How did the United States change between Jan 15, 1982 and Oct 15, 2026?
Every branch of government, compared side by side.
24 files changed, 154,544 insertions(+), 1,105 deletions(−) · 45 years
Laws enacted
+9,9822,480 notable · 6th of 10 since 1974
Executive orders
+1,549signed · since 1994 only
Final rules
+119,8359,497 significant
Supreme Court
9 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+174 −57departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$39.3T$998B → $40.3T
The presidency passed from Ronald Wilson Reagan to Donald J. Trump across 7 transitions. Congress enacted 9,982 public laws. 99 senators and 430 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 9 new justices joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +232% (FY1982 → FY2025). 1 constitutional amendment was ratified.
Executive7 files+137,882−80
executive/presidentThe presidency
Ronald Wilson Reagan R
40th president
6 presidents in between
George Herbert Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 1989
William Jefferson Clinton D
took office Jan 20, 1993
George Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 2001
Barack Hussein Obama D
took office Jan 20, 2009
Donald J. Trump R
took office Jan 20, 2017
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. D
took office Jan 20, 2021
Donald J. Trump R
47th president · took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
George Herbert Walker Bush R
J.D. Vance R
took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+30−21Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State · 13 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R
confirmed 99–0 · Jan 20, 2025
Secretary of the Treasury · 13 people took this office in between
Scott Bessent
confirmed 68–29 · Jan 27, 2025
Secretary of Defense · 15 people took this office in between
Pete Hegseth R
confirmed 51–50 · Jan 24, 2025
Attorney General · 13 people took this office in between
Todd Blanche R
confirmed 50–49 · Aug 8, 2026
Postmaster General · 5 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 23 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Show 20 more cabinet offices
Secretary of the Interior · 11 people took this office in between
Doug Burgum R
confirmed 80–17 · Jan 30, 2025
Secretary of Agriculture · 12 people took this office in between
Brooke Rollins
confirmed 72–28 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Commerce · 16 people took this office in between
Howard Lutnick R
confirmed 51–45 · Feb 18, 2025
Secretary of Labor · 13 people took this office in between
Secretary of Health and Human Services · 13 people took this office in between
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. I
confirmed 52–48 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development · 11 people took this office in between
Scott Turner R
confirmed 55–44 · Feb 5, 2025
Secretary of Transportation · 14 people took this office in between
Sean Duffy R
confirmed 77–22 · Jan 28, 2025
Secretary of Energy · 16 people took this office in between
Chris Wright
confirmed 59–38 · Feb 3, 2025
Secretary of Education · 12 people took this office in between
Linda McMahon R
confirmed 51–45 · Mar 3, 2025
Secretary of Veterans Affairs · 12 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Doug Collins R
confirmed 77–23 · Feb 4, 2025
Secretary of Homeland Security · 9 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Markwayne Mullin R
confirmed 54–45 · Mar 23, 2026
White House Chief of Staff · 23 people took this office in between
Director of the Office of Management and Budget · 20 people took this office in between
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency · 13 people took this office in between
Lee Zeldin R
confirmed 56–42 · Jan 29, 2025
Ambassador to the United Nations · 24 people took this office in between
Director of National Intelligence · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Jay Clayton I
confirmed 51–47 · Jul 28, 2026
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency · 10 people took this office in between
office did not exist
John Ratcliffe R
confirmed 74–25 · Jan 23, 2025
Administrator of the Small Business Administration · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Kelly Loeffler R
confirmed 52–46 · Feb 19, 2025
Director of Central Intelligence · 5 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
U.S. Trade Representative · 6 people took this office in between
Other senior officials (7 changed)
Postmaster General · 5 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 23 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Chair of the Federal Reserve · 5 people took this office in between
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff · 14 people took this office in between
Director of the FBI · 6 people took this office in between
National Security Advisor · 19 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R (acting)
Solicitor General · 10 people took this office in between
executive/ordersExecutive orders
+1,549Federal Register API ↗
1,549 executive orders signed · William J. Clinton 308 · George W. Bush 291 · Barack Obama 278 · Donald Trump 510 · Joseph R. Biden Jr. 162
EO 12902 Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at Federal Facilities
signed Mar 8, 1994 by William J. Clinton · revoked Jun 3, 1999 by EO 13123 (Clinton)
EO 12919 National Defense Industrial Resources Preparedness
signed Jun 3, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12936 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
signed Nov 10, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12940 Amendment to Civil Service Rule VI
signed Nov 28, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12944 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
signed Dec 28, 1994 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 28, 1995 by EO 12984 (Clinton)
EO 12958 Classified National Security Information
signed Apr 17, 1995 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 29, 2009 by EO 13526 (Obama)
EO 12960 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
signed May 12, 1995 by William J. Clinton
EO 12968 Access to Classified Information
signed Aug 2, 1995 by William J. Clinton
Show 6 more
EO 12984 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
Dec 28, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 13029 Implementing, for the United States, the Provisions of An- nex 1 of the Decision Concerning Legal Capacity and Privileges and Immunities, Issued by the Council of Ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe on December 1, 1993
Dec 3, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13033 Executive Order 13033 of December 27, 1996
Dec 27, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13071 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 29, 1997 · William J. Clinton
EO 13086 1998 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
May 27, 1998 · William J. Clinton
EO 13101 Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition
Sep 14, 1998 · William J. Clinton
Only orders signed after Dec 30, 1993 are counted; Federal Register coverage starts there.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+16,292Congress.gov ↗
22,296 civilian nominations received · 16,292 confirmed · 809 withdrawn · 4,856 returned to the President
James C. Sanders, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Michael Cardenas, resigned.
confirmed Mar 29, 1982 · voice vote or unanimous consent
George P. Shultz, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jul 15, 1982 · 97–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 1, 1983 · 97–0
Margaret M. Heckler, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 3, 1983 · 82–3
William P. Clark, of California, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Nov 18, 1983 · 71–18
James A. Baker III, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 29, 1985 · 95–0
John S. Herrington, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
William J. Bennett, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–0
Donald P. Hodel, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
Show 295 more top confirmations
Edwin Meese III, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 23, 1985 · 63–31
William Emerson Brock III, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 26, 1985
Otis R. Bowen, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Dec 12, 1985 · 93–2
Richard E. Lyng, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Mar 6, 1986 · 95–2
William H. Rehnquist, of Virginia, to be Chief Justice of the United States.
confirmed Sep 17, 1986 · 65–33
C. William Verity, Jr., of Ohio, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Oct 13, 1987 · 84–11
Frank C. Carlucci, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Nov 20, 1987 · 91–1
James H. Burnley IV, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Nov 30, 1987 · 74–0
Ann Dore McLaughlin, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Dec 11, 1987 · 94–0
Richard L. Thornburgh, of Pennsylvania, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Aug 11, 1988 · 85–0
Nicholas F. Brady, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Sep 14, 1988 · 92–2
Lauro F. Cavazos, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Sep 20, 1988 · 94–0
Richard G. Darman, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
James Addison Baker, III, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Samuel Knox Skinner, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
Robert Adam Mosbacher, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
William Kane Reilly, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Jack Kemp, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Manuel Lujan, Jr., of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Clayton Yeutter, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 8, 1989 · 100–0
Louis W. Sullivan, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 1, 1989 · 98–1
Edward J. Derwinski, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Mar 2, 1989 · 94–0
Richard B. Cheney, of Wyoming, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Mar 17, 1989 · 92–0
Lynn Martin, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 7, 1991 · 94–0
Edward R. Madigan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Clayton Yeutter, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 1991 · 99–0
Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr., of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 14, 1991
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Nov 20, 1991
Andrew H. Card, Jr., of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 21, 1992
Barbara Hackman Franklin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 1992
Warren Christopher, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Lloyd Bentsen, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Les Aspin, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Richard W. Riley, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Donna E. Shalala, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Jesse Brown, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Robert B. Reich, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Henry G. Cisneros, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Hazel Rollins O'Leary, of Minnesota, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Federico Pena, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Mike Espy, of Mississippi, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Bruce Babbitt, of Arizona, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Ronald H. Brown, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Janet Reno, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 11, 1993 · 98–0
William J. Perry, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Les Aspin, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 1994 · 97–0
Robert E. Rubin, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Lloyd Bentsen, resigned.
confirmed Jan 10, 1995 · 99–0
Daniel Robert Glickman, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Mike Espy, resigned.
confirmed Mar 30, 1995 · 94–0
Madeleine Korbel Albright, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of State, vice Warren Christopher, resigned.
confirmed Jan 22, 1997 · 99–0
William M. Daley, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Michael Kantor.
confirmed Jan 30, 1997 · 95–2
Rodney E. Slater, of Arkansas, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Federico Pena.
confirmed Feb 6, 1997 · 98–0
Federico Pena, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Hazel Rollins O'Leary, retired.
confirmed Mar 12, 1997 · 99–1
Alexis M. Herman, of Alabama, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Robert B. Reich.
confirmed Apr 30, 1997 · 85–13
Bill Richardson, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Federico Pena, resigned.
confirmed Jul 31, 1998
Lawrence H. Summers, of Maryland, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Robert E. Rubin.
confirmed Jul 1, 1999 · 97–2
Norman Y. Mineta, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice William M. Daley.
confirmed Jul 20, 2000
Roderick R. Paige, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Colin Luther Powell, of Virginia, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Paul Henry O'Neill, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Donald Henry Rumsfeld, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Donald Louis Evans, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Spencer Abraham, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Ann Margaret Veneman, of California, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., of Indiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Anthony Joseph Principi, of California, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Melquiades Rafael Martinez, of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Tommy G. Thompson, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 24, 2001 · 100–0
Elaine Lan Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 29, 2001
Gale Ann Norton, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 75–24
Christine Todd Whitman, of New Jersey, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 99–0
John Ashcroft, of Missouri, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 1, 2001 · 58–42
Thomas J. Ridge, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Homeland Security. (New Position)
confirmed Jan 22, 2003 · 94–0
Condoleezza Rice, of California, to be Secretary of State, vice Colin Luther Powell, resigned.
confirmed Jan 26, 2005 · 85–13
Alberto R. Gonzales, of Texas, to be Attorney General, vice John Ashcroft, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 2005 · 60–36
Michael Chertoff, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Thomas J. Ridge, resigned.
confirmed Feb 15, 2005 · 98–0
John D. Negroponte, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence. (New Position)
confirmed Apr 21, 2005 · 98–2
John G. Roberts, Jr., of Maryland, to be Chief Justice of the United States, vice William H. Rehnquist, deceased.
confirmed Sep 29, 2005 · 78–22
Robert M. Gates, of Texas, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Donald Henry Rumsfeld, resigned.
confirmed Dec 6, 2006 · 95–2
Jim Nussle, of Iowa, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Robert J. Portman.
confirmed Sep 4, 2007 · 69–24
Michael B. Mukasey, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Alberto R. Gonzales, resigned.
confirmed Nov 8, 2007 · 53–40
Janet Ann Napolitano, of Arizona, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Kenneth Lee Salazar, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Eric K. Shinseki, of Hawaii, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Arne Duncan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Steven Chu, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Hillary Rodham Clinton, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 2009 · 94–2
Ray LaHood, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Timothy F. Geithner, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 26, 2009 · 60–34
Eric H. Holder, Jr., of the District of Columbia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 2, 2009 · 75–21
Hilda L. Solis, of California, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 24, 2009 · 80–17
Gary Locke, of Washington, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 24, 2009
Kathleen Sebelius, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Apr 28, 2009 · 65–31
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Robert M. Gates.
confirmed Jun 21, 2011 · 100–0
David H. Petraeus, of New Hampshire, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Jun 30, 2011 · 94–0
John Edgar Bryson, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Gary Locke.
confirmed Oct 20, 2011 · 74–26
John Forbes Kerry, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of State, vice Hillary Rodham Clinton.
confirmed Jan 29, 2013 · 94–3
Charles Timothy Hagel, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Feb 26, 2013 · 58–41
Jacob J. Lew, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Timothy F. Geithner.
confirmed Feb 27, 2013 · 71–26
John Owen Brennan, of Virginia, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice David H. Petraeus, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 2013 · 63–34
Sarah Jewell, of Washington, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Kenneth Lee Salazar.
confirmed Apr 10, 2013 · 87–11
Ernest J. Moniz, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Steven Chu.
confirmed May 16, 2013 · 97–0
Penny Pritzker, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice John Edgar Bryson, resigned.
confirmed Jun 25, 2013 · 97–1
Anthony Renard Foxx, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Ray LaHood.
confirmed Jun 27, 2013 · 100–0
Thomas Edward Perez, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Hilda L. Solis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 18, 2013 · 54–46
Jeh Charles Johnson, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Janet Ann Napolitano, resigned.
confirmed Dec 16, 2013 · 78–16
Sylvia Mathews Burwell, of West Virginia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Kathleen Sebelius.
confirmed Jun 5, 2014 · 78–17
Julian Castro, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, vice Shaun L. S. Donovan.
confirmed Jul 9, 2014 · 71–26
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Sylvia Mathews Burwell.
confirmed Jul 10, 2014 · 75–22
Robert Alan McDonald, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice Eric K. Shinseki, resigned.
confirmed Jul 29, 2014 · 97–0
Ashton B. Carter, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Charles Timothy Hagel.
confirmed Feb 12, 2015 · 93–5
Loretta E. Lynch, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Eric H. Holder, Jr.
confirmed Apr 23, 2015 · 56–43
John B. King, of New York, to be Secretary of Education, vice Arne Duncan.
confirmed Mar 14, 2016 · 49–40
John F. Kelly, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 88–11
James Mattis, of Washington, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 98–1
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice John Owen Brennan.
confirmed Jan 23, 2017 · 66–32
Elaine L. Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 2017 · 93–6
Rex W. Tillerson, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Feb 1, 2017 · 55–43
Jeff Sessions, of Alabama, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 8, 2017 · 52–47
Thomas Price, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 10, 2017 · 52–47
David J. Shulkin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 100–0
Steven T. Mnuchin, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 53–47
Scott Pruitt, of Oklahoma, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 17, 2017 · 52–46
Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 2017 · 72–27
Ryan Zinke, of Montana, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 1, 2017 · 68–31
Benjamin S. Carson, Sr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 58–41
James Richard Perry, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 62–37
Daniel Coats, of Indiana, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice James R. Clapper, Jr.
confirmed Mar 15, 2017 · 85–12
Sonny Perdue, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Apr 24, 2017 · 87–11
R. Alexander Acosta, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 27, 2017 · 60–38
Kirstjen Nielsen, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice John F. Kelly, resigned.
confirmed Dec 5, 2017 · 62–37
Alex Michael Azar II, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Thomas Price, resigned.
confirmed Jan 24, 2018 · 55–43
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Secretary of State, vice Rex W. Tillerson.
confirmed Apr 26, 2018 · 57–42
Gina Haspel, of Kentucky, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Mike Pompeo.
confirmed May 17, 2018 · 54–45
Robert L. Wilkie, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice David J. Shulkin.
confirmed Jul 23, 2018 · 86–9
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General, vice Jeff Sessions, resigned.
confirmed Feb 14, 2019 · 54–45
Andrew Wheeler, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice Scott Pruitt.
confirmed Feb 28, 2019 · 52–47
David Bernhardt, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Ryan Zinke.
confirmed Apr 11, 2019 · 56–41
Mark T. Esper, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense, vice James Mattis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 23, 2019 · 90–8
Eugene Scalia, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Labor, vice R. Alexander Acosta, resigned.
confirmed Sep 26, 2019 · 53–44
Dan R. Brouillette, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy, vice James Richard Perry, resigning.
confirmed Dec 2, 2019 · 70–15
Jovita Carranza, of Illinois, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Linda E. McMahon.
confirmed Jan 7, 2020 · 88–5
John L. Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Daniel Coats, resigned.
confirmed May 21, 2020 · 49–44
Russell Vought, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Mick Mulvaney.
confirmed Jul 20, 2020 · 51–45
Avril Danica Haines, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Jan 20, 2021 · 84–10
Lloyd James Austin, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 22, 2021 · 93–2
Janet Louise Yellen, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 25, 2021 · 84–15
Antony John Blinken, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 26, 2021 · 78–22
Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 86–13
Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 56–43
Denis Richard McDonough, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 8, 2021 · 87–7
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 23, 2021 · 92–7
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 25, 2021 · 64–35
Miguel A. Cardona, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 1, 2021 · 64–33
Gina Marie Raimondo, of Rhode Island, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 2, 2021 · 84–15
Merrick Brian Garland, of Maryland, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 70–30
Marcia Louise Fudge, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 66–34
Debra Anne Haaland, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 15, 2021 · 51–40
Isabella Casillas Guzman, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Mar 16, 2021 · 81–17
Xavier Becerra, of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 18, 2021 · 50–49
Martin Joseph Walsh, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 22, 2021 · 68–29
Shalanda D. Young, of Louisiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Russell Vought.
confirmed Mar 15, 2022 · 61–36
Marco Rubio, of Florida, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2025 · 99–0
John Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
confirmed Jan 23, 2025 · 74–25
Peter Hegseth, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 24, 2025 · 51–50
Kristi Noem, of South Dakota, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 25, 2025 · 59–34
Scott Bessent, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 27, 2025 · 68–29
Sean Duffy, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 28, 2025 · 77–22
Lee Zeldin, of New York, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 29, 2025 · 56–42
Douglas Burgum, of North Dakota, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2025 · 80–17
Christopher Wright, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 3, 2025 · 59–38
Pamela Bondi, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 54–46
Douglas Collins, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 77–23
Eric Turner, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 5, 2025 · 55–44
Tulsi Gabbard, of Hawaii, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Feb 12, 2025 · 52–48
Brooke Rollins, of Texas, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 72–28
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 52–48
Howard Lutnick, of New York, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 18, 2025 · 51–45
Kelly Loeffler, of Georgia, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Feb 19, 2025 · 52–46
Linda McMahon, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 3, 2025 · 51–45
Lori Chavez-DeRemer, of Oregon, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 10, 2025 · 67–32
Markwayne Mullin, of Oklahoma, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Kristi Noem.
confirmed Mar 23, 2026 · 54–45
Walter Clayton, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Tulsi Gabbard.
confirmed Jul 28, 2026 · 51–47
Todd Blanche, of Florida, to be Attorney General, vice Pamela Bondi.
confirmed Aug 8, 2026 · 50–49
Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Lori Chavez-DeRemer, resigned.
confirmed Sep 30, 2026 · 47–41
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+174−57Wikidata ↗
298 → 425 tracked organizations · 14 → 16 executive departments
United States Department of Veterans Affairs department
established Mar 15, 1989 · department of the United States government
United States Department of Homeland Security department
established Nov 25, 2002 · United States federal executive department
United States Arctic Research Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · United States independent federal agency that develops and recommends a national Arctic research policy
United States Sentencing Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · independent agency of the U.S. federal judiciary which determines sentencing guidelines
Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship
established Jan 1, 1986 · American merit-based scholarship awarded to prospective scientists
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board
established Jan 1, 1986 · Independent agency of the US government
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1986 · foundation established by United States Congress in 1986
United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
established Jan 1, 1987 · U.S. independent federal agency
Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · nonprofit organization in Arlington, United States
Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · Memorial U.S. indepedent executive branch
Show 221 more
United States Trade and Development Agency
established Jan 1, 1992 · government agency
AmeriCorps
established Jan 1, 1993 · independent agency of the United States federal government
AmeriCorps Seniors
established Jan 1, 1993 · United States federal network of volunteer programs for Americans 55 years and older
Surface Transportation Board
established Jan 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States federal government
Institute of Museum and Library Services
established Oct 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States government, supporting libraries and museums
Denali Commission
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent agency of the United States government
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent U.S. federal agency charged with investigating industrial chemical accidents
U.S. Agency for Global Media
established Oct 1, 1999 · independent agency of the United States government that broadcasts news and information about the United States and the world to audiences abroad
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
established Oct 25, 1999
Delta Regional Authority
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency of the United States federal government
United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission
established Oct 1, 2000 · independent agency of the United States government
Election Assistance Commission
established Jan 1, 2002 · independent agency of the United States government
Millennium Challenge Corporation
established Jan 1, 2004 · government agency
Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
established Oct 13, 2004
Federal Housing Finance Agency
established Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. federal agency
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
established Jul 21, 2011 · agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector
National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service
established Sep 19, 2017
United States International Development Finance Corporation
established Dec 20, 2019 · an executive agency of the US federal government responsible for providing foreign aid
Office of National Drug Control Policy
established Oct 27, 1989 · United States government agency
United States Homeland Security Council
established Jan 1, 2001 · U.S. federal executive public safety, immigration and disaster relief forum
Homeland Security Advisory Council
established Mar 19, 2002 · part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
United States Digital Service
established Aug 11, 2014 · former digital services department of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
Office of the National Cyber Director
established Jan 1, 2021 · US government agency on cybersecurity
Minerals Management Service
established Jan 19, 1982 · government agency
National Ocean Service
established Jan 1, 1983 · U.S. government agency; successor to the National Ocean Survey
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel
established Jan 1, 1983 · former US government office
Executive Office for Immigration Review
established Jan 9, 1983 · Office of the US Department of Justice
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
established Jan 1, 1984 · Branch of the US Food and Drug Administration
Office of Commercial Space Transportation
established Jan 1, 1984 · branch of the US FAA
United States Institute of Peace
established Jan 1, 1984 · national organization in the United States (since 1984)
Take Pride in America
established Jan 1, 1985 · encouraging volunteering for better public land care
Combat support agency
established Jan 1, 1986 · agency designation by the United States Department of Defense
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
established Jan 1, 1986 · United States federal agency division that supports research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis, musculoskeletal, and skin diseases
Office of the Chief Administrative Hearing Officer
established Jan 1, 1986
National Indian Gaming Commission
established Jan 1, 1988 · United States regulatory agency
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
established Jan 1, 1988 · member institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health
Office for Victims of Crime
established Jan 1, 1988 · part of the U.S. Department of Justice
Technology Administration
established Oct 24, 1988 · former agency in the Department of Commerce that worked with United States industries
Office of Environmental Management
established Jan 1, 1989 · government organization in Washington D.C., United States
Office of Thrift Supervision
established Jan 1, 1989 · U.S. Treasury Department agency
Board of Veterans' Appeals
established Mar 15, 1989 · administrative tribunal within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
United States Chief Financial Officers Council
established Jan 1, 1990 · organization of chief financial officers of United States executive departments
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Hispanics
established Jan 1, 1990 · initiative housed in the United States Department of Education
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
established Apr 25, 1990 · bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board
established Oct 1, 1990 · Federal advisory committee
Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission
established Nov 5, 1990 · commission which recommended specific U.S. military bases for closure or realignment
Armed Forces Retirement Home
established Jan 1, 1991 · retirement centers for veterans of the U.S. military
Defense Finance and Accounting Service
established Jan 1, 1991 · agency of the United States Department of Defense
Office of Women's Health
established Jan 1, 1991 · part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Administration for Children and Families
established Apr 15, 1991 · United States federal agency division that provides assistance programs
FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division
established Jan 1, 1992 · division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Agroforestry Center
established Jan 1, 1992 · of U.S. Department of Agriculture
National Civilian Community Corps
established Jan 1, 1992 · American community service program
Naval Criminal Investigative Service
established Jan 1, 1992 · law enforcement agency of the U.S. Navy
United States Office of Research Integrity
established Jan 1, 1992 · office of the United States Department of Health and Human Services
Assassination Records Review Board
established Jan 1, 1992
Research and Special Programs Administration
established Jan 1, 1992
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
established Jul 10, 1992 · branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel
established Jan 1, 1993 · American copyright agency
Community Oriented Policing Services
established Jan 1, 1994 · component within the United States Department of Justice
Farm Service Agency
established Jan 1, 1994 · agency of the United States Department of Agriculture
Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration
established Jan 1, 1994 · agency of the US Department of Agriculture
National Centers for Environmental Prediction
established Jan 1, 1994 · core agency of the U.S. National Weather Service
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
established Jan 1, 1994 · agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (1994-2009)
Office of Educational Technology
established Mar 31, 1994 · office within United States Department of Education
Administrative Appeals Office
established Nov 22, 1994 · Office within United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) that can be used by petitioners to appeal adverse USCIS decisions made on their petitions.
Ocean Prediction Center
established Jan 1, 1995 · one of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's service centers
Program Support Center
established Jan 1, 1995 · government organization in Bethesda, United States
Tropical Prediction Center
established Jan 1, 1995
NOAA Environmental Modeling Center
established Jan 1, 1995 · United States weather agency
Office of Congressional Workplace Rights
established Jan 23, 1995 · US agency protecting workers
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
established Oct 1, 1996 · intelligence agency of the United States of America
U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division
established Oct 1, 1996 · defunct division of the U.S. Geological Survey
Joint Genome Institute
established Jan 1, 1997 · research facility in California, US
U.S. Census Monitoring Board
established Nov 26, 1997 · former agency
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
established Jan 1, 1998 · government agency
Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center
established Jan 1, 1998 · United States defense organization
United States National Transportation Library
established Jan 1, 1998 · transportation research library serving as a national library of the United States, and the library of the U.S. Department of Transportation
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
established Jan 1, 1999 · facility in Silver Spring, United States
Development Credit Authority
established Jan 1, 1999
Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
established Jan 12, 1999 · U.S. State Department division
White House Initiative on Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders
established Jun 7, 1999 · United States governmental office
United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
established Dec 6, 1999 · United States federal agency division that supports research to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americans
Congressional Office for International Leadership
established Jan 1, 2000 · legislative branch agency in the U.S.
Defense Contract Management Agency
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency in the US federal government
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency of the United States Department of Transportation
Interior Business Center
established Jan 1, 2000
National Nuclear Security Administration
established Jan 1, 2000 · semi-autonomous agency within the United States Department of Energy responsible for nuclear weapons stewardship
Bureau of Industry and Security
established Jan 1, 2001 · federal law enforcement agency of the United States
Federal Reserve Police
established Jan 1, 2001 · law enforcement unit of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
established Jan 1, 2001 · facility in Atlanta, United States
Transportation Security Administration
established Jan 1, 2001 · United States federal government agency
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
established Oct 1, 2001 · office of the United States Department of State
Office of Force Transformation
established Oct 29, 2001 · office of the United States Department of Defense Office, 2001–2006
HSARPA
established Jan 1, 2002 · agency of the US Department of Homeland Security
Information Awareness Office
established Jan 1, 2002 · government agency established by the DARPA to achieve "Total Information Awareness"
Institute of Education Sciences
established Jan 1, 2002 · United States Department of Education research branch
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
established Jan 1, 2002 · U.S. government biodefense research laboratory
National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance
established Jan 1, 2002 · center of the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
established Jan 1, 2002 · United States federal agency
Pentagon Force Protection Agency
established Jan 1, 2002 · federal law enforcement agency within the U.S. Department of Defense
Privacy Office of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
established Jan 1, 2002
Office of Special Plans
established Sep 1, 2002 · U.S. intelligence unit
Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate
established Jan 1, 2003 · U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security Research and Development units
DHS Management Directorate
established Jan 1, 2003 · U.S. government body support agency
DHS Office of Health Affairs
established Jan 1, 2003 · office in the United States Department of Homeland Security
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
established Jan 1, 2003 · US Department of Energy program office
United States Chief Human Capital Officers Council
established Jan 1, 2003 · organization of chief human capital officers of United States executive departments
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
established Jan 24, 2003 · United States Treasury bureau which regulates and collects taxes on alcohol, tobacco, and firearms
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
established Mar 1, 2003 · customs service of the United States since 2003
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
executive/regulationsFederal regulations
+119,835Federal Register API ↗
119,835 final rules published in the Federal Register
from Jan 1, 1994
9,497 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866
major economic or policy impact
76,891 proposed rules · 767,703 notices
Loading which agencies published the most rules…
Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.
Military4 files+29−18
military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 7
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
began Aug 8, 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: al-Shabaab
began 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Iran–Israel conflict
began 2020 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Israel
Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
began Feb 3, 2024 · U.S. a principal party · against Ansarallah (the Houthis)
Syria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Nigeria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: Islamic State
began Feb 1, 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
18 conflicts began and ended in between
Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
1983 – 1984 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Amal, NSF
Invasion of Grenada
Oct 25, 1983 – Oct 27, 1983 · U.S. a principal party · against Grenada
Invasion of Panama
Dec 23, 1989 – Dec 23, 1989 · U.S. a principal party · against Panama
Gulf War
Jan 17, 1991 – Mar 1, 1991 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Kuwait
Kosovo War
Mar 24, 1999 – Nov 21, 1999 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against UCK
War against al-Qaida
Sep 11, 2001 – Dec 4, 2017 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Invasion of Afghanistan
Oct 7, 2001 – Nov 13, 2001 · U.S. a principal party · against Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
2003 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against the Taliban
Invasion of Iraq
Mar 23, 2003 – Apr 28, 2003 · U.S. a principal party · against Iraq
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
Jan 18, 2004 – Dec 18, 2011 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansar al-Islam, IS
Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
2009 – 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansarallah, AQAP
Afghanistan: Islamic State
Mar 3, 2015 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Libya: Islamic State
2016 – Sep 29, 2019 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Niger: Islamic State
2017 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Kenya: al-Shabaab
2019 – 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Somalia: Islamic State
Jun 4, 2019 – Dec 19, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
War against al-Qaida
Jul 31, 2019 – Sep 7, 2019 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Niger: JNIM
Dec 9, 2021 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against JNIM
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded. UCDP data runs through 2025, so "active" on later dates means active at the end of 2025.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
−279,131 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
442,904 → 163,773 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 2,013,643 → 1,335,749 total active duty
20 → 10 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Sep 30, 1981 → as of Mar 31, 2026
Germany 248,466 → 37,009
−211,457
United Kingdom 25,101 → 10,158
−14,943
South Korea 38,254 → 23,372
−14,882
Philippines 14,500 → 47
−14,453
Panama 9,566 → 26
−9,540
Japan 46,196 → 54,891
+8,695
Spain 8,651 → 3,835
−4,816
Turkey 5,125 → 1,675
−3,450
Bahrain 59 → 3,151
+3,092
Greece 3,334 → 448
−2,886
Puerto Rico 3,542 → 673
−2,869
Iceland 2,791 → 1
−2,790
Largest U.S. deployments as of Mar 31, 2026
Japan 54,891
Germany 37,009
South Korea 23,372
Italy 12,783
United Kingdom 10,158
Guam 7,137
Spain 3,835
Bahrain 3,151
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.
military/spendingCost of war
$1.78T war fundingDoD Cost of War reports · CRS ↗
$1.78T spent on named war operations, fiscal years 2001–2024 · Defense Department obligations
Afghanistan $895B
Enduring Freedom → Freedom's Sentinel → Enduring Sentinel · FY2001–FY2024
Iraq & Syria $805B
Iraqi Freedom → New Dawn → Inherent Resolve · FY2001–FY2024
Ukraine $79.1B
U.S. support operations · FY2022–FY2024
Lifetime cost of wars fought in this window · constant FY2011 dollars (CRS)
Gulf War $102B
0.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1990–1991
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency) $321B
0.7% of GDP in its peak year · 2001–2021
Iraq War $784B
1% of GDP in its peak year · 2003–2011
Operation spending is what the Defense Department obligated to each named operation in each fiscal year, from its Cost of War reports; it excludes State Department and USAID programs, veterans' care, interest, and base budgets. Lifetime costs are the Congressional Research Service's estimates of direct military spending for each war, in FY2011 dollars.
military/authorizationsDeclarations of war & authorizations
Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution
Oct 12, 1983 · Authorized U.S. participation in the Multinational Force in Lebanon (Pub. L. 98-119).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq
Jan 14, 1991 · Authorized the Gulf War (Pub. L. 102-1).
Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)
Sep 18, 2001 · Authorized force against those responsible for the September 11 attacks (Pub. L. 107-40).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq (2002)
Oct 16, 2002 · Authorized the Iraq War (Pub. L. 107-243).
Legislative4 files+10,511−531
legislative/controlControl of Congress
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
97th Congress → 119th Congress · 22 new Congresses elected
13 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority
241 D · 193 R
House: Republican majority
219 R · 214 D
Senate: Republican majority on both dates
53 R · 47 D → 53 R · 47 D
legislative/senateSenate
+99−99congress-legislators ↗
99 new members · 99 departed · 1 served on both dates · women 2 → 27 · median age 53 → 66
46 seats changed party
Show 42 more seat flips
Who joined and who left (99 in · 99 out)
Dan Sullivan R
Alaska
Lisa Murkowski R
Alaska
Tommy Tuberville R
Alabama
Katie Boyd Britt R
Alabama
Tom Cotton R
Arkansas
John Boozman R
Arkansas
Mark Kelly D
Arizona
Ruben Gallego D
Arizona
Alex Padilla D
California
Adam B. Schiff D
California
John W. Hickenlooper D
Colorado
Michael F. Bennet D
Colorado
Richard Blumenthal D
Connecticut
Christopher Murphy D
Connecticut
Christopher A. Coons D
Delaware
Lisa Blunt Rochester D
Delaware
Rick Scott R
Florida
Ashley Moody R
Florida
Jon Ossoff D
Georgia
Raphael G. Warnock D
Georgia
Brian Schatz D
Hawaii
Mazie K. Hirono D
Hawaii
Joni Ernst R
Iowa
James E. Risch R
Idaho
Mike Crapo R
Idaho
Richard J. Durbin D
Illinois
Tammy Duckworth D
Illinois
Todd Young R
Indiana
Jim Banks R
Indiana
Roger Marshall R
Kansas
Jerry Moran R
Kansas
Mitch McConnell R
Kentucky
Rand Paul R
Kentucky
Bill Cassidy R
Louisiana
John Kennedy R
Louisiana
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts
Elizabeth Warren D
Massachusetts
Chris Van Hollen D
Maryland
Angela D. Alsobrooks D
Maryland
Susan M. Collins R
Maine
Angus S. King, Jr. I
Maine
Gary C. Peters D
Michigan
Elissa Slotkin D
Michigan
Tina Smith D
Minnesota
Amy Klobuchar D
Minnesota
Eric Schmitt R
Missouri
Josh Hawley R
Missouri
Cindy Hyde-Smith R
Mississippi
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi
Steve Daines R
Montana
Tim Sheehy R
Montana
Thom Tillis R
North Carolina
Ted Budd R
North Carolina
John Hoeven R
North Dakota
Kevin Cramer R
North Dakota
Pete Ricketts R
Nebraska
Deb Fischer R
Nebraska
Jeanne Shaheen D
New Hampshire
Margaret Wood Hassan D
New Hampshire
Cory A. Booker D
New Jersey
Andy Kim D
New Jersey
Ben Ray Luján D
New Mexico
Martin Heinrich D
New Mexico
Catherine Cortez Masto D
Nevada
Jacky Rosen D
Nevada
Charles E. Schumer D
New York
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D
New York
Bernie Moreno R
Ohio
Jon Husted R
Ohio
James Lankford R
Oklahoma
Alan Armstrong R
Oklahoma
Jeff Merkley D
Oregon
Ron Wyden D
Oregon
John Fetterman D
Pennsylvania
David McCormick R
Pennsylvania
Jack Reed D
Rhode Island
Sheldon Whitehouse D
Rhode Island
Tim Scott R
South Carolina
Darline Graham R
South Carolina
Mike Rounds R
South Dakota
John Thune R
South Dakota
Bill Hagerty R
Tennessee
Marsha Blackburn R
Tennessee
John Cornyn R
Texas
Ted Cruz R
Texas
Mike Lee R
Utah
John R. Curtis R
Utah
Mark R. Warner D
Virginia
Tim Kaine D
Virginia
Peter Welch D
Vermont
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont
Patty Murray D
Washington
Maria Cantwell D
Washington
Ron Johnson R
Wisconsin
Tammy Baldwin D
Wisconsin
Shelley Moore Capito R
West Virginia
James C. Justice R
West Virginia
Cynthia M. Lummis R
Wyoming
John Barrasso R
Wyoming
Ted F. Stevens R
Alaska
Frank H. Murkowski R
Alaska
Howell Thomas Heflin D
Alabama
Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. R
Alabama
David Hampton Pryor D
Arkansas
Dale Bumpers D
Arkansas
Dennis Webster DeConcini D
Arizona
Barry Morris Goldwater R
Arizona
Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa R
California
Alan Cranston D
California
William Lester Armstrong R
Colorado
Gary Warren Hart D
Colorado
Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. R
Connecticut
Christopher J. Dodd D
Connecticut
William V. Roth Jr. R
Delaware
Joseph R. Biden Jr. D
Delaware
Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. D
Florida
Paula Hawkins R
Florida
Samuel Augustus Nunn D
Georgia
Mack Francis Mattingly R
Georgia
Spark Masayuki Matsunaga D
Hawaii
Daniel K. Inouye D
Hawaii
Roger William Jepsen R
Iowa
James Albertus McClure R
Idaho
Steven Douglas Symms R
Idaho
Charles Harting Percy R
Illinois
Alan John Dixon D
Illinois
Richard G. Lugar R
Indiana
James Danforth Quayle R
Indiana
Nancy Landon Kassebaum R
Kansas
Robert Joseph Dole R
Kansas
Walter Darlington Huddleston D
Kentucky
Wendell Hampton Ford D
Kentucky
John Bennett Johnston Jr. D
Louisiana
Russell Billiu Long D
Louisiana
Edward M. Kennedy D
Massachusetts
Paul Efthemios Tsongas D
Massachusetts
Paul S. Sarbanes D
Maryland
Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr. R
Maryland
William Sebastian Cohen R
Maine
George John Mitchell D
Maine
Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. D
Michigan
Carl Levin D
Michigan
David Ferdinand Durenberger R
Minnesota
Rudolph Eli Boschwitz R
Minnesota
John Claggett Danforth R
Missouri
Thomas Francis Eagleton D
Missouri
John Cornelius Stennis D
Mississippi
Thad Cochran R
Mississippi
John Melcher D
Montana
Max Baucus D
Montana
Jesse Helms R
North Carolina
John Porter East R
North Carolina
Quentin Northrup Burdick D
North Dakota
Mark Andrews R
North Dakota
Edward Zorinsky D
Nebraska
J. James Exon D
Nebraska
Gordon John Humphrey R
New Hampshire
Warren Bruce Rudman R
New Hampshire
Harrison Arlington Williams Jr. D
New Jersey
William Warren Bradley D
New Jersey
Harrison Hagan Schmitt R
New Mexico
Pete V. Domenici R
New Mexico
Howard Walter Cannon D
Nevada
Paul Dominque Laxalt R
Nevada
Daniel Patrick Moynihan D
New York
Alfonse Marcello D’Amato R
New York
Howard Morton Metzenbaum D
Ohio
John Herschel Glenn Jr. D
Ohio
David Lyle Boren D
Oklahoma
Don Nickles R
Oklahoma
Mark Odom Hatfield R
Oregon
Robert William Packwood R
Oregon
Henry John Heinz III R
Pennsylvania
Arlen Specter R
Pennsylvania
John Hubbard Chafee R
Rhode Island
Claiborne de Borda Pell D
Rhode Island
J. Strom Thurmond R
South Carolina
Ernest F. Hollings D
South Carolina
Larry Lee Pressler R
South Dakota
James Abdnor R
South Dakota
James Ralph Sasser D
Tennessee
Howard Henry Baker Jr. R
Tennessee
Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. D
Texas
John Goodwin Tower R
Texas
Orrin G. Hatch R
Utah
Edwin Jacob Garn R
Utah
Harry Flood Byrd Jr. I
Virginia
John W. Warner R
Virginia
Robert Theodore Stafford R
Vermont
Patrick J. Leahy D
Vermont
Henry Martin Jackson D
Washington
T. Slade Gorton R
Washington
William Proxmire D
Wisconsin
Robert Walter Kasten Jr. R
Wisconsin
Robert C. Byrd D
West Virginia
Jennings Randolph D
West Virginia
Malcolm Wallop R
Wyoming
Alan Kooi Simpson R
Wyoming
legislative/houseHouse
+430−432congress-legislators ↗
430 new members · 432 departed · 3 served on both dates · women 19 → 125 · median age 50 → 59
44 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alabama 4 D · 3 R
Alabama 2 D · 5 R
Arkansas 2 D · 2 R
Arkansas 0 D · 4 R
Arizona 2 D · 2 R
Arizona 3 D · 6 R
California 22 D · 21 R
California 43 D · 9 R
Colorado 3 D · 2 R
Colorado 4 D · 4 R
Connecticut 4 D · 2 R
Connecticut 5 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 1 R
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Florida 11 D · 4 R
Florida 7 D · 20 R
Georgia 9 D · 1 R
Georgia 5 D · 9 R
Iowa 3 D · 3 R
Iowa 0 D · 4 R
Illinois 10 D · 14 R
Illinois 14 D · 3 R
Indiana 6 D · 5 R
Indiana 2 D · 7 R
Kansas 1 D · 4 R
Kansas 1 D · 3 R
Kentucky 4 D · 3 R
Kentucky 1 D · 5 R
Louisiana 6 D · 2 R
Louisiana 2 D · 4 R
Massachusetts 10 D · 2 R
Massachusetts 9 D · 0 R
Maine 0 D · 2 R
Maine 2 D · 0 R
Michigan 12 D · 7 R
Michigan 6 D · 7 R
Minnesota 3 D · 5 R
Minnesota 4 D · 4 R
Missouri 6 D · 4 R
Missouri 2 D · 6 R
Mississippi 3 D · 2 R
Mississippi 1 D · 3 R
Montana 1 D · 1 R
Montana 0 D · 2 R
North Carolina 7 D · 4 R
North Carolina 4 D · 10 R
North Dakota 1 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 1 R
New Hampshire 1 D · 1 R
New Hampshire 2 D · 0 R
New Jersey 8 D · 7 R
New Jersey 9 D · 3 R
New Mexico 0 D · 2 R
New Mexico 3 D · 0 R
Nevada 1 D · 0 R
Nevada 3 D · 1 R
New York 22 D · 17 R
New York 19 D · 7 R
Ohio 10 D · 13 R
Ohio 5 D · 10 R
Oklahoma 5 D · 1 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 5 R
Oregon 3 D · 1 R
Oregon 5 D · 1 R
Pennsylvania 11 D · 13 R · 1 other
Pennsylvania 7 D · 10 R
Rhode Island 1 D · 1 R
Rhode Island 2 D · 0 R
South Carolina 2 D · 4 R
South Carolina 1 D · 6 R
South Dakota 1 D · 1 R
South Dakota 0 D · 1 R
Tennessee 5 D · 3 R
Tennessee 1 D · 8 R
Texas 19 D · 5 R
Texas 13 D · 24 R
Utah 0 D · 2 R
Utah 0 D · 4 R
Virginia 1 D · 9 R
Virginia 6 D · 5 R
Vermont 0 D · 1 R
Vermont 1 D · 0 R
Washington 5 D · 2 R
Washington 8 D · 2 R
Wisconsin 5 D · 4 R
Wisconsin 2 D · 6 R
West Virginia 2 D · 2 R
West Virginia 0 D · 2 R
Who joined and who left (430 in · 432 out)
Nicholas J. Begich III R
Alaska-AL
Robert B. Aderholt R
Alabama-4
Mike Rogers R
Alabama-3
Terri A. Sewell D
Alabama-7
Gary J. Palmer R
Alabama-6
Barry Moore R
Alabama-1
Dale W. Strong R
Alabama-5
Shomari Figures D
Alabama-2
Eric A. "Rick" Crawford R
Arkansas-1
Steve Womack R
Arkansas-3
J. French Hill R
Arkansas-2
Bruce Westerman R
Arkansas-4
Paul A. Gosar R
Arizona-9
David Schweikert R
Arizona-1
Andy Biggs R
Arizona-5
Greg Stanton D
Arizona-4
Elijah Crane R
Arizona-2
Juan Ciscomani R
Arizona-6
Yassamin Ansari D
Arizona-3
Abraham J. Hamadeh R
Arizona-8
Adelita S. Grijalva D
Arizona-7
Ken Calvert R
California-41
Judy Chu D
California-28
Jim Costa D
California-21
John Garamendi D
California-8
Zoe Lofgren D
California-18
Doris O. Matsui D
California-7
Tom McClintock R
California-5
Nancy Pelosi D
California-11
Brad Sherman D
California-32
Linda T. Sánchez D
California-38
Mike Thompson D
California-4
Maxine Waters D
California-43
Jared Huffman D
California-2
Ami Bera D
California-6
Julia Brownley D
California-26
Raul Ruiz D
California-25
Mark Takano D
California-39
Juan Vargas D
California-52
Scott H. Peters D
California-50
Mark DeSaulnier D
California-10
Pete Aguilar D
California-33
Ted Lieu D
California-36
Norma J. Torres D
California-35
Ro Khanna D
California-17
Jimmy Panetta D
California-19
Salud O. Carbajal D
California-24
Nanette Diaz Barragán D
California-44
J. Luis Correa D
California-46
Jimmy Gomez D
California-34
Josh Harder D
California-9
Mike Levin D
California-49
Darrell Issa R
California-48
David G. Valadao R
California-22
Jay Obernolte R
California-23
Young Kim R
California-40
Sara Jacobs D
California-51
Kevin Mullin D
California-15
Sydney Kamlager-Dove D
California-37
Robert Garcia D
California-42
Vince Fong R
California-20
Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr. D
California-31
Lateefah Simon D
California-12
Adam Gray D
California-13
Sam T. Liccardo D
California-16
George Whitesides D
California-27
Luz M. Rivas D
California-29
Laura Friedman D
California-30
Derek Tran D
California-45
Dave Min D
California-47
Kevin Kiley I
California-3
James Gallagher R
California-1
Aisha Wahab D
California-14
Diana DeGette D
Colorado-1
Joe Neguse D
Colorado-2
Jason Crow D
Colorado-6
Lauren Boebert R
Colorado-4
Brittany Pettersen D
Colorado-7
Jeff Hurd R
Colorado-3
Jeff Crank R
Colorado-5
Gabe Evans R
Colorado-8
Joe Courtney D
Connecticut-2
Rosa L. DeLauro D
Connecticut-3
James A. Himes D
Connecticut-4
John B. Larson D
Connecticut-1
Jahana Hayes D
Connecticut-5
Sarah McBride D
Delaware-AL
Gus M. Bilirakis R
Florida-12
Vern Buchanan R
Florida-16
Kathy Castor D
Florida-14
Mario Diaz-Balart R
Florida-26
Debbie Wasserman Schultz D
Florida-25
Daniel Webster R
Florida-11
Frederica S. Wilson D
Florida-24
Lois Frankel D
Florida-22
Neal P. Dunn R
Florida-2
John H. Rutherford R
Florida-5
Darren Soto D
Florida-9
Brian J. Mast R
Florida-21
W. Gregory Steube R
Florida-17
Kat Cammack R
Florida-3
Scott Franklin R
Florida-18
Byron Donalds R
Florida-19
Carlos A. Gimenez R
Florida-28
Maria Elvira Salazar R
Florida-27
Aaron Bean R
Florida-4
Cory Mills R
Florida-7
Maxwell Frost D
Florida-10
Anna Paulina Luna R
Florida-13
Laurel M. Lee R
Florida-15
Jared Moskowitz D
Florida-23
Mike Haridopolos R
Florida-8
Jimmy Patronis R
Florida-1
Randy Fine R
Florida-6
Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. D
Georgia-2
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. D
Georgia-4
Austin Scott R
Georgia-8
Earl L. "Buddy" Carter R
Georgia-1
Barry Loudermilk R
Georgia-11
Rick W. Allen R
Georgia-12
Lucy McBath D
Georgia-6
Nikema Williams D
Georgia-5
Andrew S. Clyde R
Georgia-9
Richard McCormick R
Georgia-7
Mike Collins R
Georgia-10
Brian Jack R
Georgia-3
Clay Fuller R
Georgia-14
Everton Blair Jr. D
Georgia-13
Ed Case D
Hawaii-1
Jill N. Tokuda D
Hawaii-2
Ashley Hinson R
Iowa-2
Mariannette Miller-Meeks R
Iowa-1
Randy Feenstra R
Iowa-4
Zachary Nunn R
Iowa-3
Michael K. Simpson R
Idaho-2
Russ Fulcher R
Idaho-1
Danny K. Davis D
Illinois-7
Mike Quigley D
Illinois-5
Janice D. Schakowsky D
Illinois-9
Bill Foster D
Illinois-11
Robin L. Kelly D
Illinois-2
Mike Bost R
Illinois-12
Darin LaHood R
Illinois-16
Bradley Scott Schneider D
Illinois-10
Raja Krishnamoorthi D
Illinois-8
Jesús G. "Chuy" García D
Illinois-4
Sean Casten D
Illinois-6
Lauren Underwood D
Illinois-14
Mary E. Miller R
Illinois-15
Jonathan L. Jackson D
Illinois-1
Delia C. Ramirez D
Illinois-3
Nikki Budzinski D
Illinois-13
Eric Sorensen D
Illinois-17
André Carson D
Indiana-7
James R. Baird R
Indiana-4
Frank J. Mrvan D
Indiana-1
Victoria Spartz R
Indiana-5
Rudy Yakym III R
Indiana-2
Erin Houchin R
Indiana-9
Marlin A. Stutzman R
Indiana-3
Jefferson Shreve R
Indiana-6
Mark B. Messmer R
Indiana-8
Ron Estes R
Kansas-4
Sharice Davids D
Kansas-3
Tracey Mann R
Kansas-1
Derek Schmidt R
Kansas-2
Brett Guthrie R
Kentucky-2
Thomas Massie R
Kentucky-4
Andy Barr R
Kentucky-6
James Comer R
Kentucky-1
Morgan McGarvey D
Kentucky-3
Steve Scalise R
Louisiana-1
Clay Higgins R
Louisiana-3
Mike Johnson R
Louisiana-4
Julia Letlow R
Louisiana-5
Troy A. Carter D
Louisiana-2
Cleo Fields D
Louisiana-6
William R. Keating D
Massachusetts-9
Stephen F. Lynch D
Massachusetts-8
James P. McGovern D
Massachusetts-2
Richard E. Neal D
Massachusetts-1
Katherine M. Clark D
Massachusetts-5
Seth Moulton D
Massachusetts-6
Lori Trahan D
Massachusetts-3
Ayanna Pressley D
Massachusetts-7
Jake Auchincloss D
Massachusetts-4
Andy Harris R
Maryland-1
Jamie Raskin D
Maryland-8
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Glenn Ivey D
Maryland-4
Johnny Olszewski, Jr. D
Maryland-2
Sarah Elfreth D
Maryland-3
April McClain Delaney D
Maryland-6
Chellie Pingree D
Maine-1
Jared F. Golden D
Maine-2
Bill Huizenga R
Michigan-4
Tim Walberg R
Michigan-5
John R. Moolenaar R
Michigan-2
Debbie Dingell D
Michigan-6
Jack Bergman R
Michigan-1
Haley M. Stevens D
Michigan-11
Rashida Tlaib D
Michigan-12
Lisa C. McClain R
Michigan-9
Hillary J. Scholten D
Michigan-3
John James R
Michigan-10
Shri Thanedar D
Michigan-13
Tom Barrett R
Michigan-7
Kristen McDonald Rivet D
Michigan-8
Betty McCollum D
Minnesota-4
Tom Emmer R
Minnesota-6
Angie Craig D
Minnesota-2
Ilhan Omar D
Minnesota-5
Pete Stauber R
Minnesota-8
Michelle Fischbach R
Minnesota-7
Brad Finstad R
Minnesota-1
Kelly Morrison D
Minnesota-3
Emanuel Cleaver D
Missouri-5
Sam Graves R
Missouri-6
Ann Wagner R
Missouri-2
Jason Smith R
Missouri-8
Mark Alford R
Missouri-4
Eric Burlison R
Missouri-7
Wesley Bell D
Missouri-1
Robert F. Onder, Jr. R
Missouri-3
Bennie G. Thompson D
Mississippi-2
Trent Kelly R
Mississippi-1
Michael Guest R
Mississippi-3
Mike Ezell R
Mississippi-4
Ryan K. Zinke R
Montana-1
Troy Downing R
Montana-2
Virginia Foxx R
North Carolina-5
Richard Hudson R
North Carolina-9
Alma S. Adams D
North Carolina-12
David Rouzer R
North Carolina-7
Gregory F. Murphy R
North Carolina-3
Deborah K. Ross D
North Carolina-2
Donald G. Davis D
North Carolina-1
Valerie P. Foushee D
North Carolina-4
Chuck Edwards R
North Carolina-11
Addison P. McDowell R
North Carolina-6
Mark Harris R
North Carolina-8
Pat Harrigan R
North Carolina-10
Brad Knott R
North Carolina-13
Tim Moore R
North Carolina-14
Julie Fedorchak R
North Dakota-AL
Adrian Smith R
Nebraska-3
Don Bacon R
Nebraska-2
Mike Flood R
Nebraska-1
Chris Pappas D
New Hampshire-1
Maggie Goodlander D
New Hampshire-2
Frank Pallone, Jr. D
New Jersey-6
Donald Norcross D
New Jersey-1
Bonnie Watson Coleman D
New Jersey-12
Josh Gottheimer D
New Jersey-5
Jefferson Van Drew R
New Jersey-2
Thomas H. Kean, Jr. R
New Jersey-7
Robert Menendez D
New Jersey-8
LaMonica McIver D
New Jersey-10
Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. D
New Jersey-3
Nellie Pou D
New Jersey-9
Analilia Mejia D
New Jersey-11
Teresa Leger Fernandez D
New Mexico-3
Melanie A. Stansbury D
New Mexico-1
Gabe Vasquez D
New Mexico-2
Mark E. Amodei R
Nevada-2
Dina Titus D
Nevada-1
Steven Horsford D
Nevada-4
Susie Lee D
Nevada-3
Yvette D. Clarke D
New York-9
Gregory W. Meeks D
New York-5
Jerrold Nadler D
New York-12
Paul Tonko D
New York-20
Nydia M. Velázquez D
New York-7
Grace Meng D
New York-6
Hakeem S. Jeffries D
New York-8
Elise M. Stefanik R
New York-21
Adriano Espaillat D
New York-13
Joseph D. Morelle D
New York-25
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D
New York-14
Andrew R. Garbarino R
New York-2
Nicole Malliotakis R
New York-11
Ritchie Torres D
New York-15
Claudia Tenney R
New York-24
Patrick Ryan D
New York-18
Nick LaLota R
New York-1
Daniel S. Goldman D
New York-10
Michael Lawler R
New York-17
Nicholas A. Langworthy R
New York-23
Thomas R. Suozzi D
New York-3
Timothy M. Kennedy D
New York-26
Laura Gillen D
New York-4
George Latimer D
New York-16
Josh Riley D
New York-19
John W. Mannion D
New York-22
Jim Jordan R
Ohio-4
Marcy Kaptur D
Ohio-9
Robert E. Latta R
Ohio-5
Michael R. Turner R
Ohio-10
Joyce Beatty D
Ohio-3
David P. Joyce R
Ohio-14
Warren Davidson R
Ohio-8
Troy Balderson R
Ohio-12
Shontel M. Brown D
Ohio-11
Mike Carey R
Ohio-15
Greg Landsman D
Ohio-1
Max L. Miller R
Ohio-7
Emilia Strong Sykes D
Ohio-13
Michael A. Rulli R
Ohio-6
David J. Taylor R
Ohio-2
Tom Cole R
Oklahoma-4
Frank D. Lucas R
Oklahoma-3
Kevin Hern R
Oklahoma-1
Stephanie I. Bice R
Oklahoma-5
Josh Brecheen R
Oklahoma-2
Suzanne Bonamici D
Oregon-1
Cliff Bentz R
Oregon-2
Val T. Hoyle D
Oregon-4
Andrea Salinas D
Oregon-6
Maxine Dexter D
Oregon-3
Janelle S. Bynum D
Oregon-5
Mike Kelly R
Pennsylvania-16
Glenn Thompson R
Pennsylvania-15
Scott Perry R
Pennsylvania-10
Brendan F. Boyle D
Pennsylvania-2
Dwight Evans D
Pennsylvania-3
Brian K. Fitzpatrick R
Pennsylvania-1
Lloyd Smucker R
Pennsylvania-11
Mary Gay Scanlon D
Pennsylvania-5
Madeleine Dean D
Pennsylvania-4
Chrissy Houlahan D
Pennsylvania-6
Daniel Meuser R
Pennsylvania-9
John Joyce R
Pennsylvania-13
Guy Reschenthaler R
Pennsylvania-14
Summer L. Lee D
Pennsylvania-12
Christopher R. Deluzio D
Pennsylvania-17
Ryan Mackenzie R
Pennsylvania-7
Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. R
Pennsylvania-8
Seth Magaziner D
Rhode Island-2
Gabe Amo D
Rhode Island-1
James E. Clyburn D
South Carolina-6
Joe Wilson R
South Carolina-2
Ralph Norman R
South Carolina-5
William R. Timmons IV R
South Carolina-4
Nancy Mace R
South Carolina-1
Russell Fry R
South Carolina-7
Sheri Biggs R
South Carolina-3
Dusty Johnson R
South Dakota-AL
Steve Cohen D
Tennessee-9
Scott DesJarlais R
Tennessee-4
Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann R
Tennessee-3
David Kustoff R
Tennessee-8
Tim Burchett R
Tennessee-2
John W. Rose R
Tennessee-6
Diana Harshbarger R
Tennessee-1
Andrew Ogles R
Tennessee-5
Matt Van Epps R
Tennessee-7
John R. Carter R
Texas-31
Henry Cuellar D
Texas-28
Lloyd Doggett D
Texas-37
Al Green D
Texas-9
Michael T. McCaul R
Texas-10
Randy K. Weber, Sr. R
Texas-14
Joaquin Castro D
Texas-20
Roger Williams R
Texas-25
Marc A. Veasey D
Texas-33
Brian Babin R
Texas-36
Vicente Gonzalez D
Texas-34
Jodey C. Arrington R
Texas-19
Michael Cloud R
Texas-27
Dan Crenshaw R
Texas-2
Lance Gooden R
Texas-5
Lizzie Fletcher D
Texas-7
Veronica Escobar D
Texas-16
Chip Roy R
Texas-21
Sylvia R. Garcia D
Texas-29
Pete Sessions R
Texas-17
Pat Fallon R
Texas-4
August Pfluger R
Texas-11
Ronny Jackson R
Texas-13
Troy E. Nehls R
Texas-22
Beth Van Duyne R
Texas-24
Jake Ellzey R
Texas-6
Nathaniel Moran R
Texas-1
Keith Self R
Texas-3
Morgan Luttrell R
Texas-8
Monica De La Cruz R
Texas-15
Jasmine Crockett D
Texas-30
Greg Casar D
Texas-35
Wesley Hunt R
Texas-38
Craig A. Goldman R
Texas-12
Brandon Gill R
Texas-26
Julie Johnson D
Texas-32
Christian D. Menefee D
Texas-18
Blake D. Moore R
Utah-1
Burgess Owens R
Utah-4
Celeste Maloy R
Utah-2
Mike Kennedy R
Utah-3
H. Morgan Griffith R
Virginia-9
Robert C. "Bobby" Scott D
Virginia-3
Robert J. Wittman R
Virginia-1
Donald S. Beyer, Jr. D
Virginia-8
Ben Cline R
Virginia-6
Jennifer A. Kiggans R
Virginia-2
Jennifer L. McClellan D
Virginia-4
John J. McGuire III R
Virginia-5
Eugene Simon Vindman D
Virginia-7
Suhas Subramanyam D
Virginia-10
James R. Walkinshaw D
Virginia-11
Becca Balint D
Vermont-AL
Rick Larsen D
Washington-2
Adam Smith D
Washington-9
Suzan K. DelBene D
Washington-1
Dan Newhouse R
Washington-4
Pramila Jayapal D
Washington-7
Kim Schrier D
Washington-8
Marilyn Strickland D
Washington-10
Marie Gluesenkamp Perez D
Washington-3
Michael Baumgartner R
Washington-5
Emily Randall D
Washington-6
Gwen Moore D
Wisconsin-4
Mark Pocan D
Wisconsin-2
Glenn Grothman R
Wisconsin-6
Bryan Steil R
Wisconsin-1
Thomas P. Tiffany R
Wisconsin-7
Scott Fitzgerald R
Wisconsin-5
Derrick Van Orden R
Wisconsin-3
Tony Wied R
Wisconsin-8
Carol D. Miller R
West Virginia-1
Riley M. Moore R
West Virginia-2
Harriet M. Hageman R
Wyoming-AL
Don Young R
Alaska-AL
Albert Lee Smith Jr. R
Alabama-6
William Jackson Edwards R
Alabama-1
William Flynt Nichols D
Alabama-3
Ronnie Gene Flippo D
Alabama-5
William Louis Dickinson R
Alabama-2
Tom Bevill D
Alabama-4
Richard C. Shelby D
Alabama-7
Edwin Ruthvin Bethune Jr. R
Arkansas-2
William Vollie Alexander Jr. D
Arkansas-1
Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. D
Arkansas-4
John Paul Hammerschmidt R
Arkansas-3
John Jacob Rhodes R
Arizona-1
Eldon Dean Rudd R
Arizona-4
Morris King Udall D
Arizona-2
Robert Stump D
Arizona-3
Clair Walter Burgener R
California-43
John Lowell Burton D
California-5
Donald Holst Clausen R
California-2
George Elmore Danielson D
California-30
Barry Morris Goldwater Jr. R
California-20
Wayne Richard Grisham R
California-33
Paul Norton McCloskey Jr. R
California-12
John Harbin Rousselot R
California-26
Phillip Burton D
California-6
Jerry Mumford Patterson D
California-38
Eugene A. Chappie R
California-1
Bobbi Fiedler R
California-21
Robert Edward Badham R
California-40
Anthony Lee Coelho D
California-15
Augustus Freeman Hawkins D
California-29
Charles Pashayan Jr. R
California-17
Norman David Shumway R
California-14
Glenn Malcolm Anderson D
California-32
William Edwin Dannemeyer R
California-39
Mervyn Malcolm Dymally D
California-31
Robert John Lagomarsino R
California-19
William David Lowery R
California-41
Edward Ross Roybal D
California-25
William Donlon Edwards D
California-10
Leon Edward Panetta D
California-16
Anthony Charles Beilenson D
California-23
Robert Kenneth Dornan R
California-27
Norman Yoshio Mineta D
California-13
Carlos John Moorhead R
California-22
Ronald Vernie Dellums D
California-8
Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. D
California-4
George E. Brown Jr. D
California-36
Julian C. Dixon D
California-28
Robert T. Matsui D
California-3
William M. Thomas R
California-18
Duncan L. Hunter R
California-42
Tom Lantos D
California-11
David Dreier R
California-35
Jerry Lewis R
California-37
Daniel E. Lungren R
California-34
Fortney Pete Stark D
California-9
George Miller D
California-7
Henry A. Waxman D
California-24
Raymond Peter Kogovsek D
Colorado-3
Kenneth Bentley Kramer R
Colorado-5
Timothy E. Wirth D
Colorado-2
George Hanks Brown R
Colorado-4
Patricia Scott Schroeder D
Colorado-1
William Ross Cotter D
Connecticut-1
Lawrence Joseph DeNardis R
Connecticut-3
Anthony John Moffett Jr. D
Connecticut-6
William Richard Ratchford D
Connecticut-5
Stewart Brett McKinney R
Connecticut-4
Sam Gejdenson D
Connecticut-2
Thomas Beverley Evans Jr. R
Delaware-AL
Louis Arthur Bafalis R
Florida-10
Don Fuqua D
Florida-2
William Venroe Chappell Jr. D
Florida-4
Daniel Andrew Mica D
Florida-11
Claude Denson Pepper D
Florida-14
Charles Edward Bennett D
Florida-3
Dante Bruno Fascell D
Florida-15
Andrew Poysell Ireland D
Florida-8
William Lehman D
Florida-13
Earl Dewitt Hutto D
Florida-1
Sam Melville Gibbons D
Florida-7
Bill McCollum R
Florida-5
E. Clay Shaw Jr. R
Florida-12
C. W. Bill Young R
Florida-6
Bill Nelson D
Florida-9
Jack Thomas Brinkley D
Georgia-3
Billy Lee Evans D
Georgia-8
Ronald Bryan Ginn D
Georgia-1
Elliott Harris Levitas D
Georgia-4
Lawrence Patton McDonald D
Georgia-7
Wyche Fowler Jr. D
Georgia-5
Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. D
Georgia-10
Charles Floyd Hatcher D
Georgia-2
Edgar Lanier Jenkins D
Georgia-9
Newton Leroy Gingrich R
Georgia-6
Cecil Landau Heftel D
Hawaii-1
Daniel K. Akaka D
Hawaii-2
Berkley Warren Bedell D
Iowa-6
Thomas Cooper Evans R
Iowa-3
Thomas Joseph Tauke R
Iowa-2
Neal Edward Smith D
Iowa-4
James A. Leach R
Iowa-1
Tom Harkin D
Iowa-5
George Vernon Hansen R
Idaho-2
Larry E. Craig R
Idaho-1
Edward Joseph Derwinski R
Illinois-4
John G. Fary D
Illinois-5
Paul Findley R
Illinois-20
Robert McClory R
Illinois-13
Thomas Fisher Railsback R
Illinois-19
Thomas Joseph Corcoran R
Illinois-15
Daniel Bever Crane R
Illinois-22
John Neal Erlenborn R
Illinois-14
Harold Washington D
Illinois-1
George Miller O’Brien R
Illinois-17
Charles Melvin Price D
Illinois-23
Lynn Morley Martin R
Illinois-16
Frank Annunzio D
Illinois-11
Edward Rell Madigan R
Illinois-21
Martin Anthony Russo D
Illinois-3
Gus Savage D
Illinois-2
Paul Martin Simon D
Illinois-24
Robert Henry Michel R
Illinois-18
Daniel David Rostenkowski D
Illinois-8
Cardiss Collins D
Illinois-7
Sidney Richard Yates D
Illinois-9
John Edward Porter R
Illinois-10
Philip M. Crane R
Illinois-12
Henry John Hyde R
Illinois-6
Adam Benjamin Jr. D
Indiana-1
Huey Joel Deckard R
Indiana-8
David Walter Evans D
Indiana-6
Floyd James Fithian D
Indiana-2
Elwood Haynes Hillis R
Indiana-5
John Patrick Hiler R
Indiana-3
Philip Riley Sharp D
Indiana-10
Andrew Jacobs Jr. D
Indiana-11
John Thomas Myers R
Indiana-7
Lee Herbert Hamilton D
Indiana-9
Daniel Coats R
Indiana-4
James Edmund Jeffries R
Kansas-2
Edward Lawrence Winn Jr. R
Kansas-3
Robert Russell Whittaker R
Kansas-5
Daniel Robert Glickman D
Kansas-4
Pat Roberts R
Kansas-1
Carl Dewey Perkins D
Kentucky-7
Marion Gene Snyder R
Kentucky-4
Larry Jones Hopkins R
Kentucky-6
Carroll Hubbard Jr. D
Kentucky-1
Romano Louis Mazzoli D
Kentucky-3
William Huston Natcher D
Kentucky-2
Gillis William Long D
Louisiana-8
William Henson Moore III R
Louisiana-6
Charles Elson Roemer III D
Louisiana-4
Corinne Claiborne Boggs D
Louisiana-2
Thomas Jerald Huckaby D
Louisiana-5
John B. Breaux D
Louisiana-7
Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. R
Louisiana-1
William J. Tauzin D
Louisiana-3
Margaret M. Heckler R
Massachusetts-10
James Michael Shannon D
Massachusetts-5
Thomas Phillip O’Neill Jr. D
Massachusetts-8
Edward Patrick Boland D
Massachusetts-2
Silvio Ottavio Conte R
Massachusetts-1
Brian Joseph Donnelly D
Massachusetts-11
Joseph Daniel Early D
Massachusetts-3
Nicholas James Mavroules D
Massachusetts-6
Gerry Eastman Studds D
Massachusetts-12
John Joseph Moakley D
Massachusetts-9
Barney Frank D
Massachusetts-4
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts-7
Clarence Dickinson Long D
Maryland-2
Michael Darr Barnes D
Maryland-8
Marjorie Sewell Holt R
Maryland-4
Parren James Mitchell D
Maryland-7
Royden Patrick Dyson D
Maryland-1
Beverly Barton Butcher Byron D
Maryland-6
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland-3
David Farnham Emery R
Maine-1
Olympia J. Snowe R
Maine-2
James Johnston Blanchard D
Michigan-18
William McNulty Brodhead D
Michigan-17
James Whitney Dunn R
Michigan-6
David Alan Stockman R
Michigan-4
Donald Joseph Albosta D
Michigan-10
Harold Samuel Sawyer R
Michigan-5
George William Crockett Jr. D
Michigan-13
William S. Broomfield R
Michigan-19
Robert William Davis R
Michigan-11
Dennis Mark Hertel D
Michigan-14
Carl Duane Pursell R
Michigan-2
Jerome Bob Traxler D
Michigan-8
Guy Adrian Vander Jagt R
Michigan-9
Howard Eliot Wolpe III D
Michigan-3
William David Ford D
Michigan-15
David E. Bonior D
Michigan-12
Dale E. Kildee D
Michigan-7
John D. Dingell D
Michigan-16
John Conyers, Jr. D
Michigan-1
Arlen Ingolf Erdahl R
Minnesota-1
Thomas Michael Hagedorn R
Minnesota-2
William Eldridge Frenzel R
Minnesota-3
Arlan Ingehart Stangeland R
Minnesota-7
John Vincent Weber R
Minnesota-6
Bruce F. Vento D
Minnesota-4
Martin Olav Sabo D
Minnesota-5
James L. Oberstar D
Minnesota-8
R. Wendell Bailey R
Missouri-8
Richard Walker Bolling D
Missouri-5
Robert Anton Young III D
Missouri-2
Gene Taylor R
Missouri-7
Earl Thomas Coleman R
Missouri-6
Norvell William Emerson R
Missouri-10
Harold Lee Volkmer D
Missouri-9
William Lacy Clay Sr. D
Missouri-1
Richard Andrew Gephardt D
Missouri-3
Ike Skelton D
Missouri-4
David Reece Bowen D
Mississippi-2
Jon Clifton Hinson R
Mississippi-4
Jamie Lloyd Whitten D
Mississippi-1
Gillespie V. Montgomery D
Mississippi-3
Trent Lott R
Mississippi-5
Ronald Charles Marlenee R
Montana-2
John Patrick Williams D
Montana-1
Lawrence H. Fountain D
North Carolina-2
Walter Eugene Johnston III R
North Carolina-6
Ike Franklin Andrews D
North Carolina-4
James Grubbs Martin R
North Carolina-9
William Martin Hendon R
North Carolina-11
Charles Orville Whitley D
North Carolina-3
James Thomas Broyhill R
North Carolina-10
Walter Beaman Jones Sr. D
North Carolina-1
Stephen Lybrook Neal D
North Carolina-5
Charles Grandison Rose III D
North Carolina-7
Willie Gathrel Hefner D
North Carolina-8
Byron L. Dorgan D
North Dakota-AL
Harold John, Jr., Daub R
Nebraska-2
Virginia Dodd Smith R
Nebraska-3
Douglas K. Bereuter R
Nebraska-1
Norman Edward D’Amours D
New Hampshire-1
Judd A. Gregg R
New Hampshire-2
Millicent Hammond Fenwick R
New Jersey-5
Harold Capistran Hollenbeck R
New Jersey-9
Edwin Bell Forsythe R
New Jersey-6
Joseph George Minish D
New Jersey-11
James John Howard D
New Jersey-3
Peter Wallace Rodino Jr. D
New Jersey-10
James Andrew Courter R
New Jersey-13
James Joseph Florio D
New Jersey-1
Bernard James Dwyer D
New Jersey-15
Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. D
New Jersey-14
Matthew John Rinaldo R
New Jersey-12
Robert A. Roe D
New Jersey-8
William John Hughes D
New Jersey-2
Marge Roukema R
New Jersey-7
Manuel Luján Jr. R
New Mexico-1
Joseph Skeen R
New Mexico-2
James David Santini D
Nevada-AL
Jonathan Brewster Bingham D
New York-22
Gregory Wright Carman R
New York-3
Shirley Anita Chisholm D
New York-12
John LeBoutillier R
New York-6
Gary Alcide Lee R
New York-33
Donald Jerome Mitchell R
New York-31
Peter A. Peyser D
New York-23
Frederick William Richmond D
New York-14
Leo C. Zeferetti D
New York-15
Barber Benjamin Conable Jr. R
New York-35
Geraldine Anne Ferraro D
New York-9
Richard Lawrence Ottinger D
New York-24
Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal D
New York-8
Joseph Patrick Addabbo D
New York-7
William Carney R
New York-1
Stanley Nelson Lundine D
New York-39
Mario Biaggi D
New York-10
Jack French Kemp R
New York-38
Samuel Studdiford Stratton D
New York-28
George Cornelius Wortley R
New York-32
Robert Garcia D
New York-21
Guy Victor Molinari R
New York-17
Thomas Joseph Downey D
New York-2
Sedgwick William Green R
New York-18
Frank Jefferson Horton R
New York-34
Norman Frederick Lent R
New York-4
David O’Brien Martin R
New York-30
Raymond Joseph McGrath R
New York-5
Matthew Francis McHugh D
New York-27
Henry James Nowak D
New York-37
James Haas Scheuer D
New York-11
Stephen Joshua Solarz D
New York-13
Theodore S. Weiss D
New York-20
Hamilton Fish Jr. R
New York-25
Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon R
New York-29
Benjamin Gilman R
New York-26
John J. LaFalce D
New York-36
Charles B. Rangel D
New York-19
Charles E. Schumer D
New York-16
Jean Spencer Ashbrook R
Ohio-17
Clarence J. Brown Jr. R
Ohio-7
Tennyson Guyer R
Ohio-4
Ronald Milton Mottl D
Ohio-23
Robert Norton Shamansky D
Ohio-12
John William Stanton R
Ohio-11
Edward Ford Weber R
Ohio-9
Lyle Williams R
Ohio-19
Thomas Norman Kindness R
Ohio-8
John Frederick Seiberling D
Ohio-14
Delbert Leroy Latta R
Ohio-5
Thomas Andrew Luken D
Ohio-2
Dennis Edward Eckart D
Ohio-22
Bob McEwen R
Ohio-6
Clarence E. Miller R
Ohio-10
Mary Rose Oakar D
Ohio-20
Donald James Pease D
Ohio-13
Chalmers Pangburn Wylie R
Ohio-15
Douglas Earl Applegate D
Ohio-18
Willis David Gradison Jr. R
Ohio-1
Louis Stokes D
Ohio-21
Tony P. Hall D
Ohio-3
Ralph Regula R
Ohio-16
James Robert Jones D
Oklahoma-1
Marvin Henry Edwards R
Oklahoma-5
Glenn Lee English Jr. D
Oklahoma-6
David Keith McCurdy D
Oklahoma-4
Michael Lynn Synar D
Oklahoma-2
Wes Watkins D
Oklahoma-3
James Howard Weaver D
Oregon-4
Dennis Alan Smith R
Oregon-2
Les AuCoin D
Oregon-1
Ron Wyden D
Oregon-3
Eugene Vincent Atkinson R
Pennsylvania-25
Donald Allen Bailey D
Pennsylvania-21
James Kitchenman Coyne III R
Pennsylvania-8
Charles Francis Dougherty R
Pennsylvania-4
Allen Edward Ertel D
Pennsylvania-17
Raymond Francis Lederer D
Pennsylvania-3
Marc Lincoln Marks R
Pennsylvania-24
James Leo Nelligan R
Pennsylvania-11
Robert William Edgar D
Pennsylvania-7
Douglas Walgren D
Pennsylvania-18
Robert Lawrence Coughlin R
Pennsylvania-13
Joseph Matthew Gaydos D
Pennsylvania-20
William Herbert Gray III D
Pennsylvania-2
Donald Lawrence Ritter R
Pennsylvania-15
Richard Taylor Schulze R
Pennsylvania-5
Gus Yatron D
Pennsylvania-6
Austin John Murphy D
Pennsylvania-22
William Floyd Clinger Jr. R
Pennsylvania-23
Robert Smith Walker R
Pennsylvania-16
Thomas Michael Foglietta I
Pennsylvania-1
Joseph Michael McDade R
Pennsylvania-10
William F. Goodling R
Pennsylvania-19
William J. Coyne D
Pennsylvania-14
Elmer Greinert Shuster R
Pennsylvania-9
John P. Murtha D
Pennsylvania-12
Fernand Joseph St. Germain D
Rhode Island-1
Claudine Schneider R
Rhode Island-2
Kenneth Lamar Holland D
South Carolina-5
John Light Napier R
South Carolina-6
Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. R
South Carolina-4
Thomas Forbes Hartnett R
South Carolina-1
Butler Carson Derrick Jr. D
South Carolina-3
Floyd Spence R
South Carolina-2
Clint Ronald Roberts R
South Dakota-2
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota-1
Robin Leo Beard Jr. R
Tennessee-6
William Hill Boner D
Tennessee-5
John James Duncan R
Tennessee-2
Ed Jones D
Tennessee-7
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. D
Tennessee-4
Marilyn Laird Lloyd D
Tennessee-3
Harold Eugene Ford D
Tennessee-8
James Henry Quillen R
Tennessee-1
James Mitchell Collins R
Texas-3
James Albon Mattox D
Texas-5
Richard Crawford White D
Texas-16
Kent Ronald Hance D
Texas-19
Jack English Hightower D
Texas-13
Abraham Kazen Jr. D
Texas-23
William Neff Patman D
Texas-14
Sam Blakeley Hall Jr. D
Texas-1
Thomas Gilbert Loeffler R
Texas-21
James Marvin Leath D
Texas-11
George Thomas Leland D
Texas-18
James Claude Wright Jr. D
Texas-12
Jack Bascom Brooks D
Texas-9
James Jarrell Pickle D
Texas-10
Jack Milton Fields Jr. R
Texas-8
Charles Wilson D
Texas-2
Eligio II de la Garza D
Texas-15
Henry Barbosa González D
Texas-20
Phil Gramm D
Texas-6
Bill Archer R
Texas-7
Jonas Frost III D
Texas-24
Charles W. Stenholm D
Texas-17
Ron Paul R
Texas-22
Ralph M. Hall D
Texas-4
David Daniel Marriott R
Utah-2
James V. Hansen R
Utah-1
Manley Caldwell Butler R
Virginia-6
Robert Williams Daniel Jr. R
Virginia-4
William Creed Wampler R
Virginia-9
James Kenneth Robinson R
Virginia-7
Paul Seward Trible Jr. R
Virginia-1
George William Whitehurst R
Virginia-2
Wilbur Clarence Daniel D
Virginia-5
Stanford E. Parris R
Virginia-8
Tom Bliley R
Virginia-3
Frank R. Wolf R
Virginia-10
James M. Jeffords R
Vermont-AL
Joel McFee Pritchard R
Washington-1
Don Leroy Bonker D
Washington-3
Michael Edward Lowry D
Washington-7
Sidney Wallace Morrison R
Washington-4
Thomas Stephen Foley D
Washington-5
Allan Byron Swift D
Washington-2
Norman D. Dicks D
Washington-6
Henry Schoellkopf Reuss D
Wisconsin-5
Clement John Zablocki D
Wisconsin-4
Robert William Kastenmeier D
Wisconsin-2
Leslie Aspin D
Wisconsin-1
Steven Craig Gunderson R
Wisconsin-3
Toby A. Roth R
Wisconsin-8
David Ross Obey D
Wisconsin-7
Thomas E. Petri R
Wisconsin-6
F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. R
Wisconsin-9
Cleveland Keith Benedict R
West Virginia-2
Robert Homer Mollohan D
West Virginia-1
David Michael Staton R
West Virginia-3
Nick J. Rahall II D
West Virginia-4
Richard Bruce Cheney R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+9,982Congress.gov ↗
9,982 public laws enacted · 21 landmark · 2,459 notable · 5,020 routine · 2,482 ceremonial
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act) landmark
Pub. L. 99-603 · Nov 6, 1986
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 landmark
Pub. L. 104-193 · Aug 22, 1996
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001 landmark
Pub. L. 107-56 · Oct 26, 2001
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 landmark
Pub. L. 108-173 · Dec 8, 2003
Show 30 more notable laws
CHIPS and Science Act or Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act landmark
Pub. L. 117-167 · Aug 9, 2022
Intelligence Identities Protection Act
Pub. L. 97-200 · Jun 23, 1982
Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
Pub. L. 97-248 · Sep 3, 1982
Uniformed Services Former Spouses' Protection Act (USFSPA)
Pub. L. 97-252 · Sep 8, 1982
Codification of Title 31 of the United States Code
Pub. L. 97-258 · Sep 13, 1982
Rep. Peter Rodino D-NJ-10 · voice vote or unanimous consent · signed by Reagan
Bus Regulatory Reform Act
Pub. L. 97-261 · Sep 20, 1982
Job Training Partnership Act of 1982
Pub. L. 97-300 · Oct 13, 1982
Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
Pub. L. 97-320 · Oct 15, 1982
Rep. Fernand St Germain D-RI-1 · House 272–91 · signed by Reagan
Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982
Pub. L. 97-424 · Jan 6, 1983
Nuclear Waste Policy Act
Pub. L. 97-425 · Jan 7, 1983
Rep. Morris Udall D-AZ-2 · voice vote or unanimous consent · signed by Reagan
Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and Social Security Act
Pub. L. 97-455 · Jan 12, 1983
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
Pub. L. 98-8 · Mar 24, 1983
Social Security Amendments of 1983
Pub. L. 98-21 · Apr 20, 1983
Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
Pub. L. 98-67 · Aug 5, 1983
Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
Pub. L. 98-88 · Aug 26, 1983
Rep. E. de la Garza D-TX-15 · voice vote or unanimous consent · signed by Reagan
Martin Luther King Jr. Day law
Pub. L. 98-144 · Nov 2, 1983
Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983
Pub. L. 98-180 · Nov 29, 1983
Rep. Thomas Huckaby D-LA-5 · House 312–97 · signed by Reagan
Shipping Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-237 · Mar 20, 1984
Sen. Slade Gorton R-WA · Senate 74–12 · signed by Reagan
National Minimum Drinking Age Act
Pub. L. 98-363 · Jul 17, 1984
Rep. Glenn Anderson D-CA-32 · voice vote or unanimous consent · signed by Reagan
Land Remote-Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-365 · Jul 17, 1984
Rep. Don Fuqua D-FL-2 · voice vote or unanimous consent · signed by Reagan
Under each law: its sponsor, the final-passage roll call in each chamber (hover for the party split; no roll call means a voice vote or unanimous consent), and the president who signed it. Sources: Congress.gov, the House Clerk, and the Senate.
Judicial3 files+6,121−9
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 6 R · 3 D · every justice ↗
William Joseph Brennan, Jr. R
appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower · 1957
Byron Raymond White D
appointed by John F. Kennedy · 1962
Thurgood Marshall D
appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson · 1967 · confirmed 69–11
Warren Earl Burger R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1969 · confirmed 74–3
Harry Andrew Blackmun R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1970 · confirmed 94–0
Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1971 · confirmed 89–1
William Hubbs Rehnquist R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1971 · confirmed 68–26
John Paul Stevens R
appointed by Gerald Ford · 1975 · confirmed 98–0
Sandra Day O'Connor R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1981 · confirmed 99–0
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991 · confirmed 52–48
John Glover Roberts, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2005 · confirmed 78–22
Samuel A. Alito, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2006 · confirmed 58–42
Sonia Sotomayor D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2009 · confirmed 68–31
Elena Kagan D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2010 · confirmed 63–37
Neil M. Gorsuch R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2017 · confirmed 54–45
Brett M. Kavanaugh R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2018 · confirmed 50–48
Amy Coney Barrett R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2020 · confirmed 52–48
Ketanji Brown Jackson D
appointed by Joseph R. Biden · 2022 · confirmed 53–47
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): 67 D · 45 R · 18 N( → 92 R · 87 D
District courts (active judges): 273 D · 217 R · 9 N( → 373 D · 279 R
None (reassignment) N( appointed 16 judges
15 appeals · 1 district
Ronald Reagan R appointed 343 judges
3 Supreme Court · 75 appeals · 259 district · 6 other
George H.W. Bush R appointed 194 judges
2 Supreme Court · 42 appeals · 149 district · 1 other
William J. Clinton D appointed 383 judges
2 Supreme Court · 66 appeals · 310 district · 5 other
George W. Bush R appointed 328 judges
2 Supreme Court · 61 appeals · 263 district · 2 other
Barack Obama D appointed 330 judges
2 Supreme Court · 55 appeals · 269 district · 4 other
Donald J. Trump R appointed 293 judges
3 Supreme Court · 64 appeals · 222 district · 4 other
Joseph R. Biden D appointed 235 judges
1 Supreme Court · 45 appeals · 187 district · 2 other
5 circuits flipped majority
Second Circuit 4 D · 6 R (R majority)
Second Circuit 7 D · 6 R (D majority)
Fifth Circuit 8 D · 4 R (D majority)
Fifth Circuit 5 D · 12 R (R majority)
Sixth Circuit 7 D · 2 R (D majority)
Sixth Circuit 6 D · 10 R (R majority)
Eighth Circuit 5 D · 3 R (D majority)
Eighth Circuit 1 D · 10 R (R majority)
Eleventh Circuit 0 D · 0 R (tie majority)
Eleventh Circuit 5 D · 7 R (R majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+3,990Supreme Court Database ↗
3,990 argued decisions · 30 landmark
Railway Labor Executives' Assn. v. Gibbons
455 U.S. 457 · Mar 2, 1982 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Vacated · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Ross
456 U.S. 798 · Jun 1, 1982 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
458 U.S. 50 · Jun 28, 1982 · Decided 6–3 · Judicial Power · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
458 U.S. 941 · Jul 2, 1982 · Decided 7–2 · Federalism · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
United States v. Grace
461 U.S. 171 · Apr 20, 1983 · Decided 9–0 · First Amendment · Affirmed in part, reversed in part · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Bob Jones University v. United States
461 U.S. 574 · May 24, 1983 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Illinois v. Gates
462 U.S. 213 · Jun 8, 1983 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
462 U.S. 919 · Jun 23, 1983 · Decided 7–2 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
463 U.S. 60 · Jun 24, 1983 · Decided 8–0 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Michigan v. Long
463 U.S. 1032 · Jul 6, 1983 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Show 20 more
Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
Jan 23, 1984 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
United States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
Feb 22, 1984 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Limbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
Apr 18, 1984 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent
Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
Jun 19, 1984 · Decided 5–3 · Economic Activity · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
Jun 25, 1984 · Decided 6–0 · Economic Activity · Reversed
Federal Communications Commission v. League of Women Voters of California
Jul 2, 1984 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Regan v. Time, Inc.
Jul 3, 1984 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
Feb 19, 1985 · Decided 5–4 · Unions · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Federal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee
Mar 18, 1985 · Decided 7–2 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Miller
Apr 1, 1985 · Decided 8–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Aguilar v. Felton
Jul 1, 1985 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Daniels v. Williams
Jan 21, 1986 · Decided 9–0 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
United States v. Lane
Jan 27, 1986 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Overruled precedent
Batson v. Kentucky
Apr 30, 1986 · Decided 7–2 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Bowsher v. Synar
Jul 7, 1986 · Decided 7–2 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.
Dec 15, 1986 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Hodel v. Irving
May 18, 1987 · Decided 9–0 · Due Process · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Puerto Rico v. Branstad
Jun 23, 1987 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
Jun 23, 1987 · Decided 6–2 · Economic Activity · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Solorio v. United States
Jun 25, 1987 · Decided 6–3 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal3 files±0
fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+232% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 1982 → fiscal year 2025 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $746B
FY1982
Spending $7.01T
FY2025 · +840% nominal · +232% after inflation
Revenue $618B
FY1982
Revenue $5.24T
FY2025 · +748% nominal · +199% after inflation
Surplus / deficit −$128B
FY1982
Surplus / deficit −$1.77T
FY2025 · −$1.65T
Spending, % of GDP 22.5%
FY1982
Spending, % of GDP 23.1%
FY2025 · +0.6 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 27.9%
FY1982
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 99.5%
FY2025 · +71.6 pts
Spending by function · real change
A fiscal year still in progress has no actual figures yet, so the latest completed year is shown.
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$39.3TTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$998B
as of Sep 30, 1981
$40.3T
as of Oct 13, 2026
fiscal/economyPrices and jobs
+258% pricesBureau of Labor Statistics ↗
Prices rose 258% · a dollar in Dec 1981 bought what $3.58 buys in Sep 2026
Consumer prices 94.0
CPI-U, Dec 1981
Consumer prices 336.9
CPI-U, Sep 2026 · +258%
Unemployment 8.5%
Dec 1981
Unemployment 4.2%
Sep 2026 · −4.3 points
Latest monthly reading on or before each date. Prices are the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (from 1913); unemployment is the seasonally adjusted rate (from 1948).
Constitution & Union1 file+1
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
26 → 27 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
Amendment XXVII Congressional pay changes
ratified May 7, 1992 · Delays congressional pay changes until after the next House election. Proposed in 1789.
Reverts1 file−467
revert/undoneWhat was undone
335 executive orders revoked or superseded · 40 rules struck down by Congress · 92 Supreme Court precedents overruled
Trump revoked 110 orders: 80 by Biden, 18 by Obama, 6 by themselves, 4 by Clinton, 2 by Bush
Biden revoked 86 orders: 68 by Trump, 9 by Obama, 7 by themselves, 2 by Bush
Bush revoked 56 orders: 31 by Clinton, 25 by themselves
Obama revoked 51 orders: 27 by Bush, 19 by themselves, 5 by Clinton
Clinton revoked 32 orders: 32 by themselves
Show 325 more revoked orders
EO 14010 Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework To Address the Causes of Migration, To Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and To Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border
signed Feb 2, 2021 by Biden · revoked Jan 20, 2025 by EO 14148 (Trump)
EO 13088 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Jun 9, 1998 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
EO 13121 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting Trade Transactions Involving the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Apr 30, 1999 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
40 agency rules nullified under the Congressional Review Act
Show 34 more
92 decisions that overruled precedent
United States v. Ross
Jun 1, 1982 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
Jul 2, 1982 · 7-2 · Federalism
Bob Jones University v. United States
May 24, 1983 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
Illinois v. Gates
Jun 8, 1983 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Michigan v. Long
Jul 6, 1983 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
Jan 23, 1984 · 5-4 · Federalism
United States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
Feb 22, 1984 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Limbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
Apr 18, 1984 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Show 84 more
Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
Jun 19, 1984 · 5-3 · Economic Activity
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
Feb 19, 1985 · 5-4 · Unions
United States v. Miller
Apr 1, 1985 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
Daniels v. Williams
Jan 21, 1986 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
United States v. Lane
Jan 27, 1986 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Batson v. Kentucky
Apr 30, 1986 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Puerto Rico v. Branstad
Jun 23, 1987 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
Jun 23, 1987 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Solorio v. United States
Jun 25, 1987 · 6-3 · Civil Rights
Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
Jun 25, 1987 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
Mar 22, 1988 · 8-0 · Judicial Power
South Carolina v. Baker
Apr 20, 1988 · 7-1 · Federalism
Thornburgh v. Abbott
May 15, 1989 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
May 15, 1989 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Alabama v. Smith
Jun 12, 1989 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
Healy v. The Beer Institute
Jun 19, 1989 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
W. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
Jan 17, 1990 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Collins v. Youngblood
Jun 21, 1990 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Arizona v. Fulminante
Mar 26, 1991 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
California v. Acevedo
May 30, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Exxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
Jun 3, 1991 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Coleman v. Thompson
Jun 24, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Pervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
Jun 27, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
J. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
May 4, 1992 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Quill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
May 26, 1992 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
Jun 29, 1992 · 5-4 · Privacy
United States v. Dixon
Jun 28, 1993 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Nichols v. United States
Jun 6, 1994 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Director v. Greenwich Collieries
Jun 20, 1994 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
Hubbard v. United States
May 15, 1995 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
Jun 12, 1995 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
United States v. Gaudin
Jun 19, 1995 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Fulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
Feb 21, 1996 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
Mar 27, 1996 · 5-4 · Federalism
Inc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association
May 13, 1996 · 9-0 · First Amendment
Lewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr.
Jun 24, 1996 · 8-1 · Due Process
Rachel Agostini v. Betty-Louise Felton
Jun 23, 1997 · 5-4 · First Amendment
State Oil Company v. Barkat U. Khan and Khan & Associates, Inc.
Nov 4, 1997 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Hudson v. United States
Dec 10, 1997 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Arnold F. Hohn v. United States
Jun 15, 1998 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
Mar 24, 1999 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
Jun 23, 1999 · 5-4 · Federalism
Guy Mitchell v. Helms
Jun 28, 2000 · 6-3 · First Amendment
United States v. Hatter
May 21, 2001 · 5-2 · Federal Taxation
Lapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
May 13, 2002 · 9-0 · Federalism
United States v. Cotton
May 20, 2002 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Daryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
Jun 20, 2002 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Ring v. Arizona
Jun 24, 2002 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Lawrence v. Texas
Jun 26, 2003 · 6-3 · Privacy
Crawford v. Washington
Mar 8, 2004 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Roper v. Simmons
Mar 1, 2005 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Central Virginia Community College v. Katz
Jan 23, 2006 · 5-4 · Federalism
Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
Mar 1, 2006 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Alberto R. Gonzales v. Leroy Carhart
Apr 18, 2007 · 5-4 · Privacy
Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly
May 21, 2007 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Bowles v. Russell
Jun 14, 2007 · 5-4 · Judicial Power
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Cordell Pearson v. Afton Callahan
Jan 21, 2009 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Montejo v. Louisiana
May 26, 2009 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Jan 21, 2010 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Otis McDonald v. City of Chicago
Jun 28, 2010 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Bond v. United States
Jun 16, 2011 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Alleyne v. United States
Jun 17, 2013 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Johnson v. United States
Jun 26, 2015 · 8-1 · Due Process
Obergefell v. Hodges
Jun 26, 2015 · 5-4 · Due Process
Hurst v. Florida
Jan 12, 2016 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
South Dakota v. Wayfair
Jun 21, 2018 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Trump v. Hawaii
Jun 26, 2018 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Janus v. American Federation of State
Jun 27, 2018 · 5-4 · Unions
Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt
May 13, 2019 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Herrera v. Wyoming
May 20, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Knick v. Township of Scott
Jun 21, 2019 · 5-4 · Due Process
Rucho v. Common Cause
Jun 27, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Ramos v. Louisiana
Apr 20, 2020 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Edwards v. Vannoy
May 17, 2021 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Shinn v. Ramirez
May 23, 2022 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
Jun 24, 2022 · 6-3 · Privacy
Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
Jun 27, 2022 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College
Jun 29, 2023 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
Jun 28, 2024 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Cisco Systems v. Doe
Jun 23, 2026 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Trump v. Slaughter
Jun 29, 2026 · 6-3 · Miscellaneous
National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission
Jun 30, 2026 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.
Log1 file±0
logEverything in between
292 events
- rulingRailway Labor Executives' Assn. v. Gibbons
- rulingUnited States v. Ross
- rulingNorthern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
- rulingSporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
- war+Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
- rulingUnited States v. Grace
- rulingBob Jones University v. United States
- rulingIllinois v. Gates
- rulingImmigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
- rulingBolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
- rulingMichigan v. Long
- war+Invasion of Grenada
- war−Invasion of Grenada
- rulingPennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
- rulingUnited States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
- rulingLimbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
- rulingCopperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
- rulingChevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
- rulingFederal Communications Commission v. League of Women Voters of California
- rulingRegan v. Time, Inc.
- war−Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
- presidentRonald Wilson Reagan takes office
- rulingGarcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee
- rulingUnited States v. Miller
- rulingAguilar v. Felton
- rulingDaniels v. Williams
- rulingUnited States v. Lane
- rulingBatson v. Kentucky
- rulingBowsher v. Synar
- justiceWilliam Hubbs Rehnquist — Chief Justice
- justiceAntonin Scalia — Associate Justice
- lawTax Reform Act of 1986
- lawImmigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act)
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.
- rulingHodel v. Irving
- rulingPuerto Rico v. Branstad
- rulingTyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
- rulingSolorio v. United States
- rulingWelch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
- justiceAnthony McLeod Kennedy — Associate Justice
- rulingGulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
- rulingBoos v. Marion S. Barry, Jr.
- rulingSouth Carolina v. Baker
- rulingMorrison v. Olson
- presidentGeorge Herbert Walker Bush takes office
- agency+United States Department of Veterans Affairs
- rulingThornburgh v. Abbott
- rulingRodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
- rulingAlabama v. Smith
- rulingHealy v. The Beer Institute
- rulingTexas v. Johnson
- rulingSable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
- war+Invasion of Panama
- war−Invasion of Panama
- rulingW. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
- rulingUnited States v. Shawn D. Eichman
- rulingCollins v. Youngblood
- lawAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- justiceDavid Hackett Souter — Associate Justice
- war+Gulf War
- war−Gulf War
- rulingArizona v. Fulminante
- rulingCalifornia v. Acevedo
- rulingExxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
- rulingMetropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for the Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc.
- rulingColeman v. Thompson
- rulingPervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
- justiceClarence Thomas — Associate Justice
- rulingJ. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
- amendmentCongressional pay changes
- rulingQuill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
- rulingNew York v. United States
- rulingPlanned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
- presidentWilliam Jefferson Clinton takes office
- rulingUnited States v. Dixon
- justiceRuth Bader Ginsburg — Associate Justice
- rulingNichols v. United States
- rulingDirector v. Greenwich Collieries
- justiceStephen Gerald Breyer — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. National Treasury Employees Union
- rulingEd Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
- rulingRubin v. Coors Brewing Company
- rulingUnited States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr.
- rulingHubbard v. United States
- rulingU.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Ray Thornton
- rulingAdarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
- rulingUnited States v. Gaudin
- lawTelecommunications Act of 1996
- rulingFulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
- rulingSeminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
- rulingInc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association
- rulingUnited States v. International Business Machines Corporation
- rulingLewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr.
- rulingColorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee and Douglas Jones v. Federal Election Commission
- rulingDenver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
- lawPersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
- presidentWilliam Jefferson Clinton takes office
- rulingBabbitt v. Marvin K. Youpee, Sr.
- rulingClinton v. Paula Corbin Jones
- rulingRachel Agostini v. Betty-Louise Felton
- rulingCity of Boerne v. P. F. Flores
- rulingReno v. American Civil Liberties Union
- rulingJay Printz v. United States
- rulingState Oil Company v. Barkat U. Khan and Khan & Associates, Inc.
- rulingHudson v. United States
- rulingC. Elvin Feltner, Jr. v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
- rulingUnited States v. United States Shoe Corporation
- rulingArnold F. Hohn v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Hosep Krikor Bajakajian
- rulingClinton v. City of New York
- rulingEastern Enterprises v. Apfel
- war+Kosovo War
- rulingMinnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
- rulingGreater New Orleans Broadcasting Association, Inc. v. United States
- rulingFlorida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank and United States
- rulingCollege Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
- rulingAlden v. Maine
- war−Kosovo War
- rulingJ. Daniel Kimel, Jr. v. Florida Board of Regents
- rulingUnited States v. Morrison
- rulingUnited States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
- rulingDickerson v. United States
- rulingGuy Mitchell v. Helms
- rulingBush v. Gore
- presidentGeorge Walker Bush takes office
- rulingBoard of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
- rulingLegal Services Corporation v. Carmen Velazquez
- rulingUnited States v. Hatter
- rulingUnited States and Department of Agriculture v. United Foods, Inc.
- war+War against al-Qaida
- war+Invasion of Afghanistan
- lawUniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001
- war−Invasion of Afghanistan
- lawNo Child Left Behind Act of 2001
- rulingAshcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition
- rulingTommy G. Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
- rulingLapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
- rulingUnited States v. Cotton
- rulingDaryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
- rulingRing v. Arizona
- lawSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
- agency+United States Department of Homeland Security
- lawHomeland Security Act of 2002
- war+War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
- war+Invasion of Iraq
- war−Invasion of Iraq
- rulingGrutter v. Lee Bollinger
- rulingLawrence v. Texas
- lawMedicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003
- rulingMitch McConnell v. Federal Election Commission
- war+Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
- rulingCrawford v. Washington
- rulingHamdi v. Rumsfeld
- rulingUnited States v. Freddie J. Booker
- presidentGeorge Walker Bush takes office
- rulingRoper v. Simmons
- rulingSusette Kelo v. City of New London
- justiceJohn Glover Roberts, Jr. — Chief Justice
- rulingCentral Virginia Community College v. Katz
- justiceSamuel A. Alito, Jr. — Associate Justice
- rulingIllinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
- rulingSalim Ahmed Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
- rulingMassachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
- rulingAlberto R. Gonzales v. Leroy Carhart
- rulingBell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly
- rulingBowles v. Russell
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
- rulingParents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
- rulingLeegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
- rulingBoumediene v. Bush
- rulingDistrict of Columbia v. Heller
- rulingDavis v. FEC
- lawEmergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
- war+Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
- presidentBarack Hussein Obama takes office
- rulingCordell Pearson v. Afton Callahan
- lawAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
- rulingMontejo v. Louisiana
- justiceSonia Sotomayor — Associate Justice
- rulingCitizens United v. Federal Election Commission
- lawPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- rulingUnited States v. Stevens
- rulingFree Enterprise Fund and Beckstead and Watts v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
- rulingOtis McDonald v. City of Chicago
- lawDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
- justiceElena Kagan — Associate Justice
- rulingPepper v. United States
- rulingBond v. United States
- rulingStern v. Elaine T. Marshall
- war−Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
- rulingHosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- rulingColeman v. Court of Appeals of Maryland
- rulingUnited States v. Xavier Alvarez
- rulingNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
- presidentBarack Hussein Obama takes office
- rulingAlleyne v. United States
- rulingAgency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc.
- rulingShelby County v. Holder
- rulingUnited States v. Windsor
- rulingMcCutcheon v. FEC
- war+Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
- war−Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
- war+Somalia: al-Shabaab
- war+Afghanistan: Islamic State
- rulingZivotofsky v. Kerry
- rulingHorne v. Department of Agriculture
- rulingKing v. Burwell
- rulingJohnson v. United States
- rulingObergefell v. Hodges
- war+Libya: Islamic State
- rulingHurst v. Florida
- war+Niger: Islamic State
- presidentDonald J. Trump takes office
- justiceNeil M. Gorsuch — Associate Justice
- rulingSessions v. Morales-Santana
- rulingMatal v. Tam
- war−War against al-Qaida
- lawTax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
- rulingSessions v. Dimaya
- rulingMurphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association
- rulingSouth Dakota v. Wayfair
- rulingTrump v. Hawaii
- rulingJanus v. American Federation of State
- justiceBrett M. Kavanaugh — Associate Justice
- war+Kenya: al-Shabaab
- rulingFranchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt
- rulingHerrera v. Wyoming
- war+Somalia: Islamic State
- rulingKnick v. Township of Scott
- rulingIancu v. Brunetti
- rulingUnited States v. Davis
- rulingUnited States v. Haymond
- rulingRucho v. Common Cause
- war+War against al-Qaida
- war−War against al-Qaida
- war−Libya: Islamic State
- war+Iran–Israel conflict
- rulingAllen v. Cooper
- lawCoronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
- rulingRamos v. Louisiana
- rulingBostock v. Clayton County
- rulingSeila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
- rulingBarr v. American Association of Political Consultants Inc.
- justiceAmy Coney Barrett — Associate Justice
- presidentJoseph Robinette Biden Jr. takes office
- lawAmerican Rescue Plan Act of 2021
- rulingEdwards v. Vannoy
- rulingUnited States v. Arthrex Inc.
- rulingCollins v. Yellen
- war−War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
- war−Afghanistan: Islamic State
- lawInfrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
- war+Niger: JNIM
- war−Somalia: Islamic State
- war−Kenya: al-Shabaab
- justiceKetanji Brown Jackson — Associate Justice
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. Ted Cruz for Senate
- rulingShinn v. Ramirez
- rulingSiegel v. Fitzgerald
- rulingNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association Inc. v. Bruen
- rulingDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
- rulingKennedy v. Bremerton School District
- rulingWest Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency
- lawCHIPS and Science Act or Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act
- lawInflation Reduction Act of 2022
- war−Niger: JNIM
- war−Niger: Islamic State
- rulingAllen v. Milligan
- rulingStudents for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College
- rulingBiden v. Nebraska
- war+Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
- rulingTrump v. Anderson
- rulingSecurities and Exchange Commission v. Jarkesy
- rulingLoper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
- rulingTrump v. United States
- war+Syria: Islamic State
- war+Nigeria: Islamic State
- presidentDonald J. Trump takes office
- war+Somalia: Islamic State
- rulingUnited States v. Skrmetti
- rulingTrump v. Casa, Inc.
- lawOne Big Beautiful Bill Act
- rulingLearning Resources v. Trump
- rulingLouisiana v. Callais
- rulingCisco Systems v. Doe
- rulingTrump v. Slaughter
- rulingNational Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission