrat, NJ-10)James Joseph Florio (Democrat, NJ-1)Bernard James Dwyer (Democrat, NJ-6)Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. (Democrat, NJ-14)Robert A. Roe (Democrat, NJ-8)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)James Hubert Bilbray (Democrat, NV-1)Mario Biaggi (Democrat, NY-19)Samuel Studdiford Stratton (Democrat, NY-23)Robert Garcia (Democrat, NY-18)Thomas Joseph Downey (Democrat, NY-2)Matthew Francis McHugh (Democrat, NY-28)Robert Jan Mrazek (Democrat, NY-3)Henry James Nowak (Democrat, NY-33)James Haas Scheuer (Democrat, NY-8)Stephen Joshua Solarz (Democrat, NY-13)Theodore S. Weiss (Democrat, NY-17)George Joseph Hochbrueckner (Democrat, NY-1)Floyd Harold Flake (Democrat, NY-6)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-9)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-32)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-12)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-7)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-11)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-16)Louise McIntosh Slaughter (Democrat, NY-30)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-10)Thomas Andrew Luken (Democrat, OH-1)Dennis Edward Eckart (Democrat, OH-11)Edward Farrell Feighan (Democrat, OH-19)Mary Rose Oakar (Democrat, OH-20)Donald James Pease (Democrat, OH-13)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-21)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)Thomas C. Sawyer (Democrat, OH-14)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)Glenn Lee English Jr. (Democrat, OK-6)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)Wes Watkins (Democrat, OK-3)Les AuCoin (Democrat, OR-1)Peter A. DeFazio (Democrat, OR-4)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Douglas Walgren (Democrat, PA-18)Joseph Matthew Gaydos (Democrat, PA-20)William Herbert Gray III (Democrat, PA-2)Joseph Paul Kolter (Democrat, PA-4)Peter Houston Kostmayer (Democrat, PA-8)Gus Yatron (Democrat, PA-6)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-22)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Fernand Joseph St. Germain (Democrat, RI-1)Elizabeth J. Patterson (Democrat, SC-4)Robert Mooneyhan Tallon Jr. (Democrat, SC-6)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)Tim Johnson (Democrat, SD-1)Ed Jones (Democrat, TN-8)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)Jim Cooper (Democrat, TN-4)Robert Clement (Democrat, TN-5)James Marvin Leath (Democrat, TX-11)George Thomas Leland (Democrat, TX-18)James Claude Wright Jr. (Democrat, TX-12)Albert Garza Bustamante (Democrat, TX-23)Michael Allen Andrews (Democrat, TX-25)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Jim Chapman (Democrat, TX-1)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Douglas Wayne Owens (Democrat, UT-2)James R. Olin (Democrat, VA-6)Owen B. Pickett (Democrat, VA-2)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. (Democrat, VA-5)Don Leroy Bonker (Democrat, WA-3)Michael Edward Lowry (Democrat, WA-7)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Robert William Kastenmeier (Democrat, WI-2)Jim Moody (Democrat, WI-5)Leslie Aspin (Democrat, WI-1)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Harley Orrin Staggers Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-3)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-4)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)William Louis Dickinson (Republican, AL-2)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican, AR-3)John Jacob Rhodes III (Republican, AZ-1)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)Jon Kyl (Republican, AZ-4)Robert Edward Badham (Republican, CA-40)Ernest Leslie Konnyu (Republican, CA-12)Charles Pashayan Jr. (Republican, CA-17)Norman David Shumway (Republican, CA-14)William Edwin Dannemeyer (Republican, CA-39)Robert John Lagomarsino (Republican, CA-19)William David Lowery (Republican, CA-41)Alfred A. McCandless (Republican, CA-37)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-38)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-22)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-43)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-20)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-45)David Dreier (Republican, CA-33)Elton Gallegly (Republican, CA-21)Wally Herger (Republican, CA-2)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-35)Daniel E. Lungren (Republican, CA-42)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO-4)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Joel Hefley (Republican, CO-5)John Rowland (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Christopher H. Shays (Republican, CT-4)Andrew Poysell Ireland (Republican, FL-10)Thomas F. Lewis (Republican, FL-12)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL-13)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-5)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-15)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-8)Patrick Lynn Swindall (Republican, GA-4)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Patricia Fukuda Saiki (Republican, HI-1)Thomas Joseph Tauke (Republican, IA-2)Frederick Lawrence Grandy (Republican, IA-6)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-5)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID-1)Jack Davis (Republican, IL-4)Lynn Morley Martin (Republican, IL-16)Edward Rell Madigan (Republican, IL-15)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-12)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)J. Dennis Hastert (Republican, IL-14)John Patrick Hiler (Republican, IN-3)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN-4)Robert Russell Whittaker (Republican, KS-5)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Larry Jones Hopkins (Republican, KY-6)Jim Bunning (Republican, KY-4)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)Clyde Cecil Holloway (Republican, LA-8)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Richard Hugh Baker (Republican, LA-6)Silvio Ottavio Conte (Republican, MA-1)Helen Delich Bentley (Republican, MD-2)Constance Morella (Republican, MD-8)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)Bill Schuette (Republican, MI-10)William S. Broomfield (Republican, MI-18)Robert William Davis (Republican, MI-11)Carl Duane Pursell (Republican, MI-2)Guy Adrian Vander Jagt (Republican, MI-9)Paul B. Henry (Republican, MI-5)Fred Upton (Republican, MI-4)William Eldridge Frenzel (Republican, MN-3)Arlan Ingehart Stangeland (Republican, MN-7)John Vincent Weber (Republican, MN-2)Gene Taylor (Republican, MO-7)John William Buechner (Republican, MO-2)Earl Thomas Coleman (Republican, MO-6)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-8)Trent Lott (Republican, MS-5)Ronald Charles Marlenee (Republican, MT-2)John Alexander, III McMillan (Republican, NC-9)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Harold John, Jr., Daub (Republican, NE-2)Virginia Dodd Smith (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)Robert Smith (Republican, NH-1)Judd A. Gregg (Republican, NH-2)James Andrew Courter (Republican, NJ-12)Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican, NJ-7)Dean Anderson Gallo (Republican, NJ-11)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-13)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Manuel Luján Jr. (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)Joseph J. DioGuardi (Republican, NY-20)Jack French Kemp (Republican, NY-31)George Cornelius Wortley (Republican, NY-27)Guy Victor Molinari (Republican, NY-14)Sedgwick William Green (Republican, NY-15)Frank Jefferson Horton (Republican, NY-29)Norman Frederick Lent (Republican, NY-4)David O’Brien Martin (Republican, NY-26)Raymond Joseph McGrath (Republican, NY-5)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-21)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-24)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-22)Amory Houghton Jr. (Republican, NY-34)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-25)Delbert Leroy Latta (Republican, OH-5)Donald Edgar Lukens (Republican, OH-8)Bob McEwen (Republican, OH-6)Clarence E. Miller (Republican, OH-10)Chalmers Pangburn Wylie (Republican, OH-15)Willis David Gradison Jr. (Republican, OH-2)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Michael DeWine (Republican, OH-7)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)Marvin Henry Edwards (Republican, OK-5)James M. Inhofe (Republican, OK-1)Dennis Alan Smith (Republican, OR-5)Robert Freeman Smith (Republican, OR-2)Robert Lawrence Coughlin (Republican, PA-13)Donald Lawrence Ritter (Republican, PA-15)Richard Taylor Schulze (Republican, PA-5)Thomas Joseph Ridge (Republican, PA-21)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-23)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)W. Curtis Weldon (Republican, PA-7)Claudine Schneider (Republican, RI-2)Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Donald Kenneth Sundquist (Republican, TN-7)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)John J. Duncan, Jr. (Republican, TN-2)Eldon Beau Boulter (Republican, TX-13)David McCann Sweeney (Republican, TX-14)Harry Stephen Bartlett (Republican, TX-3)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)Lamar Smith (Republican, TX-21)Howard Curtis Nielson (Republican, UT-3)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Stanford E. Parris (Republican, VA-8)Daniel French Slaughter Jr. (Republican, VA-7)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-3)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT-AL)Rodney Dennis Chandler (Republican, WA-8)John Ripin Miller (Republican, WA-1)Sidney Wallace Morrison (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican, WY-AL)
56 new members · 56 departed · 379 served on both dates · women 23 → 23 · median age 51 → 52
14 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Colorado 2 D · 4 R
Colorado 3 D · 3 R
Hawaii 2 D · 0 R
Hawaii 1 D · 1 R
Indiana 5 D · 5 R
Indiana 6 D · 4 R
Louisiana 6 D · 2 R
Louisiana 5 D · 3 R
Maine 0 D · 2 R
Maine 1 D · 1 R
Missouri 6 D · 3 R
Missouri 5 D · 4 R
Mississippi 3 D · 2 R
Mississippi 4 D · 1 R
North Carolina 6 D · 5 R
North Carolina 8 D · 3 R
New York 19 D · 15 R
New York 20 D · 14 R
Oklahoma 5 D · 1 R
Oklahoma 4 D · 2 R
Pennsylvania 13 D · 10 R
Pennsylvania 12 D · 11 R
South Carolina 3 D · 3 R
South Carolina 4 D · 2 R
Utah 0 D · 3 R
Utah 1 D · 2 R
Virginia 4 D · 6 R
Virginia 5 D · 5 R
Who joined and who left (56 in · 56 out)
Claude Harris Jr. D
Alabama-7
John Jacob Rhodes III R
Arizona-1
Jon Kyl R
Arizona-4
Ernest Leslie Konnyu R
California-12
Elton Gallegly R
California-21
Wally Herger R
California-2
Nancy Pelosi D
California-5
David Evans Skaggs D
Colorado-2
Ben Nighthorse Campbell D
Colorado-3
Joel Hefley R
Colorado-5
Christopher H. Shays R
Connecticut-4
James William Grant D
Florida-2
John Lewis D
Georgia-5
Patricia Fukuda Saiki R
Hawaii-1
David Ray Nagle D
Iowa-3
Frederick Lawrence Grandy R
Iowa-6
Jack Davis R
Illinois-4
J. Dennis Hastert R
Illinois-14
Jerry F. Costello D
Illinois-21
James Prather Jontz D
Indiana-5
Jim Bunning R
Kentucky-4
Clyde Cecil Holloway R
Louisiana-8
James Allison Hayes D
Louisiana-7
Richard Hugh Baker R
Louisiana-6
Joseph Patrick Kennedy II D
Massachusetts-8
Charles Thomas McMillen D
Maryland-4
Constance Morella R
Maryland-8
Benjamin L. Cardin D
Maryland-3
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Joseph Edward Brennan D
Maine-1
Fred Upton R
Michigan-4
John William Buechner R
Missouri-2
Albert Michael Espy D
Mississippi-2
James McClure Clarke D
North Carolina-11
H. Martin Lancaster D
North Carolina-3
David E. Price D
North Carolina-4
James Hubert Bilbray D
Nevada-1
George Joseph Hochbrueckner D
New York-1
Floyd Harold Flake D
New York-6
Amory Houghton Jr. R
New York-34
Louise McIntosh Slaughter D
New York-30
Donald Edgar Lukens R
Ohio-8
Thomas C. Sawyer D
Ohio-14
James M. Inhofe R
Oklahoma-1
Peter A. DeFazio D
Oregon-4
W. Curtis Weldon R
Pennsylvania-7
Elizabeth J. Patterson D
South Carolina-4
Arthur Ravenel Jr. R
South Carolina-1
Tim Johnson D
South Dakota-1
Robert Clement D
Tennessee-5
John J. Duncan, Jr. R
Tennessee-2
Jim Chapman D
Texas-1
Lamar Smith R
Texas-21
Douglas Wayne Owens D
Utah-2
Owen B. Pickett D
Virginia-2
Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. D
Virginia-5
Richard C. Shelby D
Alabama-7
Eldon Dean Rudd R
Arizona-4
John McCain R
Arizona-1
Eugene A. Chappie R
California-2
Bobbi Fiedler R
California-21
Edwin Van Wyck Zschau R
California-12
Sala Galante Burton D
California-5
Kenneth Bentley Kramer R
Colorado-5
Michael Lathrop Strang R
Colorado-3
Timothy E. Wirth D
Colorado-2
Stewart Brett McKinney R
Connecticut-4
Don Fuqua D
Florida-2
Wyche Fowler Jr. D
Georgia-5
Cecil Landau Heftel D
Hawaii-1
Berkley Warren Bedell D
Iowa-6
Thomas Cooper Evans R
Iowa-3
John Grotberg R
Illinois-14
George Miller O’Brien R
Illinois-4
Charles Melvin Price D
Illinois-21
Elwood Haynes Hillis R
Indiana-5
Marion Gene Snyder R
Kentucky-4
Catherine Small Long D
Louisiana-8
William Henson Moore III R
Louisiana-6
John B. Breaux D
Louisiana-7
Thomas Phillip O’Neill Jr. D
Massachusetts-8
Michael Darr Barnes D
Maryland-8
Marjorie Sewell Holt R
Maryland-4
Parren James Mitchell D
Maryland-7
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland-3
John Rettie McKernan Jr. R
Maine-1
Mark Deli Siljander R
Michigan-4
Robert Anton Young III D
Missouri-2
William Webster Franklin R
Mississippi-2
William Wilfred Cobey Jr. R
North Carolina-4
William Martin Hendon R
North Carolina-11
Charles Orville Whitley D
North Carolina-3
Harry Reid D
Nevada-1
Joseph Patrick Addabbo D
New York-6
William Carney R
New York-1
Fred J. Eckert R
New York-30
Stanley Nelson Lundine D
New York-34
Thomas Norman Kindness R
Ohio-8
John Frederick Seiberling D
Ohio-14
James Robert Jones D
Oklahoma-1
James Howard Weaver D
Oregon-4
Robert William Edgar D
Pennsylvania-7
Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. R
South Carolina-4
Thomas Forbes Hartnett R
South Carolina-1
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota-AL
William Hill Boner D
Tennessee-5
John James Duncan R
Tennessee-2
Sam Blakeley Hall Jr. D
Texas-1
Thomas Gilbert Loeffler R
Texas-21
David Smith Monson R
Utah-2
George William Whitehurst R
Virginia-2
Wilbur Clarence Daniel D
Virginia-5
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+712Congress.gov ↗
712 public laws enacted · 0 landmark · 35 notable · 456 routine · 221 ceremonial
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
Pub. L. 100-12 · Mar 17, 1987
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
Pub. L. 100-17 · Apr 2, 1987
McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act
Pub. L. 100-77 · Jul 22, 1987
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987
Pub. L. 100-107 · Aug 20, 1987
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987
Pub. L. 100-119 · Sep 29, 1987
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
Pub. L. 100-203 · Dec 22, 1987
Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987
Pub. L. 100-204 · Dec 22, 1987
Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
Pub. L. 100-233 · Jan 6, 1988
Computer Security Act of 1987
Pub. L. 100-235 · Jan 7, 1988
Commodity Distribution Reform Act and WIC Amendments of 1987
Pub. L. 100-237 · Jan 8, 1988
Show 25 more notable laws
Housing and Community Development Act of 1987
Pub. L. 100-242 · Feb 5, 1988
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
Pub. L. 100-259 · Mar 22, 1988
Prescription Drug Marketing Act
Pub. L. 100-293 · Apr 22, 1988
Abandoned Shipwrecks Act
Pub. L. 100-298 · Apr 28, 1988
Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100-352 · Jun 27, 1988
Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act
Pub. L. 100-360 · Jul 1, 1988
Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100-379 · Aug 4, 1988
Civil Liberties Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100-383 · Aug 10, 1988
Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act
Pub. L. 100-418 · Aug 23, 1988
Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100-435 · Sep 19, 1988
United States–Canada Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100-449 · Sep 28, 1988
Family Support Act
Pub. L. 100-485 · Oct 13, 1988
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
Pub. L. 100-497 · Oct 17, 1988
Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988
Pub. L. 100-517 · Oct 24, 1988
Department of Veterans Affairs Act
Pub. L. 100-527 · Oct 25, 1988
Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100-568 · Oct 31, 1988
Medical Waste Tracking Act
Pub. L. 100-582 · Nov 1, 1988
Fair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act
Pub. L. 100-583 · Nov 3, 1988
Genocide Convention Implementation Act
Pub. L. 100-606 · Nov 4, 1988
AIDS amendments of 1988
Pub. L. 100-607 · Nov 4, 1988
Video Privacy Protection Act
Pub. L. 100-618 · Nov 5, 1988
Undetectable Firearms Act
Pub. L. 100-649 · Nov 10, 1988
Water Resources Development Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100-676 · Nov 17, 1988
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
Pub. L. 100-690 · Nov 18, 1988
Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act
Pub. L. 100-707 · Nov 23, 1988

Judicial3 files+384−1

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
+1−1Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 7 R · 2 D · every justice ↗
Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1971
Anthony McLeod Kennedy R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1988
8 justices served on both dates
William Joseph Brennan, Jr. R
appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower · 1957
Byron Raymond White D
appointed by John F. Kennedy · 1962
Thurgood Marshall D
appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson · 1967
Harry Andrew Blackmun R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1970
John Paul Stevens R
appointed by Gerald Ford · 1975
Sandra Day O'Connor R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1981
William Hubbs Rehnquist R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
Antonin Scalia R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+85Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): 83 R · 54 D · 25 N( → 91 R · 52 D · 22 N(
District courts (active judges): 321 R · 218 D · 4 N( → 348 R · 202 D · 3 N(
Ronald Reagan R appointed 85 judges
1 Supreme Court · 17 appeals · 66 district · 1 other
1 circuit flipped majority
Ninth Circuit 13 D · 13 R (tie majority)
Ninth Circuit 13 D · 12 R (D majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+298Supreme Court Database ↗
298 argued decisions · 9 landmark
Hodel v. Irving
481 U.S. 704 · May 18, 1987 · Decided 9–0 · Due Process · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Puerto Rico v. Branstad
483 U.S. 219 · Jun 23, 1987 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
483 U.S. 232 · Jun 23, 1987 · Decided 6–2 · Economic Activity · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Solorio v. United States
483 U.S. 435 · Jun 25, 1987 · Decided 6–3 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
483 U.S. 468 · Jun 25, 1987 · Decided 5–4 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
485 U.S. 271 · Mar 22, 1988 · Decided 8–0 · Judicial Power · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Boos v. Marion S. Barry, Jr.
485 U.S. 312 · Mar 22, 1988 · Decided 5–3 · First Amendment · Affirmed in part, reversed in part · Declared federal law unconstitutional
South Carolina v. Baker
485 U.S. 505 · Apr 20, 1988 · Decided 7–1 · Federalism · Overruled precedent
Morrison v. Olson
487 U.S. 654 · Jun 27, 1988 · Decided 7–1 · Miscellaneous · Reversed
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+6.1% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 1987 → fiscal year 1989 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $1.00T
FY1987
Spending $1.14T
FY1989 · +14% nominal · +6.1% after inflation
Revenue $854B
FY1987
Revenue $991B
FY1989 · +16% nominal · +8.0% after inflation
Surplus / deficit −$150B
FY1987
Surplus / deficit −$153B
FY1989 · −$2.9B
Spending, % of GDP 21.1%
FY1987
Spending, % of GDP 20.6%
FY1989 · −0.5 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 39.6%
FY1987
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 39.4%
FY1989 · −0.2 pts
Spending by function · real change
National Defense
$282B → $304B · +0.2%
Social Security
$207B → $233B · +4.4%
Net interest
$139B → $169B · +13%
Income Security
$124B → $138B · +3.2%
Medicare
$75.1B → $85.0B · +5.3%
Health
$40.0B → $48.4B · +13%
Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
$28.9B → $35.3B · +14%
Veterans Benefits and Services
$26.8B → $30.0B · +4.5%
Commerce and Housing Credit
$6.4B → $29.7B · +330%
Transportation
$26.2B → $27.6B · −2.0%
Agriculture
$26.5B → $16.7B · −41%
Natural Resources and Environment
$13.4B → $16.2B · +13%
General Science, Space, and Technology
$9.2B → $12.8B · +30%
Administration of Justice
$7.7B → $9.6B · +16%
International Affairs
$11.6B → $9.6B · −23%
General Government
$7.5B → $9.3B · +16%
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$477BTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$2.13T
as of Sep 30, 1986
$2.60T
as of Sep 30, 1988

Constitution & Union1 file±0

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
±0National Archives ↗
26 → 26 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.

Reverts1 file−6

revert/undoneWhat was undone
−6Federal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 6 Supreme Court precedents overruled
6 decisions that overruled precedent
Puerto Rico v. Branstad
Jun 23, 1987 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
Jun 23, 1987 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Solorio v. United States
Jun 25, 1987 · 6-3 · Civil Rights
Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
Jun 25, 1987 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
Mar 22, 1988 · 8-0 · Judicial Power
South Carolina v. Baker
Apr 20, 1988 · 7-1 · Federalism
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
45 events
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act · 1987-03-17Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act · 1987-04-02Hodel v. Irving · 1987-05-18Puerto Rico v. Branstad · 1987-06-23Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue · 1987-06-23Solorio v. United States · 1987-06-25Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation · 1987-06-25McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act · 1987-07-22Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987 · 1987-08-20Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987 · 1987-09-29Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 · 1987-12-22Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987 · 1987-12-22Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 · 1988-01-06Computer Security Act of 1987 · 1988-01-07Commodity Distribution Reform Act and WIC Amendments of 1987 · 1988-01-08Housing and Community Development Act of 1987 · 1988-02-05Anthony McLeod Kennedy — Associate Justice · 1988-02-11Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 · 1988-03-22Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation · 1988-03-22Boos v. Marion S. Barry, Jr. · 1988-03-22South Carolina v. Baker · 1988-04-20Prescription Drug Marketing Act · 1988-04-22Abandoned Shipwrecks Act · 1988-04-28Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988 · 1988-06-27Morrison v. Olson · 1988-06-27Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act · 1988-07-01Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 · 1988-08-04Civil Liberties Act of 1988 · 1988-08-10Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act · 1988-08-23Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 · 1988-09-19United States–Canada Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988 · 1988-09-28Family Support Act · 1988-10-13Indian Gaming Regulatory Act · 1988-10-17Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988 · 1988-10-24Department of Veterans Affairs Act · 1988-10-25Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 · 1988-10-31Medical Waste Tracking Act · 1988-11-01Fair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act · 1988-11-03Genocide Convention Implementation Act · 1988-11-04AIDS amendments of 1988 · 1988-11-04Video Privacy Protection Act · 1988-11-05Undetectable Firearms Act · 1988-11-10Water Resources Development Act of 1988 · 1988-11-17Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 · 1988-11-18Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act · 1988-11-2319881989
  1. lawNational Appliance Energy Conservation Act
  2. lawSurface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
  3. rulingHodel v. Irving
  4. rulingPuerto Rico v. Branstad
  5. rulingTyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
  6. rulingSolorio v. United States
  7. rulingWelch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
  8. lawMcKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act
  9. lawMalcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987
  10. lawBalanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987
  11. lawOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
  12. lawAnti-Terrorism Act of 1987
  13. lawAgricultural Credit Act of 1987
  14. lawComputer Security Act of 1987
  15. lawCommodity Distribution Reform Act and WIC Amendments of 1987
  16. lawHousing and Community Development Act of 1987
  17. justiceAnthony McLeod Kennedy — Associate Justice
  18. lawCivil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
  19. rulingGulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
  20. rulingBoos v. Marion S. Barry, Jr.
  21. rulingSouth Carolina v. Baker
  22. lawPrescription Drug Marketing Act
  23. lawAbandoned Shipwrecks Act
  24. lawSupreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988
  25. rulingMorrison v. Olson
  26. lawMedicare Catastrophic Coverage Act
  27. lawWorker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988
  28. lawCivil Liberties Act of 1988
  29. lawOmnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act
  30. lawHunger Prevention Act of 1988
  31. lawUnited States–Canada Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988
  32. lawFamily Support Act
  33. lawIndian Gaming Regulatory Act
  34. lawHealth Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988
  35. lawDepartment of Veterans Affairs Act
  36. lawBerne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
  37. lawMedical Waste Tracking Act
  38. lawFair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act
  39. lawGenocide Convention Implementation Act
  40. lawAIDS amendments of 1988
  41. lawVideo Privacy Protection Act
  42. lawUndetectable Firearms Act
  43. lawWater Resources Development Act of 1988
  44. lawAnti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
  45. lawStafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act