How did the United States change between Jan 20, 1981 and Jan 19, 1989?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

⇄
Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
$ civicdiff 1981-01-20..1989-01-19 # 8 years json
Laws enacted
+2,471
92 notable
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
3 of 9
seats changed hands
Agencies
+26 −3
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$1.69T
$908B → $2.60T

The presidency passed from James Earl Carter to Ronald Wilson Reagan. Congress enacted 2,471 public laws. 33 senators and 196 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 3 new justices joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +26% (FY1981 → FY1989).

Executive

executive/presidentThe presidency
+1−1National Archives ↗
James Earl Carter D
39th president
Ronald Wilson Reagan R
40th president · took office Jan 20, 1981
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
+1−1Senate Historical Office ↗
Walter Frederick Mondale D
George Herbert Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 1985
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+25−21Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State · 2 people took this office in between
David D. Newsom (acting)
George Shultz R
Secretary of the Treasury · 3 people took this office in between
G. William Miller D
Nicholas F. Brady R
Secretary of Defense · 2 people took this office in between
Harold Brown D
Frank Carlucci R
Attorney General · 3 people took this office in between
Dick Thornburgh R
Secretary of the Navy · 3 people took this office in between
Edward Hidalgo D
William L. Ball R
Secretary of the Interior · 2 people took this office in between
Cecil D. Andrus D
Donald P. Hodel R
Show 13 more cabinet offices
Secretary of Agriculture
Robert Bergland D
Richard Edmund Lyng R
Secretary of Commerce · 2 people took this office in between
William Verity R
Secretary of Labor · 2 people took this office in between
Ann McLaughlin Korologos R
Secretary of Health and Human Services · 2 people took this office in between
Patricia Harris D
Otis R. Bowen R
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Moon Landrieu D
Samuel Pierce R
Secretary of Transportation · 2 people took this office in between
Neil Goldschmidt D
James H. Burnley IV R
Secretary of Energy · 3 people took this office in between
Charles Duncan, Jr. D
John S. Herrington R
Secretary of Education · 3 people took this office in between
Shirley M. Hufstedler D
Lauro Cavazos D
White House Chief of Staff · 4 people took this office in between
Jack Watson D
Kenneth Duberstein R
Director of the Office of Management and Budget · 3 people took this office in between
James T. McIntyre D
Joe Wright
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency · 3 people took this office in between
Douglas M. Costle D
Lee M. Thomas R
Ambassador to the United Nations · 2 people took this office in between
Donald McHenry D
Vernon A. Walters R
Director of Central Intelligence · 2 people took this office in between
Stansfield Turner D
William H. Webster R
Other senior officials (6 changed)
Secretary of the Navy · 3 people took this office in between
Edward Hidalgo D
William L. Ball R
Chair of the Federal Reserve
Paul Volcker D
Alan Greenspan R
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff · 2 people took this office in between
David C. Jones
William J. Crowe D
Director of the FBI
William H. Webster R
William S. Sessions R
National Security Advisor · 6 people took this office in between
Zbigniew Brzezinski D
Colin Powell R
Solicitor General · 2 people took this office in between
Charles Fried R
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+3,621Congress.gov ↗
4,428 civilian nominations received · 3,621 confirmed · 63 withdrawn · 503 returned to the President
Caspar Willard Weinberger, of California, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 1981 · 97–2
William Emerson Brock III, of Tennessee, to be United States Trade Representative, with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, vice Reubin O'D Askew.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 99–0
Richard S. Schweiker, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 99–0
Donald T. Regan, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 98–0
Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr., of Connecticut, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 93–6
T. H. Bell, of Utah, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 90–2
Andrew L. Lewis, Jr., of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
James B. Edwards, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 93–3
Samuel R. Pierce, Jr., of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
Malcolm Baldrige, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 97–1
John R. Block, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
William French Smith, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 96–1
Show 39 more top confirmations
James Gaius Watt, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 83–12
David A. Stockman, of Michigan, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 27, 1981 · 93–0
Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, of Maryland, to be the Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and the Representative of the United Statesof America in the Security Council of the United Nations.
confirmed Jan 29, 1981 · 81–0
Raymond J. Donovan, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 3, 1981 · 80–17
Michael Cardenas, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Arthur Vernon Weaver, Jr., resigned.
confirmed Mar 26, 1981
Ann McGill Gorsuch, of Colorado, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice Douglas M. Costle, resigned.
confirmed May 5, 1981
Sandra Day O'Connor, of Arizona, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, vice Potter Stewart, retired.
confirmed Sep 21, 1981 · 99–0
James C. Sanders, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Michael Cardenas, resigned.
confirmed Mar 29, 1982
George P. Shultz, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jul 15, 1982 · 97–0
Donald P. Hodel, of Oregon, to be Secretary of Energy, to which position he was appointed during the current recess of the Senate.
confirmed Dec 8, 1982 · 86–8
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 1, 1983 · 97–0
Margaret M. Heckler, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 3, 1983 · 82–3
William D. Ruckelshaus, of Washington, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice Anne McGill Burford, resigned.
confirmed May 17, 1983 · 97–0
Paul A. Volcker, of New Jersey, to be Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of four years. (Reappointment)
confirmed Jul 27, 1983 · 84–16
William P. Clark, of California, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Nov 18, 1983 · 71–18
James A. Baker III, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 29, 1985 · 95–0
John S. Herrington, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
William J. Bennett, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–0
Donald P. Hodel, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
Lee M. Thomas, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice William D. Ruckelshaus, resigned.
confirmed Feb 7, 1985
Edwin Meese III, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 23, 1985 · 63–31
William Emerson Brock III, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 26, 1985
Vernon A. Walters, of Florida, to be the Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and the Representative of the UnitedStates of America in the Security Council of the United Nations.
confirmed May 16, 1985
Clayton Yeutter, of Nebraska, to be United States Trade Representative, with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, vice William Emerson Brock III.
confirmed Jun 27, 1985
James C. Miller III, of the District of Columbia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice David A. Stockman, resigned.
confirmed Oct 4, 1985 · 90–2
Otis R. Bowen, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Dec 12, 1985 · 93–2
Richard E. Lyng, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Mar 6, 1986 · 95–2
William H. Rehnquist, of Virginia, to be Chief Justice of the United States.
confirmed Sep 17, 1986 · 65–33
Antonin Scalia, of Virginia, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, vice William H. Rehnquist.
confirmed Sep 17, 1986 · 98–0
James Abdnor, of South Dakota, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice James C. Sanders, resigned.
confirmed Mar 20, 1987
Alan Greenspan, of New York, to be a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for the unexpired term of fourteen years from February 1, 1978, vice Paul A. Volcker, resigned. Alan Greenspan, of New York, to be Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of four years, vice Paul A. Volcker, resigned.
confirmed Aug 3, 1987 · 91–2
C. William Verity, Jr., of Ohio, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Oct 13, 1987 · 84–11
Frank C. Carlucci, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Nov 20, 1987 · 91–1
James H. Burnley IV, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Nov 30, 1987 · 74–0
Ann Dore McLaughlin, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Dec 11, 1987 · 94–0
Anthony M. Kennedy, of California, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, vice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., retired.
confirmed Feb 3, 1988 · 97–0
Richard L. Thornburgh, of Pennsylvania, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Aug 11, 1988 · 85–0
Nicholas F. Brady, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Sep 14, 1988 · 92–2
Lauro F. Cavazos, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Sep 20, 1988 · 94–0
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+26−3Wikidata ↗
295 → 319 tracked organizations · 14 → 14 executive departments
United States Arctic Research Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · United States independent federal agency that develops and recommends a national Arctic research policy
United States Sentencing Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · independent agency of the U.S. federal judiciary which determines sentencing guidelines
Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship
established Jan 1, 1986 · American merit-based scholarship awarded to prospective scientists
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board
established Jan 1, 1986 · Independent agency of the US government
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1986 · foundation established by United States Congress in 1986
United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
established Jan 1, 1987 · U.S. independent federal agency
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
established Jan 29, 1981 · subagency within Office of Management and Budget, responsible for oversight of regulatory actions of other executive branch agencies
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
established Jan 1, 1982 · operator and manager of United States environmental satellite programs
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
established Jan 1, 1982 · organization
Minerals Management Service
established Jan 19, 1982 · government agency
Show 19 more
National Ocean Service
established Jan 1, 1983 · U.S. government agency; successor to the National Ocean Survey
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel
established Jan 1, 1983 · former US government office
Executive Office for Immigration Review
established Jan 9, 1983 · Office of the US Department of Justice
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
established Jan 1, 1984 · Branch of the US Food and Drug Administration
Office of Commercial Space Transportation
established Jan 1, 1984 · branch of the US FAA
United States Institute of Peace
established Jan 1, 1984 · national organization in the United States (since 1984)
Take Pride in America
established Jan 1, 1985 · encouraging volunteering for better public land care
Combat support agency
established Jan 1, 1986 · agency designation by the United States Department of Defense
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
established Jan 1, 1986 · United States federal agency division that supports research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis, musculoskeletal, and skin diseases
Office of the Chief Administrative Hearing Officer
established Jan 1, 1986
National Indian Gaming Commission
established Jan 1, 1988 · United States regulatory agency
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
established Jan 1, 1988 · member institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health
Office for Victims of Crime
established Jan 1, 1988 · part of the U.S. Department of Justice
Technology Administration
established Oct 24, 1988 · former agency in the Department of Commerce that worked with United States industries
Office of Environmental Management
established Jan 1, 1989 · government organization in Washington D.C., United States
Office of Thrift Supervision
established Jan 1, 1989 · U.S. Treasury Department agency
National Ocean Survey
abolished Jan 1, 1983 · government agency; predecessor to the National Ocean Service · replaced by National Ocean Service
U.S. National Institute of Education
abolished Jan 1, 1985 · United States government agency (1972–1985)
Crop Reporting Board
abolished Jan 1, 1986 · Division of the USDA Bureau of Agricultural Economics
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
+2−2UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
2 conflicts began and ended in between
Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
1983 – 1984 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Amal, NSF
Invasion of Grenada
Oct 25, 1983 – Oct 27, 1983 · U.S. a principal party · against Grenada
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.
military/authorizationsDeclarations of war & authorizations
+1Senate Historical Office ↗
Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution
Oct 12, 1983 · Authorized U.S. participation in the Multinational Force in Lebanon (Pub. L. 98-119).

Legislative

legislative/controlControl of Congress
1 changeHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
97th Congress → 101st Congress · 4 new Congresses elected
1 change of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority on both dates
241 D · 193 R → 261 D · 174 R
Senate: Republican majority
53 R · 47 D
Senate: Democrat majority
55 D · 45 R
legislative/senateSenate
+33−33congress-legislators ↗
Jan 20, 1981 · 53 R · 46 D · 1 I
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Alan Cranston (Democrat, CA)Gary Warren Hart (Democrat, CO)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Spark Masayuki Matsunaga (Democrat, HI)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Alan John Dixon (Democrat, IL)Walter Darlington Huddleston (Democrat, KY)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)Russell Billiu Long (Democrat, LA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)Paul Efthemios Tsongas (Democrat, MA)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)Thomas Francis Eagleton (Democrat, MO)John Cornelius Stennis (Democrat, MS)John Melcher (Democrat, MT)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)Quentin Northrup Burdick (Democrat, ND)Edward Zorinsky (Democrat, NE)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)Harrison Arlington Williams Jr. (Democrat, NJ)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Howard Walter Cannon (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)David Lyle Boren (Democrat, OK)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (Democrat, TX)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Henry Martin Jackson (Democrat, WA)William Proxmire (Democrat, WI)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)Jennings Randolph (Democrat, WV)Harry Flood Byrd Jr. (Independent, VA)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. (Republican, AL)Barry Morris Goldwater (Republican, AZ)Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa (Republican, CA)William Lester Armstrong (Republican, CO)Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. (Republican, CT)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Paula Hawkins (Republican, FL)Mack Francis Mattingly (Republican, GA)Roger William Jepsen (Republican, IA)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)James Albertus McClure (Republican, ID)Steven Douglas Symms (Republican, ID)Charles Harting Percy (Republican, IL)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)James Danforth Quayle (Republican, IN)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr. (Republican, MD)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)Rudolph Eli Boschwitz (Republican, MN)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)John Porter East (Republican, NC)Mark Andrews (Republican, ND)Gordon John Humphrey (Republican, NH)Warren Bruce Rudman (Republican, NH)Harrison Hagan Schmitt (Republican, NM)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Paul Dominque Laxalt (Republican, NV)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Henry John Heinz III (Republican, PA)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)James Abdnor (Republican, SD)Howard Henry Baker Jr. (Republican, TN)John Goodwin Tower (Republican, TX)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)Edwin Jacob Garn (Republican, UT)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)Robert Theodore Stafford (Republican, VT)T. Slade Gorton (Republican, WA)Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (Republican, WI)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)
Jan 19, 1989 · 55 D · 45 R
Howell Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Richard C. Shelby (Democrat, AL)David Hampton Pryor (Democrat, AR)Dale Bumpers (Democrat, AR)Dennis Webster DeConcini (Democrat, AZ)Alan Cranston (Democrat, CA)Timothy E. Wirth (Democrat, CO)Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat, CT)Joseph I. Lieberman (Democrat, CT)Joseph R. Biden Jr. (Democrat, DE)Bob Graham (Democrat, FL)Samuel Augustus Nunn (Democrat, GA)Wyche Fowler Jr. (Democrat, GA)Daniel K. Inouye (Democrat, HI)Spark Masayuki Matsunaga (Democrat, HI)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL)Alan John Dixon (Democrat, IL)Wendell Hampton Ford (Democrat, KY)John Bennett Johnston Jr. (Democrat, LA)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA)John F. Kerry (Democrat, MA)Edward M. Kennedy (Democrat, MA)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD)Paul S. Sarbanes (Democrat, MD)George John Mitchell (Democrat, ME)Carl Levin (Democrat, MI)Donald Wayne Riegle Jr. (Democrat, MI)Max Baucus (Democrat, MT)James Terry Sanford (Democrat, NC)Kent Conrad (Democrat, ND)Quentin Northrup Burdick (Democrat, ND)J. James Exon (Democrat, NE)J. Robert Kerrey (Democrat, NE)William Warren Bradley (Democrat, NJ)Frank R. Lautenberg (Democrat, NJ)Jeff Bingaman (Democrat, NM)Harry Reid (Democrat, NV)Richard H. Bryan (Democrat, NV)Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, NY)John Herschel Glenn Jr. (Democrat, OH)Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Democrat, OH)David Lyle Boren (Democrat, OK)Claiborne de Borda Pell (Democrat, RI)Ernest F. Hollings (Democrat, SC)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD)Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (Democrat, TN)James Ralph Sasser (Democrat, TN)Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (Democrat, TX)Charles S. Robb (Democrat, VA)Patrick J. Leahy (Democrat, VT)Brockman Adams (Democrat, WA)Herb Kohl (Democrat, WI)John D. Rockefeller, IV (Democrat, WV)Robert C. Byrd (Democrat, WV)Ted F. Stevens (Republican, AK)Frank H. Murkowski (Republican, AK)John McCain (Republican, AZ)Pete Wilson (Republican, CA)William Lester Armstrong (Republican, CO)William V. Roth Jr. (Republican, DE)Connie Mack III (Republican, FL)Chuck Grassley (Republican, IA)James Albertus McClure (Republican, ID)Steven Douglas Symms (Republican, ID)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN)Richard G. Lugar (Republican, IN)Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Republican, KS)Robert Joseph Dole (Republican, KS)Mitch McConnell (Republican, KY)William Sebastian Cohen (Republican, ME)Rudolph Eli Boschwitz (Republican, MN)David Ferdinand Durenberger (Republican, MN)Christopher S. Bond (Republican, MO)John Claggett Danforth (Republican, MO)Thad Cochran (Republican, MS)Trent Lott (Republican, MS)Conrad Burns (Republican, MT)Jesse Helms (Republican, NC)Gordon John Humphrey (Republican, NH)Warren Bruce Rudman (Republican, NH)Pete V. Domenici (Republican, NM)Alfonse Marcello D’Amato (Republican, NY)Don Nickles (Republican, OK)Mark Odom Hatfield (Republican, OR)Robert William Packwood (Republican, OR)Arlen Specter (Republican, PA)Henry John Heinz III (Republican, PA)John Hubbard Chafee (Republican, RI)J. Strom Thurmond (Republican, SC)Larry Lee Pressler (Republican, SD)Phil Gramm (Republican, TX)Edwin Jacob Garn (Republican, UT)Orrin G. Hatch (Republican, UT)John W. Warner (Republican, VA)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT)T. Slade Gorton (Republican, WA)Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (Republican, WI)Alan Kooi Simpson (Republican, WY)Malcolm Wallop (Republican, WY)
33 new members · 33 departed · 67 served on both dates · women 2 → 2 · median age 52 → 55
20 seats changed party
Howard Henry Baker Jr. R
Tennessee
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. D
Tennessee
Charles Harting Percy R
Illinois
Paul Martin Simon D
Illinois
Roger William Jepsen R
Iowa
Tom Harkin D
Iowa
Walter Darlington Huddleston D
Kentucky
Mitch McConnell R
Kentucky
Show 16 more seat flips
Mark Andrews R
North Dakota
Kent Conrad D
North Dakota
John Porter East R
North Carolina
James Terry Sanford D
North Carolina
T. Slade Gorton R
Washington
Brockman Adams D
Washington
Mack Francis Mattingly R
Georgia
Wyche Fowler Jr. D
Georgia
James Abdnor R
South Dakota
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota
Paula Hawkins R
Florida
Bob Graham D
Florida
Thomas Francis Eagleton D
Missouri
Christopher S. Bond R
Missouri
Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr. R
Maryland
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland
Paul Dominque Laxalt R
Nevada
Harry Reid D
Nevada
Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. R
Alabama
Richard C. Shelby D
Alabama
Henry Martin Jackson D
Washington
T. Slade Gorton R
Washington
Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. D
Florida
Connie Mack III R
Florida
John Melcher D
Montana
Conrad Burns R
Montana
John Cornelius Stennis D
Mississippi
Trent Lott R
Mississippi
Harrison Hagan Schmitt R
New Mexico
Jeff Bingaman D
New Mexico
Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. R
Connecticut
Joseph I. Lieberman D
Connecticut
Who joined and who left (33 in · 33 out)
Richard C. Shelby D
Alabama
John McCain R
Arizona
Pete Wilson R
California
Timothy E. Wirth D
Colorado
Joseph I. Lieberman D
Connecticut
Bob Graham D
Florida
Connie Mack III R
Florida
Wyche Fowler Jr. D
Georgia
Tom Harkin D
Iowa
Paul Martin Simon D
Illinois
Daniel Coats R
Indiana
Mitch McConnell R
Kentucky
John B. Breaux D
Louisiana
John F. Kerry D
Massachusetts
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland
Christopher S. Bond R
Missouri
Trent Lott R
Mississippi
Conrad Burns R
Montana
James Terry Sanford D
North Carolina
Kent Conrad D
North Dakota
J. Robert Kerrey D
Nebraska
Frank R. Lautenberg D
New Jersey
Jeff Bingaman D
New Mexico
Harry Reid D
Nevada
Richard H. Bryan D
Nevada
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. D
Tennessee
Phil Gramm R
Texas
Charles S. Robb D
Virginia
James M. Jeffords R
Vermont
Brockman Adams D
Washington
Herb Kohl D
Wisconsin
John D. Rockefeller, IV D
West Virginia
Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. R
Alabama
Barry Morris Goldwater R
Arizona
Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa R
California
Gary Warren Hart D
Colorado
Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. R
Connecticut
Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. D
Florida
Paula Hawkins R
Florida
Mack Francis Mattingly R
Georgia
Roger William Jepsen R
Iowa
Charles Harting Percy R
Illinois
James Danforth Quayle R
Indiana
Walter Darlington Huddleston D
Kentucky
Russell Billiu Long D
Louisiana
Paul Efthemios Tsongas D
Massachusetts
Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr. R
Maryland
Thomas Francis Eagleton D
Missouri
John Cornelius Stennis D
Mississippi
John Melcher D
Montana
John Porter East R
North Carolina
Mark Andrews R
North Dakota
Edward Zorinsky D
Nebraska
Harrison Arlington Williams Jr. D
New Jersey
Harrison Hagan Schmitt R
New Mexico
Howard Walter Cannon D
Nevada
Paul Dominque Laxalt R
Nevada
James Abdnor R
South Dakota
Howard Henry Baker Jr. R
Tennessee
John Goodwin Tower R
Texas
Harry Flood Byrd Jr. I
Virginia
Robert Theodore Stafford R
Vermont
Henry Martin Jackson D
Washington
William Proxmire D
Wisconsin
Jennings Randolph D
West Virginia
legislative/houseHouse
+196−196congress-legislators ↗
Jan 20, 1981 · 241 D · 193 R · 1 I
William Flynt Nichols (Democrat, AL-3)Ronnie Gene Flippo (Democrat, AL-5)Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)Richard C. Shelby (Democrat, AL-7)William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democrat, AR-1)Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. (Democrat, AR-4)Morris King Udall (Democrat, AZ-2)Robert Stump (Democrat, AZ-3)John Lowell Burton (Democrat, CA-5)George Elmore Danielson (Democrat, CA-30)Phillip Burton (Democrat, CA-6)Jerry Mumford Patterson (Democrat, CA-38)Anthony Lee Coelho (Democrat, CA-15)Augustus Freeman Hawkins (Democrat, CA-29)Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democrat, CA-32)Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (Democrat, CA-31)Edward Ross Roybal (Democrat, CA-25)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-10)Leon Edward Panetta (Democrat, CA-16)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-23)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-13)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-8)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-4)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-36)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-28)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-3)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-11)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-9)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-24)Raymond Peter Kogovsek (Democrat, CO-3)Timothy E. Wirth (Democrat, CO-2)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)William Ross Cotter (Democrat, CT-1)Anthony John Moffett Jr. (Democrat, CT-6)William Richard Ratchford (Democrat, CT-5)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Don Fuqua (Democrat, FL-2)William Venroe Chappell Jr. (Democrat, FL-4)Daniel Andrew Mica (Democrat, FL-11)Claude Denson Pepper (Democrat, FL-14)Charles Edward Bennett (Democrat, FL-3)Dante Bruno Fascell (Democrat, FL-15)Andrew Poysell Ireland (Democrat, FL-8)William Lehman (Democrat, FL-13)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-7)Bill Nelson (Democrat, FL-9)Jack Thomas Brinkley (Democrat, GA-3)Billy Lee Evans (Democrat, GA-8)Ronald Bryan Ginn (Democrat, GA-1)Elliott Harris Levitas (Democrat, GA-4)Lawrence Patton McDonald (Democrat, GA-7)Wyche Fowler Jr. (Democrat, GA-5)Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)Charles Floyd Hatcher (Democrat, GA-2)Edgar Lanier Jenkins (Democrat, GA-9)Cecil Landau Heftel (Democrat, HI-1)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI-2)Berkley Warren Bedell (Democrat, IA-6)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Tom Harkin (Democrat, IA-5)John G. Fary (Democrat, IL-5)Harold Washington (Democrat, IL-1)Charles Melvin Price (Democrat, IL-23)Frank Annunzio (Democrat, IL-11)Martin Anthony Russo (Democrat, IL-3)Gus Savage (Democrat, IL-2)Paul Martin Simon (Democrat, IL-24)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-8)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)Adam Benjamin Jr. (Democrat, IN-1)David Walter Evans (Democrat, IN-6)Floyd James Fithian (Democrat, IN-2)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-10)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-11)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)Carl Dewey Perkins (Democrat, KY-7)Carroll Hubbard Jr. (Democrat, KY-1)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)William Huston Natcher (Democrat, KY-2)Gillis William Long (Democrat, LA-8)Charles Elson Roemer III (Democrat, LA-4)Corinne Claiborne Boggs (Democrat, LA-2)Thomas Jerald Huckaby (Democrat, LA-5)John B. Breaux (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)James Michael Shannon (Democrat, MA-5)Thomas Phillip O’Neill Jr. (Democrat, MA-8)Edward Patrick Boland (Democrat, MA-2)Brian Joseph Donnelly (Democrat, MA-11)Joseph Daniel Early (Democrat, MA-3)Nicholas James Mavroules (Democrat, MA-6)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-12)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Clarence Dickinson Long (Democrat, MD-2)Michael Darr Barnes (Democrat, MD-8)Parren James Mitchell (Democrat, MD-7)Royden Patrick Dyson (Democrat, MD-1)Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (Democrat, MD-6)Barbara A. Mikulski (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)James Johnston Blanchard (Democrat, MI-18)William McNulty Brodhead (Democrat, MI-17)Donald Joseph Albosta (Democrat, MI-10)George William Crockett Jr. (Democrat, MI-13)Dennis Mark Hertel (Democrat, MI-14)Jerome Bob Traxler (Democrat, MI-8)Howard Eliot Wolpe III (Democrat, MI-3)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-15)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-12)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-7)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-1)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Richard Walker Bolling (Democrat, MO-5)Robert Anton Young III (Democrat, MO-2)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)David Reece Bowen (Democrat, MS-2)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)Lawrence H. Fountain (Democrat, NC-2)Ike Franklin Andrews (Democrat, NC-4)Charles Orville Whitley (Democrat, NC-3)Walter Beaman Jones Sr. (Democrat, NC-1)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND-AL)Norman Edward D’Amours (Democrat, NH-1)Joseph George Minish (Democrat, NJ-11)James John Howard (Democrat, NJ-3)Peter Wallace Rodino Jr. (Democrat, NJ-10)James Joseph Florio (Democrat, NJ-1)Bernard James Dwyer (Democrat, NJ-15)Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. (Democrat, NJ-14)Robert A. Roe (Democrat, NJ-8)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)James David Santini (Democrat, NV-AL)Jonathan Brewster Bingham (Democrat, NY-22)Shirley Anita Chisholm (Democrat, NY-12)Peter A. Peyser (Democrat, NY-23)Frederick William Richmond (Democrat, NY-14)Leo C. Zeferetti (Democrat, NY-15)Geraldine Anne Ferraro (Democrat, NY-9)Richard Lawrence Ottinger (Democrat, NY-24)Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal (Democrat, NY-8)Joseph Patrick Addabbo (Democrat, NY-7)Stanley Nelson Lundine (Democrat, NY-39)Mario Biaggi (Democrat, NY-10)Samuel Studdiford Stratton (Democrat, NY-28)Robert Garcia (Democrat, NY-21)Thomas Joseph Downey (Democrat, NY-2)Matthew Francis McHugh (Democrat, NY-27)Henry James Nowak (Democrat, NY-37)James Haas Scheuer (Democrat, NY-11)Stephen Joshua Solarz (Democrat, NY-13)Theodore S. Weiss (Democrat, NY-20)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-36)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-19)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-16)Ronald Milton Mottl (Democrat, OH-23)Robert Norton Shamansky (Democrat, OH-12)John Frederick Seiberling (Democrat, OH-14)Thomas Andrew Luken (Democrat, OH-2)Dennis Edward Eckart (Democrat, OH-22)Mary Rose Oakar (Democrat, OH-20)Donald James Pease (Democrat, OH-13)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-21)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)James Robert Jones (Democrat, OK-1)Glenn Lee English Jr. (Democrat, OK-6)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)Wes Watkins (Democrat, OK-3)James Howard Weaver (Democrat, OR-4)Les AuCoin (Democrat, OR-1)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Donald Allen Bailey (Democrat, PA-21)Allen Edward Ertel (Democrat, PA-17)Raymond Francis Lederer (Democrat, PA-3)Robert William Edgar (Democrat, PA-7)Douglas Walgren (Democrat, PA-18)Joseph Matthew Gaydos (Democrat, PA-20)William Herbert Gray III (Democrat, PA-2)Gus Yatron (Democrat, PA-6)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-22)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Fernand Joseph St. Germain (Democrat, RI-1)Kenneth Lamar Holland (Democrat, SC-5)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)Thomas A. Daschle (Democrat, SD-1)William Hill Boner (Democrat, TN-5)Ed Jones (Democrat, TN-7)Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (Democrat, TN-4)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-8)James Albon Mattox (Democrat, TX-5)Richard Crawford White (Democrat, TX-16)Kent Ronald Hance (Democrat, TX-19)Jack English Hightower (Democrat, TX-13)Abraham Kazen Jr. (Democrat, TX-23)William Neff Patman (Democrat, TX-14)Sam Blakeley Hall Jr. (Democrat, TX-1)James Marvin Leath (Democrat, TX-11)George Thomas Leland (Democrat, TX-18)James Claude Wright Jr. (Democrat, TX-12)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Phil Gramm (Democrat, TX-6)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Wilbur Clarence Daniel (Democrat, VA-5)Don Leroy Bonker (Democrat, WA-3)Michael Edward Lowry (Democrat, WA-7)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Henry Schoellkopf Reuss (Democrat, WI-5)Clement John Zablocki (Democrat, WI-4)Robert William Kastenmeier (Democrat, WI-2)Leslie Aspin (Democrat, WI-1)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Robert Homer Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-4)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Independent, PA-1)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)Albert Lee Smith Jr. (Republican, AL-6)William Jackson Edwards (Republican, AL-1)William Louis Dickinson (Republican, AL-2)Edwin Ruthvin Bethune Jr. (Republican, AR-2)John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican, AR-3)John Jacob Rhodes (Republican, AZ-1)Eldon Dean Rudd (Republican, AZ-4)Clair Walter Burgener (Republican, CA-43)Donald Holst Clausen (Republican, CA-2)Barry Morris Goldwater Jr. (Republican, CA-20)Wayne Richard Grisham (Republican, CA-33)Paul Norton McCloskey Jr. (Republican, CA-12)John Harbin Rousselot (Republican, CA-26)Eugene A. Chappie (Republican, CA-1)Bobbi Fiedler (Republican, CA-21)Robert Edward Badham (Republican, CA-40)Charles Pashayan Jr. (Republican, CA-17)Norman David Shumway (Republican, CA-14)William Edwin Dannemeyer (Republican, CA-39)Robert John Lagomarsino (Republican, CA-19)William David Lowery (Republican, CA-41)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-27)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-22)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-18)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-42)David Dreier (Republican, CA-35)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-37)Daniel E. Lungren (Republican, CA-34)Kenneth Bentley Kramer (Republican, CO-5)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO-4)Lawrence Joseph DeNardis (Republican, CT-3)Stewart Brett McKinney (Republican, CT-4)Thomas Beverley Evans Jr. (Republican, DE-AL)Louis Arthur Bafalis (Republican, FL-10)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-5)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-12)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-6)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Thomas Cooper Evans (Republican, IA-3)Thomas Joseph Tauke (Republican, IA-2)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)George Vernon Hansen (Republican, ID-2)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID-1)Edward Joseph Derwinski (Republican, IL-4)Paul Findley (Republican, IL-20)Robert McClory (Republican, IL-13)Thomas Fisher Railsback (Republican, IL-19)Thomas Joseph Corcoran (Republican, IL-15)Daniel Bever Crane (Republican, IL-22)John Neal Erlenborn (Republican, IL-14)George Miller O’Brien (Republican, IL-17)Lynn Morley Martin (Republican, IL-16)Edward Rell Madigan (Republican, IL-21)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-12)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)Huey Joel Deckard (Republican, IN-8)Elwood Haynes Hillis (Republican, IN-5)John Patrick Hiler (Republican, IN-3)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Daniel Coats (Republican, IN-4)James Edmund Jeffries (Republican, KS-2)Edward Lawrence Winn Jr. (Republican, KS-3)Robert Russell Whittaker (Republican, KS-5)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Marion Gene Snyder (Republican, KY-4)Larry Jones Hopkins (Republican, KY-6)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)William Henson Moore III (Republican, LA-6)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Margaret M. Heckler (Republican, MA-10)Silvio Ottavio Conte (Republican, MA-1)Marjorie Sewell Holt (Republican, MD-4)David Farnham Emery (Republican, ME-1)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)James Whitney Dunn (Republican, MI-6)David Alan Stockman (Republican, MI-4)Harold Samuel Sawyer (Republican, MI-5)William S. Broomfield (Republican, MI-19)Robert William Davis (Republican, MI-11)Carl Duane Pursell (Republican, MI-2)Guy Adrian Vander Jagt (Republican, MI-9)Arlen Ingolf Erdahl (Republican, MN-1)Thomas Michael Hagedorn (Republican, MN-2)William Eldridge Frenzel (Republican, MN-3)Arlan Ingehart Stangeland (Republican, MN-7)John Vincent Weber (Republican, MN-6)R. Wendell Bailey (Republican, MO-8)Gene Taylor (Republican, MO-7)Earl Thomas Coleman (Republican, MO-6)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-10)Jon Clifton Hinson (Republican, MS-4)Trent Lott (Republican, MS-5)Ronald Charles Marlenee (Republican, MT-2)Walter Eugene Johnston III (Republican, NC-6)James Grubbs Martin (Republican, NC-9)William Martin Hendon (Republican, NC-11)James Thomas Broyhill (Republican, NC-10)Harold John, Jr., Daub (Republican, NE-2)Virginia Dodd Smith (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)Judd A. Gregg (Republican, NH-2)Millicent Hammond Fenwick (Republican, NJ-5)Harold Capistran Hollenbeck (Republican, NJ-9)Edwin Bell Forsythe (Republican, NJ-6)James Andrew Courter (Republican, NJ-13)Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican, NJ-12)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-7)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Manuel Luján Jr. (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Gregory Wright Carman (Republican, NY-3)John LeBoutillier (Republican, NY-6)Gary Alcide Lee (Republican, NY-33)Donald Jerome Mitchell (Republican, NY-31)Barber Benjamin Conable Jr. (Republican, NY-35)William Carney (Republican, NY-1)Jack French Kemp (Republican, NY-38)George Cornelius Wortley (Republican, NY-32)Guy Victor Molinari (Republican, NY-17)Sedgwick William Green (Republican, NY-18)Frank Jefferson Horton (Republican, NY-34)Norman Frederick Lent (Republican, NY-4)David O’Brien Martin (Republican, NY-30)Raymond Joseph McGrath (Republican, NY-5)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-25)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-29)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-26)Jean Spencer Ashbrook (Republican, OH-17)Clarence J. Brown Jr. (Republican, OH-7)Tennyson Guyer (Republican, OH-4)John William Stanton (Republican, OH-11)Edward Ford Weber (Republican, OH-9)Lyle Williams (Republican, OH-19)Thomas Norman Kindness (Republican, OH-8)Delbert Leroy Latta (Republican, OH-5)Bob McEwen (Republican, OH-6)Clarence E. Miller (Republican, OH-10)Chalmers Pangburn Wylie (Republican, OH-15)Willis David Gradison Jr. (Republican, OH-1)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)Marvin Henry Edwards (Republican, OK-5)Dennis Alan Smith (Republican, OR-2)Eugene Vincent Atkinson (Republican, PA-25)James Kitchenman Coyne III (Republican, PA-8)Charles Francis Dougherty (Republican, PA-4)Marc Lincoln Marks (Republican, PA-24)James Leo Nelligan (Republican, PA-11)Robert Lawrence Coughlin (Republican, PA-13)Donald Lawrence Ritter (Republican, PA-15)Richard Taylor Schulze (Republican, PA-5)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-23)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)Claudine Schneider (Republican, RI-2)John Light Napier (Republican, SC-6)Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. (Republican, SC-4)Thomas Forbes Hartnett (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Clint Ronald Roberts (Republican, SD-2)Robin Leo Beard Jr. (Republican, TN-6)John James Duncan (Republican, TN-2)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)James Mitchell Collins (Republican, TX-3)Thomas Gilbert Loeffler (Republican, TX-21)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Ron Paul (Republican, TX-22)David Daniel Marriott (Republican, UT-2)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Manley Caldwell Butler (Republican, VA-6)Robert Williams Daniel Jr. (Republican, VA-4)William Creed Wampler (Republican, VA-9)James Kenneth Robinson (Republican, VA-7)Paul Seward Trible Jr. (Republican, VA-1)George William Whitehurst (Republican, VA-2)Stanford E. Parris (Republican, VA-8)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-3)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)James M. Jeffords (Republican, VT-AL)Joel McFee Pritchard (Republican, WA-1)Sidney Wallace Morrison (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Cleveland Keith Benedict (Republican, WV-2)David Michael Staton (Republican, WV-3)Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican, WY-AL)
Jan 19, 1989 · 261 D · 174 R
Ronnie Gene Flippo (Democrat, AL-5)Ben Erdreich (Democrat, AL-6)Claude Harris Jr. (Democrat, AL-7)Tom Bevill (Democrat, AL-4)John Glen Browder (Democrat, AL-3)Tommy Franklin Robinson (Democrat, AR-2)William Vollie Alexander Jr. (Democrat, AR-1)Beryl Franklin Anthony Jr. (Democrat, AR-4)Morris King Udall (Democrat, AZ-2)Anthony Lee Coelho (Democrat, CA-15)Jim Bates (Democrat, CA-44)Douglas Harry Bosco (Democrat, CA-1)Augustus Freeman Hawkins (Democrat, CA-29)Glenn Malcolm Anderson (Democrat, CA-32)Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (Democrat, CA-31)Meldon Edises Levine (Democrat, CA-27)Edward Ross Roybal (Democrat, CA-25)William Donlon Edwards (Democrat, CA-10)Richard Henry Lehman (Democrat, CA-18)Leon Edward Panetta (Democrat, CA-16)Anthony Charles Beilenson (Democrat, CA-23)Norman Yoshio Mineta (Democrat, CA-13)Ronald Vernie Dellums (Democrat, CA-8)Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (Democrat, CA-4)Esteban Edward Torres (Democrat, CA-34)George E. Brown Jr. (Democrat, CA-36)Julian C. Dixon (Democrat, CA-28)Matthew G. Martínez (Democrat, CA-30)Robert T. Matsui (Democrat, CA-3)Tom Lantos (Democrat, CA-11)Howard L. Berman (Democrat, CA-26)Fortney Pete Stark (Democrat, CA-9)George Miller (Democrat, CA-7)Henry A. Waxman (Democrat, CA-24)Barbara Boxer (Democrat, CA-6)Nancy Pelosi (Democrat, CA-5)Patricia Scott Schroeder (Democrat, CO-1)David Evans Skaggs (Democrat, CO-2)Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Democrat, CO-3)Bruce Andrew Morrison (Democrat, CT-3)Barbara Bailey Kennelly (Democrat, CT-1)Sam Gejdenson (Democrat, CT-2)Thomas R. Carper (Democrat, DE-AL)James William Grant (Democrat, FL-2)Claude Denson Pepper (Democrat, FL-18)Charles Edward Bennett (Democrat, FL-3)Dante Bruno Fascell (Democrat, FL-19)William Lehman (Democrat, FL-17)Lawrence Jack Smith (Democrat, FL-16)Earl Dewitt Hutto (Democrat, FL-1)Sam Melville Gibbons (Democrat, FL-7)Harry A. Johnston II (Democrat, FL-14)Bill Nelson (Democrat, FL-11)Druie Douglas Barnard Jr. (Democrat, GA-10)Charles Floyd Hatcher (Democrat, GA-2)Edgar Lanier Jenkins (Democrat, GA-9)Ben Jones (Democrat, GA-4)Richard Belmont Ray (Democrat, GA-3)Robert Lindsay Thomas (Democrat, GA-1)George Darden (Democrat, GA-7)James Roy Rowland Jr. (Democrat, GA-8)John Lewis (Democrat, GA-5)Daniel K. Akaka (Democrat, HI-2)David Ray Nagle (Democrat, IA-3)Neal Edward Smith (Democrat, IA-4)Richard Howard Stallings (Democrat, ID-2)Frank Annunzio (Democrat, IL-11)Terry Lee Bruce (Democrat, IL-19)Charles Arthur Hayes (Democrat, IL-1)Martin Anthony Russo (Democrat, IL-3)Gus Savage (Democrat, IL-2)Daniel David Rostenkowski (Democrat, IL-8)George Edward Sangmeister (Democrat, IL-4)Cardiss Collins (Democrat, IL-7)Glenn Poshard (Democrat, IL-22)Sidney Richard Yates (Democrat, IL-9)William O. Lipinski (Democrat, IL-5)Lane A. Evans (Democrat, IL-17)Jerry F. Costello (Democrat, IL-21)Richard J. Durbin (Democrat, IL-20)James Prather Jontz (Democrat, IN-5)Jill Lynette Long Thompson (Democrat, IN-4)Francis Xavier McCloskey (Democrat, IN-8)Philip Riley Sharp (Democrat, IN-2)Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democrat, IN-10)Lee Herbert Hamilton (Democrat, IN-9)Peter J. Visclosky (Democrat, IN-1)Daniel Robert Glickman (Democrat, KS-4)James Charles Slattery (Democrat, KS-2)Carroll Hubbard Jr. (Democrat, KY-1)Carl Christopher Perkins (Democrat, KY-7)Romano Louis Mazzoli (Democrat, KY-3)William Huston Natcher (Democrat, KY-2)Corinne Claiborne Boggs (Democrat, LA-2)Thomas Jerald Huckaby (Democrat, LA-5)James Allison Hayes (Democrat, LA-7)William J. Tauzin (Democrat, LA-3)Chester Greenough Atkins (Democrat, MA-5)Brian Joseph Donnelly (Democrat, MA-11)Joseph Daniel Early (Democrat, MA-3)Nicholas James Mavroules (Democrat, MA-6)Gerry Eastman Studds (Democrat, MA-10)Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (Democrat, MA-8)John Joseph Moakley (Democrat, MA-9)Barney Frank (Democrat, MA-4)Edward J. Markey (Democrat, MA-7)Richard E. Neal (Democrat, MA-2)Royden Patrick Dyson (Democrat, MD-1)Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (Democrat, MD-6)Charles Thomas McMillen (Democrat, MD-4)Benjamin L. Cardin (Democrat, MD-3)Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat, MD-5)Kweisi Mfume (Democrat, MD-7)Joseph Edward Brennan (Democrat, ME-1)George William Crockett Jr. (Democrat, MI-13)Dennis Mark Hertel (Democrat, MI-14)Jerome Bob Traxler (Democrat, MI-8)Howard Eliot Wolpe III (Democrat, MI-3)Milton Robert Carr (Democrat, MI-6)William David Ford (Democrat, MI-15)David E. Bonior (Democrat, MI-12)Dale E. Kildee (Democrat, MI-7)John D. Dingell (Democrat, MI-16)John Conyers, Jr. (Democrat, MI-1)Sander M. Levin (Democrat, MI-17)Gerald Edward Sikorski (Democrat, MN-6)Timothy Joseph Penny (Democrat, MN-1)Bruce F. Vento (Democrat, MN-4)Martin Olav Sabo (Democrat, MN-5)James L. Oberstar (Democrat, MN-8)Alan Dupree Wheat (Democrat, MO-5)Harold Lee Volkmer (Democrat, MO-9)William Lacy Clay Sr. (Democrat, MO-1)Richard Andrew Gephardt (Democrat, MO-3)Ike Skelton (Democrat, MO-4)Albert Michael Espy (Democrat, MS-2)Jamie Lloyd Whitten (Democrat, MS-1)Gillespie V. Montgomery (Democrat, MS-3)Michael Parker (Democrat, MS-4)John Patrick Williams (Democrat, MT-1)James McClure Clarke (Democrat, NC-11)Walter Beaman Jones Sr. (Democrat, NC-1)H. Martin Lancaster (Democrat, NC-3)Stephen Lybrook Neal (Democrat, NC-5)Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine (Democrat, NC-2)Charles Grandison Rose III (Democrat, NC-7)Willie Gathrel Hefner (Democrat, NC-8)David E. Price (Democrat, NC-4)Byron L. Dorgan (Democrat, ND-AL)Peter D. Hoagland (Democrat, NE-2)James Joseph Florio (Democrat, NJ-1)Bernard James Dwyer (Democrat, NJ-6)Frank Joseph Guarini Jr. (Democrat, NJ-14)Robert A. Roe (Democrat, NJ-8)William John Hughes (Democrat, NJ-2)Robert Torricelli (Democrat, NJ-9)Donald M. Payne (Democrat, NJ-10)Frank Pallone, Jr. (Democrat, NJ-3)William Blaine Richardson (Democrat, NM-3)James Hubert Bilbray (Democrat, NV-1)Robert Garcia (Democrat, NY-18)Thomas Joseph Downey (Democrat, NY-2)Matthew Francis McHugh (Democrat, NY-28)Robert Jan Mrazek (Democrat, NY-3)Henry James Nowak (Democrat, NY-33)James Haas Scheuer (Democrat, NY-8)Stephen Joshua Solarz (Democrat, NY-13)Theodore S. Weiss (Democrat, NY-17)George Joseph Hochbrueckner (Democrat, NY-1)Floyd Harold Flake (Democrat, NY-6)Thomas J. Manton (Democrat, NY-9)John J. LaFalce (Democrat, NY-32)Major R. Owens (Democrat, NY-12)Michael R. McNulty (Democrat, NY-23)Gary L. Ackerman (Democrat, NY-7)Edolphus Towns (Democrat, NY-11)Charles B. Rangel (Democrat, NY-16)Louise McIntosh Slaughter (Democrat, NY-30)Eliot L. Engel (Democrat, NY-19)Nita M. Lowey (Democrat, NY-20)Charles E. Schumer (Democrat, NY-10)Thomas Andrew Luken (Democrat, OH-1)Dennis Edward Eckart (Democrat, OH-11)Edward Farrell Feighan (Democrat, OH-19)Mary Rose Oakar (Democrat, OH-20)Donald James Pease (Democrat, OH-13)Douglas Earl Applegate (Democrat, OH-18)Louis Stokes (Democrat, OH-21)Tony P. Hall (Democrat, OH-3)Thomas C. Sawyer (Democrat, OH-14)James A. Traficant Jr. (Democrat, OH-17)Marcy Kaptur (Democrat, OH-9)Glenn Lee English Jr. (Democrat, OK-6)David Keith McCurdy (Democrat, OK-4)Michael Lynn Synar (Democrat, OK-2)Wes Watkins (Democrat, OK-3)Les AuCoin (Democrat, OR-1)Peter A. DeFazio (Democrat, OR-4)Ron Wyden (Democrat, OR-3)Douglas Walgren (Democrat, PA-18)Joseph Matthew Gaydos (Democrat, PA-20)William Herbert Gray III (Democrat, PA-2)Joseph Paul Kolter (Democrat, PA-4)Peter Houston Kostmayer (Democrat, PA-8)Gus Yatron (Democrat, PA-6)Austin John Murphy (Democrat, PA-22)Thomas Michael Foglietta (Democrat, PA-1)Robert A. Borski (Democrat, PA-3)William J. Coyne (Democrat, PA-14)Paul E. Kanjorski (Democrat, PA-11)John P. Murtha (Democrat, PA-12)Elizabeth J. Patterson (Democrat, SC-4)Robert Mooneyhan Tallon Jr. (Democrat, SC-6)Butler Carson Derrick Jr. (Democrat, SC-3)John McKee Spratt Jr. (Democrat, SC-5)Tim Johnson (Democrat, SD-1)Marilyn Laird Lloyd (Democrat, TN-3)Harold Eugene Ford (Democrat, TN-9)Robert Clement (Democrat, TN-5)Barton Jennings Gordon (Democrat, TN-6)John S. Tanner (Democrat, TN-8)Jim Cooper (Democrat, TN-4)James Claude Wright Jr. (Democrat, TX-12)George Thomas Leland (Democrat, TX-18)James Marvin Leath (Democrat, TX-11)Albert Garza Bustamante (Democrat, TX-23)Michael Allen Andrews (Democrat, TX-25)Jack Bascom Brooks (Democrat, TX-9)James Jarrell Pickle (Democrat, TX-10)William Sarpalius (Democrat, TX-13)John Wiley Bryant (Democrat, TX-5)Jim Chapman (Democrat, TX-1)Ronald D’Emory Coleman (Democrat, TX-16)Gregory H. Laughlin (Democrat, TX-14)Charles Wilson (Democrat, TX-2)Eligio II de la Garza (Democrat, TX-15)Henry Barbosa González (Democrat, TX-20)Jonas Frost III (Democrat, TX-24)Charles W. Stenholm (Democrat, TX-17)Solomon P. Ortiz (Democrat, TX-27)Ralph M. Hall (Democrat, TX-4)Douglas Wayne Owens (Democrat, UT-2)James R. Olin (Democrat, VA-6)Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. (Democrat, VA-5)Owen B. Pickett (Democrat, VA-2)Norman Sisisky (Democrat, VA-4)Frederick C. Boucher (Democrat, VA-9)Thomas Stephen Foley (Democrat, WA-5)Allan Byron Swift (Democrat, WA-2)Jolene Unsoeld (Democrat, WA-3)Norman D. Dicks (Democrat, WA-6)Jim McDermott (Democrat, WA-7)Robert William Kastenmeier (Democrat, WI-2)Jim Moody (Democrat, WI-5)Leslie Aspin (Democrat, WI-1)Gerald D. Kleczka (Democrat, WI-4)David Ross Obey (Democrat, WI-7)Harley Orrin Staggers Jr. (Democrat, WV-2)Robert E. Wise Jr. (Democrat, WV-3)Alan B. Mollohan (Democrat, WV-1)Nick J. Rahall II (Democrat, WV-4)Don Young (Republican, AK-AL)William Louis Dickinson (Republican, AL-2)H. L. Callahan (Republican, AL-1)John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican, AR-3)John Jacob Rhodes III (Republican, AZ-1)Robert Stump (Republican, AZ-3)James T. Kolbe (Republican, AZ-5)Jon Kyl (Republican, AZ-4)Charles Pashayan Jr. (Republican, CA-17)Norman David Shumway (Republican, CA-14)William Edwin Dannemeyer (Republican, CA-39)Robert John Lagomarsino (Republican, CA-19)William David Lowery (Republican, CA-41)Alfred A. McCandless (Republican, CA-37)Robert Kenneth Dornan (Republican, CA-38)Carlos John Moorhead (Republican, CA-22)Tom Campbell (Republican, CA-12)Ron Packard (Republican, CA-43)C. Christopher Cox (Republican, CA-40)William M. Thomas (Republican, CA-20)Duncan L. Hunter (Republican, CA-45)David Dreier (Republican, CA-33)Elton Gallegly (Republican, CA-21)Wally Herger (Republican, CA-2)Jerry Lewis (Republican, CA-35)Dana Rohrabacher (Republican, CA-42)George Hanks Brown (Republican, CO-4)Daniel Schaefer (Republican, CO-6)Joel Hefley (Republican, CO-5)John Rowland (Republican, CT-5)Nancy Lee Johnson (Republican, CT-6)Christopher H. Shays (Republican, CT-4)Andrew Poysell Ireland (Republican, FL-10)Craig T. James (Republican, FL-4)Thomas F. Lewis (Republican, FL-12)Bill McCollum (Republican, FL-5)Porter J. Goss (Republican, FL-13)Michael Bilirakis (Republican, FL-9)E. Clay Shaw Jr. (Republican, FL-15)Cliff Stearns (Republican, FL-6)C. W. Bill Young (Republican, FL-8)Newton Leroy Gingrich (Republican, GA-6)Patricia Fukuda Saiki (Republican, HI-1)Thomas Joseph Tauke (Republican, IA-2)Frederick Lawrence Grandy (Republican, IA-6)James Ross Lightfoot (Republican, IA-5)James A. Leach (Republican, IA-1)Larry E. Craig (Republican, ID-1)Lynn Morley Martin (Republican, IL-16)Edward Rell Madigan (Republican, IL-15)Robert Henry Michel (Republican, IL-18)Harris W. Fawell (Republican, IL-13)John Edward Porter (Republican, IL-10)Philip M. Crane (Republican, IL-12)Henry John Hyde (Republican, IL-6)J. Dennis Hastert (Republican, IL-14)John Patrick Hiler (Republican, IN-3)John Thomas Myers (Republican, IN-7)Dan Burton (Republican, IN-6)Robert Russell Whittaker (Republican, KS-5)Jan Meyers (Republican, KS-3)Pat Roberts (Republican, KS-1)Larry Jones Hopkins (Republican, KY-6)Jim Bunning (Republican, KY-4)Harold Rogers (Republican, KY-5)Clyde Cecil Holloway (Republican, LA-8)Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. (Republican, LA-1)Richard Hugh Baker (Republican, LA-6)James O. McCrery III (Republican, LA-4)Silvio Ottavio Conte (Republican, MA-1)Helen Delich Bentley (Republican, MD-2)Constance Morella (Republican, MD-8)Olympia J. Snowe (Republican, ME-2)Bill Schuette (Republican, MI-10)William S. Broomfield (Republican, MI-18)Robert William Davis (Republican, MI-11)Carl Duane Pursell (Republican, MI-2)Guy Adrian Vander Jagt (Republican, MI-9)Paul B. Henry (Republican, MI-5)Fred Upton (Republican, MI-4)William Eldridge Frenzel (Republican, MN-3)Arlan Ingehart Stangeland (Republican, MN-7)John Vincent Weber (Republican, MN-2)John William Buechner (Republican, MO-2)Earl Thomas Coleman (Republican, MO-6)Norvell William Emerson (Republican, MO-8)Melton D. Hancock (Republican, MO-7)Larkin I. Smith (Republican, MS-5)Ronald Charles Marlenee (Republican, MT-2)John Alexander, III McMillan (Republican, NC-9)Cass Ballenger (Republican, NC-10)Howard Coble (Republican, NC-6)Virginia Dodd Smith (Republican, NE-3)Douglas K. Bereuter (Republican, NE-1)Robert Smith (Republican, NH-1)Charles Gywnne Douglas III (Republican, NH-2)James Andrew Courter (Republican, NJ-12)Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican, NJ-7)Dean Anderson Gallo (Republican, NJ-11)Marge Roukema (Republican, NJ-5)H. James Saxton (Republican, NJ-13)Christopher H. Smith (Republican, NJ-4)Steven Harvey Schiff (Republican, NM-1)Joseph Skeen (Republican, NM-2)Barbara Farrell Vucanovich (Republican, NV-2)Guy Victor Molinari (Republican, NY-14)Sedgwick William Green (Republican, NY-15)Frank Jefferson Horton (Republican, NY-29)Norman Frederick Lent (Republican, NY-4)David O’Brien Martin (Republican, NY-26)Raymond Joseph McGrath (Republican, NY-5)Hamilton Fish Jr. (Republican, NY-21)L. William Paxon (Republican, NY-31)Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon (Republican, NY-24)Benjamin Gilman (Republican, NY-22)Amory Houghton Jr. (Republican, NY-34)Sherwood L. Boehlert (Republican, NY-25)James T. Walsh (Republican, NY-27)Donald Edgar Lukens (Republican, OH-8)Bob McEwen (Republican, OH-6)Clarence E. Miller (Republican, OH-10)Chalmers Pangburn Wylie (Republican, OH-15)Willis David Gradison Jr. (Republican, OH-2)John R. Kasich (Republican, OH-12)Michael DeWine (Republican, OH-7)Michael G. Oxley (Republican, OH-4)Paul E. Gillmor (Republican, OH-5)Ralph Regula (Republican, OH-16)Marvin Henry Edwards (Republican, OK-5)James M. Inhofe (Republican, OK-1)Dennis Alan Smith (Republican, OR-5)Robert Freeman Smith (Republican, OR-2)Robert Lawrence Coughlin (Republican, PA-13)Donald Lawrence Ritter (Republican, PA-15)Richard Taylor Schulze (Republican, PA-5)Thomas Joseph Ridge (Republican, PA-21)William Floyd Clinger Jr. (Republican, PA-23)Robert Smith Walker (Republican, PA-16)Joseph Michael McDade (Republican, PA-10)William F. Goodling (Republican, PA-19)George W. Gekas (Republican, PA-17)Elmer Greinert Shuster (Republican, PA-9)W. Curtis Weldon (Republican, PA-7)Claudine Schneider (Republican, RI-2)Ronald K. Machtley (Republican, RI-1)Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Republican, SC-1)Floyd Spence (Republican, SC-2)Donald Kenneth Sundquist (Republican, TN-7)James Henry Quillen (Republican, TN-1)John J. Duncan, Jr. (Republican, TN-2)Harry Stephen Bartlett (Republican, TX-3)Jack Milton Fields Jr. (Republican, TX-8)Bill Archer (Republican, TX-7)Richard K. Armey (Republican, TX-26)Larry Combest (Republican, TX-19)Thomas Dale DeLay (Republican, TX-22)Joe Barton (Republican, TX-6)Lamar Smith (Republican, TX-21)Howard Curtis Nielson (Republican, UT-3)James V. Hansen (Republican, UT-1)Stanford E. Parris (Republican, VA-8)Daniel French Slaughter Jr. (Republican, VA-7)Herbert H. Bateman (Republican, VA-1)Tom Bliley (Republican, VA-3)Frank R. Wolf (Republican, VA-10)Peter P. Smith (Republican, VT-AL)Rodney Dennis Chandler (Republican, WA-8)John Ripin Miller (Republican, WA-1)Sidney Wallace Morrison (Republican, WA-4)Steven Craig Gunderson (Republican, WI-3)Toby A. Roth (Republican, WI-8)Thomas E. Petri (Republican, WI-6)F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (Republican, WI-9)Richard Bruce Cheney (Republican, WY-AL)
196 new members · 196 departed · 239 served on both dates · women 19 → 26 · median age 49 → 51
42 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alabama 4 D · 3 R
Alabama 5 D · 2 R
Arkansas 2 D · 2 R
Arkansas 3 D · 1 R
Arizona 2 D · 2 R
Arizona 1 D · 4 R
California 22 D · 21 R
California 27 D · 18 R
Colorado 3 D · 2 R
Colorado 3 D · 3 R
Connecticut 4 D · 2 R
Connecticut 3 D · 3 R
Delaware 0 D · 1 R
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Florida 11 D · 4 R
Florida 10 D · 9 R
Hawaii 2 D · 0 R
Hawaii 1 D · 1 R
Iowa 3 D · 3 R
Iowa 2 D · 4 R
Idaho 0 D · 2 R
Idaho 1 D · 1 R
Illinois 10 D · 14 R
Illinois 14 D · 8 R
Indiana 6 D · 5 R
Indiana 7 D · 3 R
Kansas 1 D · 4 R
Kansas 2 D · 3 R
Louisiana 6 D · 2 R
Louisiana 4 D · 4 R
Massachusetts 10 D · 2 R
Massachusetts 10 D · 1 R
Maryland 7 D · 1 R
Maryland 6 D · 2 R
Maine 0 D · 2 R
Maine 1 D · 1 R
Michigan 12 D · 7 R
Michigan 11 D · 7 R
Minnesota 3 D · 5 R
Minnesota 5 D · 3 R
Missouri 6 D · 4 R
Missouri 5 D · 4 R
Mississippi 3 D · 2 R
Mississippi 4 D · 1 R
North Carolina 7 D · 4 R
North Carolina 8 D · 3 R
Nebraska 0 D · 3 R
Nebraska 1 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 1 D · 1 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 2 R
New Jersey 8 D · 7 R
New Jersey 8 D · 6 R
New Mexico 0 D · 2 R
New Mexico 1 D · 2 R
Nevada 1 D · 0 R
Nevada 1 D · 1 R
New York 22 D · 17 R
New York 21 D · 13 R
Ohio 10 D · 13 R
Ohio 11 D · 10 R
Oklahoma 5 D · 1 R
Oklahoma 4 D · 2 R
Oregon 3 D · 1 R
Oregon 3 D · 2 R
Pennsylvania 11 D · 13 R · 1 other
Pennsylvania 12 D · 11 R
Rhode Island 1 D · 1 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 2 R
South Carolina 2 D · 4 R
South Carolina 4 D · 2 R
South Dakota 1 D · 1 R
South Dakota 1 D · 0 R
Tennessee 5 D · 3 R
Tennessee 6 D · 3 R
Texas 19 D · 5 R
Texas 19 D · 8 R
Utah 0 D · 2 R
Utah 1 D · 2 R
Virginia 1 D · 9 R
Virginia 5 D · 5 R
Washington 5 D · 2 R
Washington 5 D · 3 R
West Virginia 2 D · 2 R
West Virginia 4 D · 0 R
Who joined and who left (196 in · 196 out)
Ben Erdreich D
Alabama-6
Claude Harris Jr. D
Alabama-7
John Glen Browder D
Alabama-3
H. L. Callahan R
Alabama-1
Tommy Franklin Robinson D
Arkansas-2
John Jacob Rhodes III R
Arizona-1
James T. Kolbe R
Arizona-5
Jon Kyl R
Arizona-4
Jim Bates D
California-44
Douglas Harry Bosco D
California-1
Meldon Edises Levine D
California-27
Richard Henry Lehman D
California-18
Alfred A. McCandless R
California-37
Esteban Edward Torres D
California-34
Tom Campbell R
California-12
Matthew G. Martínez D
California-30
Ron Packard R
California-43
C. Christopher Cox R
California-40
Howard L. Berman D
California-26
Elton Gallegly R
California-21
Wally Herger R
California-2
Barbara Boxer D
California-6
Dana Rohrabacher R
California-42
Nancy Pelosi D
California-5
Daniel Schaefer R
Colorado-6
David Evans Skaggs D
Colorado-2
Ben Nighthorse Campbell D
Colorado-3
Joel Hefley R
Colorado-5
Bruce Andrew Morrison D
Connecticut-3
John Rowland R
Connecticut-5
Barbara Bailey Kennelly D
Connecticut-1
Nancy Lee Johnson R
Connecticut-6
Christopher H. Shays R
Connecticut-4
Thomas R. Carper D
Delaware-AL
James William Grant D
Florida-2
Craig T. James R
Florida-4
Lawrence Jack Smith D
Florida-16
Thomas F. Lewis R
Florida-12
Harry A. Johnston II D
Florida-14
Porter J. Goss R
Florida-13
Michael Bilirakis R
Florida-9
Cliff Stearns R
Florida-6
Ben Jones D
Georgia-4
Richard Belmont Ray D
Georgia-3
Robert Lindsay Thomas D
Georgia-1
George Darden D
Georgia-7
James Roy Rowland Jr. D
Georgia-8
John Lewis D
Georgia-5
Patricia Fukuda Saiki R
Hawaii-1
David Ray Nagle D
Iowa-3
Frederick Lawrence Grandy R
Iowa-6
James Ross Lightfoot R
Iowa-5
Richard Howard Stallings D
Idaho-2
Terry Lee Bruce D
Illinois-19
Charles Arthur Hayes D
Illinois-1
George Edward Sangmeister D
Illinois-4
Harris W. Fawell R
Illinois-13
Glenn Poshard D
Illinois-22
William O. Lipinski D
Illinois-5
Lane A. Evans D
Illinois-17
J. Dennis Hastert R
Illinois-14
Jerry F. Costello D
Illinois-21
Richard J. Durbin D
Illinois-20
James Prather Jontz D
Indiana-5
Jill Lynette Long Thompson D
Indiana-4
Francis Xavier McCloskey D
Indiana-8
Dan Burton R
Indiana-6
Peter J. Visclosky D
Indiana-1
James Charles Slattery D
Kansas-2
Jan Meyers R
Kansas-3
Carl Christopher Perkins D
Kentucky-7
Jim Bunning R
Kentucky-4
Clyde Cecil Holloway R
Louisiana-8
James Allison Hayes D
Louisiana-7
Richard Hugh Baker R
Louisiana-6
James O. McCrery III R
Louisiana-4
Chester Greenough Atkins D
Massachusetts-5
Joseph Patrick Kennedy II D
Massachusetts-8
Richard E. Neal D
Massachusetts-2
Charles Thomas McMillen D
Maryland-4
Helen Delich Bentley R
Maryland-2
Constance Morella R
Maryland-8
Benjamin L. Cardin D
Maryland-3
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Joseph Edward Brennan D
Maine-1
Bill Schuette R
Michigan-10
Milton Robert Carr D
Michigan-6
Paul B. Henry R
Michigan-5
Sander M. Levin D
Michigan-17
Fred Upton R
Michigan-4
Gerald Edward Sikorski D
Minnesota-6
Timothy Joseph Penny D
Minnesota-1
John William Buechner R
Missouri-2
Alan Dupree Wheat D
Missouri-5
Melton D. Hancock R
Missouri-7
Larkin I. Smith R
Mississippi-5
Albert Michael Espy D
Mississippi-2
Michael Parker D
Mississippi-4
James McClure Clarke D
North Carolina-11
H. Martin Lancaster D
North Carolina-3
John Alexander, III McMillan R
North Carolina-9
Itimous Thaddeus, Jr., Valentine D
North Carolina-2
Cass Ballenger R
North Carolina-10
Howard Coble R
North Carolina-6
David E. Price D
North Carolina-4
Peter D. Hoagland D
Nebraska-2
Robert Smith R
New Hampshire-1
Charles Gywnne Douglas III R
New Hampshire-2
Dean Anderson Gallo R
New Jersey-11
Robert Torricelli D
New Jersey-9
H. James Saxton R
New Jersey-13
Donald M. Payne D
New Jersey-10
Frank Pallone, Jr. D
New Jersey-3
William Blaine Richardson D
New Mexico-3
Steven Harvey Schiff R
New Mexico-1
James Hubert Bilbray D
Nevada-1
Barbara Farrell Vucanovich R
Nevada-2
Robert Jan Mrazek D
New York-3
George Joseph Hochbrueckner D
New York-1
Floyd Harold Flake D
New York-6
Thomas J. Manton D
New York-9
L. William Paxon R
New York-31
Amory Houghton Jr. R
New York-34
Sherwood L. Boehlert R
New York-25
Major R. Owens D
New York-12
Michael R. McNulty D
New York-23
James T. Walsh R
New York-27
Gary L. Ackerman D
New York-7
Edolphus Towns D
New York-11
Louise McIntosh Slaughter D
New York-30
Eliot L. Engel D
New York-19
Nita M. Lowey D
New York-20
Donald Edgar Lukens R
Ohio-8
Edward Farrell Feighan D
Ohio-19
John R. Kasich R
Ohio-12
Michael DeWine R
Ohio-7
Thomas C. Sawyer D
Ohio-14
James A. Traficant Jr. D
Ohio-17
Michael G. Oxley R
Ohio-4
Paul E. Gillmor R
Ohio-5
Marcy Kaptur D
Ohio-9
James M. Inhofe R
Oklahoma-1
Robert Freeman Smith R
Oregon-2
Peter A. DeFazio D
Oregon-4
Joseph Paul Kolter D
Pennsylvania-4
Peter Houston Kostmayer D
Pennsylvania-8
Thomas Joseph Ridge R
Pennsylvania-21
Robert A. Borski D
Pennsylvania-3
George W. Gekas R
Pennsylvania-17
W. Curtis Weldon R
Pennsylvania-7
Paul E. Kanjorski D
Pennsylvania-11
Ronald K. Machtley R
Rhode Island-1
Elizabeth J. Patterson D
South Carolina-4
Robert Mooneyhan Tallon Jr. D
South Carolina-6
Arthur Ravenel Jr. R
South Carolina-1
John McKee Spratt Jr. D
South Carolina-5
Tim Johnson D
South Dakota-1
Donald Kenneth Sundquist R
Tennessee-7
Robert Clement D
Tennessee-5
Barton Jennings Gordon D
Tennessee-6
John S. Tanner D
Tennessee-8
John J. Duncan, Jr. R
Tennessee-2
Jim Cooper D
Tennessee-4
Harry Stephen Bartlett R
Texas-3
Albert Garza Bustamante D
Texas-23
Michael Allen Andrews D
Texas-25
William Sarpalius D
Texas-13
John Wiley Bryant D
Texas-5
Jim Chapman D
Texas-1
Ronald D’Emory Coleman D
Texas-16
Gregory H. Laughlin D
Texas-14
Richard K. Armey R
Texas-26
Larry Combest R
Texas-19
Thomas Dale DeLay R
Texas-22
Solomon P. Ortiz D
Texas-27
Joe Barton R
Texas-6
Lamar Smith R
Texas-21
Howard Curtis Nielson R
Utah-3
Douglas Wayne Owens D
Utah-2
James R. Olin D
Virginia-6
Daniel French Slaughter Jr. R
Virginia-7
Lewis Franklin Payne Jr. D
Virginia-5
Herbert H. Bateman R
Virginia-1
Owen B. Pickett D
Virginia-2
Norman Sisisky D
Virginia-4
Frederick C. Boucher D
Virginia-9
Peter P. Smith R
Vermont-AL
Rodney Dennis Chandler R
Washington-8
John Ripin Miller R
Washington-1
Jolene Unsoeld D
Washington-3
Jim McDermott D
Washington-7
Jim Moody D
Wisconsin-5
Gerald D. Kleczka D
Wisconsin-4
Harley Orrin Staggers Jr. D
West Virginia-2
Robert E. Wise Jr. D
West Virginia-3
Alan B. Mollohan D
West Virginia-1
Albert Lee Smith Jr. R
Alabama-6
William Jackson Edwards R
Alabama-1
William Flynt Nichols D
Alabama-3
Richard C. Shelby D
Alabama-7
Edwin Ruthvin Bethune Jr. R
Arkansas-2
John Jacob Rhodes R
Arizona-1
Eldon Dean Rudd R
Arizona-4
Clair Walter Burgener R
California-43
John Lowell Burton D
California-5
Donald Holst Clausen R
California-2
George Elmore Danielson D
California-30
Barry Morris Goldwater Jr. R
California-20
Wayne Richard Grisham R
California-33
Paul Norton McCloskey Jr. R
California-12
John Harbin Rousselot R
California-26
Phillip Burton D
California-6
Jerry Mumford Patterson D
California-38
Eugene A. Chappie R
California-1
Bobbi Fiedler R
California-21
Robert Edward Badham R
California-40
Daniel E. Lungren R
California-34
Raymond Peter Kogovsek D
Colorado-3
Kenneth Bentley Kramer R
Colorado-5
Timothy E. Wirth D
Colorado-2
William Ross Cotter D
Connecticut-1
Lawrence Joseph DeNardis R
Connecticut-3
Anthony John Moffett Jr. D
Connecticut-6
William Richard Ratchford D
Connecticut-5
Stewart Brett McKinney R
Connecticut-4
Thomas Beverley Evans Jr. R
Delaware-AL
Louis Arthur Bafalis R
Florida-10
Don Fuqua D
Florida-2
William Venroe Chappell Jr. D
Florida-4
Daniel Andrew Mica D
Florida-11
Jack Thomas Brinkley D
Georgia-3
Billy Lee Evans D
Georgia-8
Ronald Bryan Ginn D
Georgia-1
Elliott Harris Levitas D
Georgia-4
Lawrence Patton McDonald D
Georgia-7
Wyche Fowler Jr. D
Georgia-5
Cecil Landau Heftel D
Hawaii-1
Berkley Warren Bedell D
Iowa-6
Thomas Cooper Evans R
Iowa-3
Tom Harkin D
Iowa-5
George Vernon Hansen R
Idaho-2
Edward Joseph Derwinski R
Illinois-4
John G. Fary D
Illinois-5
Paul Findley R
Illinois-20
Robert McClory R
Illinois-13
Thomas Fisher Railsback R
Illinois-19
Thomas Joseph Corcoran R
Illinois-15
Daniel Bever Crane R
Illinois-22
John Neal Erlenborn R
Illinois-14
Harold Washington D
Illinois-1
George Miller O’Brien R
Illinois-17
Charles Melvin Price D
Illinois-23
Paul Martin Simon D
Illinois-24
Adam Benjamin Jr. D
Indiana-1
Huey Joel Deckard R
Indiana-8
David Walter Evans D
Indiana-6
Floyd James Fithian D
Indiana-2
Elwood Haynes Hillis R
Indiana-5
Daniel Coats R
Indiana-4
James Edmund Jeffries R
Kansas-2
Edward Lawrence Winn Jr. R
Kansas-3
Carl Dewey Perkins D
Kentucky-7
Marion Gene Snyder R
Kentucky-4
Gillis William Long D
Louisiana-8
William Henson Moore III R
Louisiana-6
Charles Elson Roemer III D
Louisiana-4
John B. Breaux D
Louisiana-7
Margaret M. Heckler R
Massachusetts-10
James Michael Shannon D
Massachusetts-5
Thomas Phillip O’Neill Jr. D
Massachusetts-8
Edward Patrick Boland D
Massachusetts-2
Clarence Dickinson Long D
Maryland-2
Michael Darr Barnes D
Maryland-8
Marjorie Sewell Holt R
Maryland-4
Parren James Mitchell D
Maryland-7
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland-3
David Farnham Emery R
Maine-1
James Johnston Blanchard D
Michigan-18
William McNulty Brodhead D
Michigan-17
James Whitney Dunn R
Michigan-6
David Alan Stockman R
Michigan-4
Donald Joseph Albosta D
Michigan-10
Harold Samuel Sawyer R
Michigan-5
Arlen Ingolf Erdahl R
Minnesota-1
Thomas Michael Hagedorn R
Minnesota-2
R. Wendell Bailey R
Missouri-8
Richard Walker Bolling D
Missouri-5
Robert Anton Young III D
Missouri-2
Gene Taylor R
Missouri-7
David Reece Bowen D
Mississippi-2
Jon Clifton Hinson R
Mississippi-4
Trent Lott R
Mississippi-5
Lawrence H. Fountain D
North Carolina-2
Walter Eugene Johnston III R
North Carolina-6
Ike Franklin Andrews D
North Carolina-4
James Grubbs Martin R
North Carolina-9
William Martin Hendon R
North Carolina-11
Charles Orville Whitley D
North Carolina-3
James Thomas Broyhill R
North Carolina-10
Harold John, Jr., Daub R
Nebraska-2
Norman Edward D’Amours D
New Hampshire-1
Judd A. Gregg R
New Hampshire-2
Millicent Hammond Fenwick R
New Jersey-5
Harold Capistran Hollenbeck R
New Jersey-9
Edwin Bell Forsythe R
New Jersey-6
Joseph George Minish D
New Jersey-11
James John Howard D
New Jersey-3
Peter Wallace Rodino Jr. D
New Jersey-10
Manuel Luján Jr. R
New Mexico-1
James David Santini D
Nevada-AL
Jonathan Brewster Bingham D
New York-22
Gregory Wright Carman R
New York-3
Shirley Anita Chisholm D
New York-12
John LeBoutillier R
New York-6
Gary Alcide Lee R
New York-33
Donald Jerome Mitchell R
New York-31
Peter A. Peyser D
New York-23
Frederick William Richmond D
New York-14
Leo C. Zeferetti D
New York-15
Barber Benjamin Conable Jr. R
New York-35
Geraldine Anne Ferraro D
New York-9
Richard Lawrence Ottinger D
New York-24
Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal D
New York-8
Joseph Patrick Addabbo D
New York-7
William Carney R
New York-1
Stanley Nelson Lundine D
New York-39
Mario Biaggi D
New York-10
Jack French Kemp R
New York-38
Samuel Studdiford Stratton D
New York-28
George Cornelius Wortley R
New York-32
Jean Spencer Ashbrook R
Ohio-17
Clarence J. Brown Jr. R
Ohio-7
Tennyson Guyer R
Ohio-4
Ronald Milton Mottl D
Ohio-23
Robert Norton Shamansky D
Ohio-12
John William Stanton R
Ohio-11
Edward Ford Weber R
Ohio-9
Lyle Williams R
Ohio-19
Thomas Norman Kindness R
Ohio-8
John Frederick Seiberling D
Ohio-14
Delbert Leroy Latta R
Ohio-5
James Robert Jones D
Oklahoma-1
James Howard Weaver D
Oregon-4
Eugene Vincent Atkinson R
Pennsylvania-25
Donald Allen Bailey D
Pennsylvania-21
James Kitchenman Coyne III R
Pennsylvania-8
Charles Francis Dougherty R
Pennsylvania-4
Allen Edward Ertel D
Pennsylvania-17
Raymond Francis Lederer D
Pennsylvania-3
Marc Lincoln Marks R
Pennsylvania-24
James Leo Nelligan R
Pennsylvania-11
Robert William Edgar D
Pennsylvania-7
Fernand Joseph St. Germain D
Rhode Island-1
Kenneth Lamar Holland D
South Carolina-5
John Light Napier R
South Carolina-6
Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. R
South Carolina-4
Thomas Forbes Hartnett R
South Carolina-1
Clint Ronald Roberts R
South Dakota-2
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota-1
Robin Leo Beard Jr. R
Tennessee-6
William Hill Boner D
Tennessee-5
John James Duncan R
Tennessee-2
Ed Jones D
Tennessee-7
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. D
Tennessee-4
James Mitchell Collins R
Texas-3
James Albon Mattox D
Texas-5
Richard Crawford White D
Texas-16
Kent Ronald Hance D
Texas-19
Jack English Hightower D
Texas-13
Abraham Kazen Jr. D
Texas-23
William Neff Patman D
Texas-14
Sam Blakeley Hall Jr. D
Texas-1
Thomas Gilbert Loeffler R
Texas-21
Phil Gramm D
Texas-6
Ron Paul R
Texas-22
David Daniel Marriott R
Utah-2
Manley Caldwell Butler R
Virginia-6
Robert Williams Daniel Jr. R
Virginia-4
William Creed Wampler R
Virginia-9
James Kenneth Robinson R
Virginia-7
Paul Seward Trible Jr. R
Virginia-1
George William Whitehurst R
Virginia-2
Wilbur Clarence Daniel D
Virginia-5
James M. Jeffords R
Vermont-AL
Joel McFee Pritchard R
Washington-1
Don Leroy Bonker D
Washington-3
Michael Edward Lowry D
Washington-7
Henry Schoellkopf Reuss D
Wisconsin-5
Clement John Zablocki D
Wisconsin-4
Cleveland Keith Benedict R
West Virginia-2
Robert Homer Mollohan D
West Virginia-1
David Michael Staton R
West Virginia-3
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+2,471Congress.gov ↗
2,471 public laws enacted · 2 landmark · 90 notable · 1,729 routine · 650 ceremonial
Tax Reform Act of 1986 landmark
Pub. L. 99-514 · Oct 22, 1986
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act) landmark
Pub. L. 99-603 · Nov 6, 1986
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA or Kemp-Roth Tax Cut)
Pub. L. 97-34 · Aug 13, 1981
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
Pub. L. 97-35 · Aug 13, 1981
Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act
Pub. L. 97-86 · Dec 1, 1981
Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
Pub. L. 97-98 · Dec 22, 1981
Intelligence Identities Protection Act
Pub. L. 97-200 · Jun 23, 1982
Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
Pub. L. 97-248 · Sep 3, 1982
Uniformed Services Former Spouses' Protection Act (USFSPA)
Pub. L. 97-252 · Sep 8, 1982
Codification of Title 31 of the United States Code
Pub. L. 97-258 · Sep 13, 1982
Show 30 more notable laws
Bus Regulatory Reform Act
Pub. L. 97-261 · Sep 20, 1982
Job Training Partnership Act of 1982
Pub. L. 97-300 · Oct 13, 1982
Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
Pub. L. 97-320 · Oct 15, 1982
Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982
Pub. L. 97-424 · Jan 6, 1983
Nuclear Waste Policy Act
Pub. L. 97-425 · Jan 7, 1983
Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and Social Security Act
Pub. L. 97-455 · Jan 12, 1983
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
Pub. L. 98-8 · Mar 24, 1983
Social Security Amendments of 1983
Pub. L. 98-21 · Apr 20, 1983
Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
Pub. L. 98-67 · Aug 5, 1983
Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
Pub. L. 98-88 · Aug 26, 1983
Martin Luther King Jr. Day law
Pub. L. 98-144 · Nov 2, 1983
Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983
Pub. L. 98-180 · Nov 29, 1983
Shipping Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-237 · Mar 20, 1984
National Minimum Drinking Age Act
Pub. L. 98-363 · Jul 17, 1984
Land Remote-Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-365 · Jul 17, 1984
Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-369 · Jul 18, 1984
Equal Access Act
Aug 11, 1984
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act
Pub. L. 98-417 · Sep 24, 1984
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
Pub. L. 98-435 · Sep 28, 1984
Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act
Pub. L. 98-440 · Oct 3, 1984
Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-473 · Oct 12, 1984
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act
Pub. L. 98-474 · Oct 12, 1984
National Archives and Records Administration Act
Pub. L. 98-497 · Oct 19, 1984
Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-499 · Oct 19, 1984
National Organ Transplant Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-507 · Oct 19, 1984
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act
Pub. L. 98-524 · Oct 19, 1984
Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-549 · Oct 30, 1984
Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-573 · Oct 30, 1984
Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-575 · Oct 30, 1984
Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984
Pub. L. 98-620 · Nov 8, 1984

Judicial

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
+3−3Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 7 R · 2 D
Potter Stewart R
appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower · 1959
Warren Earl Burger R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1969
Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1971
Sandra Day O'Connor R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1981
Antonin Scalia R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
Anthony McLeod Kennedy R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1988
6 justices served on both dates
William Joseph Brennan, Jr. R
appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower · 1957
Byron Raymond White D
appointed by John F. Kennedy · 1962
Thurgood Marshall D
appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson · 1967
Harry Andrew Blackmun R
appointed by Richard M. Nixon · 1970
John Paul Stevens R
appointed by Gerald Ford · 1975
William Hubbs Rehnquist R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+421Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): 80 D · 47 R → 91 R · 52 D · 22 N(
District courts (active judges): 292 D · 193 R · 9 N( · 1 N( → 347 R · 202 D · 3 N(
Ronald Reagan R appointed 387 judges
4 Supreme Court · 83 appeals · 294 district · 6 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 34 judges
33 appeals · 1 district
8 circuits flipped majority
First Circuit 3 D · 1 R (D majority)
First Circuit 3 D · 3 R (tie majority)
Fourth Circuit 6 D · 4 R (D majority)
Fourth Circuit 5 D · 6 R (R majority)
Fifth Circuit 18 D · 7 R (D majority)
Fifth Circuit 6 D · 9 R (R majority)
Sixth Circuit 7 D · 3 R (D majority)
Sixth Circuit 5 D · 9 R (R majority)
Seventh Circuit 4 D · 4 R (tie majority)
Seventh Circuit 2 D · 9 R (R majority)
Eighth Circuit 5 D · 3 R (D majority)
Eighth Circuit 3 D · 6 R (R majority)
Tenth Circuit 5 D · 3 R (D majority)
Tenth Circuit 4 D · 6 R (R majority)
District of Columbia Circuit 8 D · 3 R (D majority)
District of Columbia Circuit 5 D · 6 R (R majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+1,180Supreme Court Database ↗
1,180 argued decisions · 30 landmark
Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
453 U.S. 609 · Jul 2, 1981 · Decided 6–3 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Railway Labor Executives' Assn. v. Gibbons
455 U.S. 457 · Mar 2, 1982 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Vacated · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Ross
456 U.S. 798 · Jun 1, 1982 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
458 U.S. 50 · Jun 28, 1982 · Decided 6–3 · Judicial Power · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
458 U.S. 941 · Jul 2, 1982 · Decided 7–2 · Federalism · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
United States v. Grace
461 U.S. 171 · Apr 20, 1983 · Decided 9–0 · First Amendment · Affirmed in part, reversed in part · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Bob Jones University v. United States
461 U.S. 574 · May 24, 1983 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Illinois v. Gates
462 U.S. 213 · Jun 8, 1983 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
462 U.S. 919 · Jun 23, 1983 · Decided 7–2 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
463 U.S. 60 · Jun 24, 1983 · Decided 8–0 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Show 20 more
Michigan v. Long
Jul 6, 1983 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
Jan 23, 1984 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
United States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
Feb 22, 1984 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Limbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
Apr 18, 1984 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent
Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
Jun 19, 1984 · Decided 5–3 · Economic Activity · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
Jun 25, 1984 · Decided 6–0 · Economic Activity · Reversed
Federal Communications Commission v. League of Women Voters of California
Jul 2, 1984 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Regan v. Time, Inc.
Jul 3, 1984 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
Feb 19, 1985 · Decided 5–4 · Unions · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Federal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee
Mar 18, 1985 · Decided 7–2 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Miller
Apr 1, 1985 · Decided 8–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Aguilar v. Felton
Jul 1, 1985 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Daniels v. Williams
Jan 21, 1986 · Decided 9–0 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
United States v. Lane
Jan 27, 1986 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Overruled precedent
Batson v. Kentucky
Apr 30, 1986 · Decided 7–2 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Bowsher v. Synar
Jul 7, 1986 · Decided 7–2 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.
Dec 15, 1986 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Hodel v. Irving
May 18, 1987 · Decided 9–0 · Due Process · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Puerto Rico v. Branstad
Jun 23, 1987 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
Jun 23, 1987 · Decided 6–2 · Economic Activity · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+26% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 1981 → fiscal year 1989 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $678B
FY1981
Spending $1.14T
FY1989 · +69% nominal · +26% after inflation
Revenue $599B
FY1981
Revenue $991B
FY1989 · +65% nominal · +23% after inflation
Surplus / deficit −$79.0B
FY1981
Surplus / deficit −$153B
FY1989 · −$73.7B
Spending, % of GDP 21.6%
FY1981
Spending, % of GDP 20.6%
FY1989 · −1.0 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 25.2%
FY1981
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 39.4%
FY1989 · +14.2 pts
Spending by function · real change
National Defense
$158B → $304B · +44%
Social Security
$140B → $233B · +24%
Net interest
$68.8B → $169B · +83%
Income Security
$100B → $138B · +2.2%
Medicare
$39.1B → $85.0B · +62%
Health
$26.9B → $48.4B · +34%
Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
$33.1B → $35.3B · −21%
Veterans Benefits and Services
$23.0B → $30.0B · −2.6%
Commerce and Housing Credit
$8.2B → $29.7B · +170%
Transportation
$23.4B → $27.6B · −12%
Agriculture
$11.2B → $16.7B · +11%
Natural Resources and Environment
$13.6B → $16.2B · −11%
General Science, Space, and Technology
$6.5B → $12.8B · +48%
Administration of Justice
$4.9B → $9.6B · +46%
International Affairs
$13.1B → $9.6B · −45%
General Government
$11.4B → $9.3B · −39%
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$1.69TTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$908B
as of Sep 30, 1980
$2.60T
as of Sep 30, 1988

Constitution & Union

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
±0National Archives ↗
26 → 26 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.

Log

logEverything in between
145 events
Ronald Wilson Reagan takes office · 1981-01-20Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana · 1981-07-02Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA or Kemp-Roth Tax Cut) · 1981-08-13Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 · 1981-08-13Sandra Day O'Connor — Associate Justice · 1981-09-22Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act · 1981-12-01Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 · 1981-12-22Railway Labor Executives' Assn. v. Gibbons · 1982-03-02United States v. Ross · 1982-06-01Intelligence Identities Protection Act · 1982-06-23Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co. · 1982-06-28Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas · 1982-07-02Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 · 1982-09-03Uniformed Services Former Spouses' Protection Act (USFSPA) · 1982-09-08Codification of Title 31 of the United States Code · 1982-09-13Bus Regulatory Reform Act · 1982-09-20Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 · 1982-10-13Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act · 1982-10-15Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force) · 1983-01-01Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 · 1983-01-06Nuclear Waste Policy Act · 1983-01-07Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and Social Security Act · 1983-01-12Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 · 1983-03-24Social Security Amendments of 1983 · 1983-04-20United States v. Grace · 1983-04-20Bob Jones University v. United States · 1983-05-24Illinois v. Gates · 1983-06-08Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha · 1983-06-23Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. · 1983-06-24Michigan v. Long · 1983-07-06Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 · 1983-08-05Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 · 1983-08-26Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution · 1983-10-12Invasion of Grenada · 1983-10-25Invasion of Grenada · 1983-10-28Martin Luther King Jr. Day law · 1983-11-02Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983 · 1983-11-29United States Arctic Research Commission · 1984-01-01United States Sentencing Commission · 1984-01-01Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman · 1984-01-23United States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms · 1984-02-22Shipping Act of 1984 · 1984-03-20Limbach v. Hooven & Allison Co. · 1984-04-18Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp. · 1984-06-19Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. · 1984-06-25Federal Communications Commission v. League of Women Voters of California · 1984-07-02Regan v. Time, Inc. · 1984-07-03National Minimum Drinking Age Act · 1984-07-17Land Remote-Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984 · 1984-07-17Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 · 1984-07-18Equal Access Act · 1984-08-11Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act · 1984-09-24Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act · 1984-09-28Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act · 1984-10-03Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 · 1984-10-12Comprehensive Smoking Education Act · 1984-10-12National Archives and Records Administration Act · 1984-10-19Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act of 1984 · 1984-10-19National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 · 1984-10-19Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act · 1984-10-19Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 · 1984-10-30Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 · 1984-10-30Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 · 1984-10-30Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 · 1984-11-08National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 · 1984-11-08Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force) · 1985-01-01Ronald Wilson Reagan takes office · 1985-01-20Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority · 1985-02-19Federal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee · 1985-03-18United States v. Miller · 1985-04-01United States–Israel Free Trade Area Implementation Act of 1985 · 1985-06-11Aguilar v. Felton · 1985-07-01Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act) · 1985-12-12Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985 · 1985-12-17Food Security Act of 1985 · 1985-12-23Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship · 1986-01-01Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board · 1986-01-01James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation · 1986-01-01Daniels v. Williams · 1986-01-21United States v. Lane · 1986-01-27Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) · 1986-04-07Batson v. Kentucky · 1986-04-30Firearm Owners Protection Act · 1986-05-19Bowsher v. Synar · 1986-07-07Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act · 1986-08-28William Hubbs Rehnquist — Chief Justice · 1986-09-25Antonin Scalia — Associate Justice · 1986-09-25Goldwater–Nichols Act (Defense Reorganization) · 1986-10-01Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act · 1986-10-02Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act · 1986-10-17Electronic Communications Privacy Act · 1986-10-21Tax Reform Act of 1986 · 1986-10-22Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 · 1986-10-27Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1986 · 1986-10-31Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act) · 1986-11-06Emergency Wetlands Resources Act · 1986-11-10National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act · 1986-11-14Water Resources Development Act of 1986 · 1986-11-17Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc. · 1986-12-15United States Interagency Council on Homelessness · 1987-01-01National Appliance Energy Conservation Act · 1987-03-17Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act · 1987-04-02Hodel v. Irving · 1987-05-18Puerto Rico v. Branstad · 1987-06-23Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue · 1987-06-23Solorio v. United States · 1987-06-25Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation · 1987-06-25McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act · 1987-07-22Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987 · 1987-08-20Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987 · 1987-09-29Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 · 1987-12-22Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987 · 1987-12-22Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 · 1988-01-06Computer Security Act of 1987 · 1988-01-07Commodity Distribution Reform Act and WIC Amendments of 1987 · 1988-01-08Housing and Community Development Act of 1987 · 1988-02-05Anthony McLeod Kennedy — Associate Justice · 1988-02-11Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 · 1988-03-22Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation · 1988-03-22Boos v. Marion S. Barry, Jr. · 1988-03-22South Carolina v. Baker · 1988-04-20Prescription Drug Marketing Act · 1988-04-22Abandoned Shipwrecks Act · 1988-04-28Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988 · 1988-06-27Morrison v. Olson · 1988-06-27Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act · 1988-07-01Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 · 1988-08-04Civil Liberties Act of 1988 · 1988-08-10Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act · 1988-08-23Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 · 1988-09-19United States–Canada Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988 · 1988-09-28Family Support Act · 1988-10-13Indian Gaming Regulatory Act · 1988-10-17Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988 · 1988-10-24Department of Veterans Affairs Act · 1988-10-25Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 · 1988-10-31Medical Waste Tracking Act · 1988-11-01Fair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act · 1988-11-03Genocide Convention Implementation Act · 1988-11-04AIDS amendments of 1988 · 1988-11-04Video Privacy Protection Act · 1988-11-05Undetectable Firearms Act · 1988-11-10Water Resources Development Act of 1988 · 1988-11-17Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 · 1988-11-18Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act · 1988-11-2319821983198419851986198719881989
  1. presidentRonald Wilson Reagan takes office
  2. rulingCommonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
  3. lawEconomic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA or Kemp-Roth Tax Cut)
  4. lawOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
  5. justiceSandra Day O'Connor — Associate Justice
  6. lawMilitary Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies Act
  7. lawAgriculture and Food Act of 1981
  8. rulingRailway Labor Executives' Assn. v. Gibbons
  9. rulingUnited States v. Ross
  10. lawIntelligence Identities Protection Act
  11. rulingNorthern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
  12. rulingSporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
  13. lawTax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
  14. lawUniformed Services Former Spouses' Protection Act (USFSPA)
  15. lawCodification of Title 31 of the United States Code
  16. lawBus Regulatory Reform Act
  17. lawJob Training Partnership Act of 1982
  18. lawGarn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
  19. war+Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
  20. lawSurface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982
  21. lawNuclear Waste Policy Act
  22. lawInternal Revenue Code of 1954 and Social Security Act
  23. lawTemporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
  24. lawSocial Security Amendments of 1983
  25. rulingUnited States v. Grace
  26. rulingBob Jones University v. United States
  27. rulingIllinois v. Gates
  28. rulingImmigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
  29. rulingBolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
  30. rulingMichigan v. Long
  31. lawCaribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
  32. lawExtra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
  33. war powersMultinational Force in Lebanon Resolution
  34. war+Invasion of Grenada
  35. war−Invasion of Grenada
  36. lawMartin Luther King Jr. Day law
  37. lawDairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983
  38. agency+United States Arctic Research Commission
  39. agency+United States Sentencing Commission
  40. rulingPennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
  41. rulingUnited States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
  42. lawShipping Act of 1984
  43. rulingLimbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
  44. rulingCopperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
  45. rulingChevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
  46. rulingFederal Communications Commission v. League of Women Voters of California
  47. rulingRegan v. Time, Inc.
  48. lawNational Minimum Drinking Age Act
  49. lawLand Remote-Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984
  50. lawDeficit Reduction Act of 1984
  51. lawEqual Access Act
  52. lawDrug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act
  53. lawVoting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
  54. lawSecondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act
  55. lawComprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
  56. lawComprehensive Smoking Education Act
  57. lawNational Archives and Records Administration Act
  58. lawAviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act of 1984
  59. lawNational Organ Transplant Act of 1984
  60. lawCarl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act
  61. lawCable Communications Policy Act of 1984
  62. lawTrade and Tariff Act of 1984
  63. lawCommercial Space Launch Act of 1984
  64. lawSemiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984
  65. lawNational Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984
  66. war−Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
  67. presidentRonald Wilson Reagan takes office
  68. rulingGarcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
  69. rulingFederal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee
  70. rulingUnited States v. Miller
  71. lawUnited States–Israel Free Trade Area Implementation Act of 1985
  72. rulingAguilar v. Felton
  73. lawBalanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act)
  74. lawGold Bullion Coin Act of 1985
  75. lawFood Security Act of 1985
  76. agency+Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship
  77. agency+Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board
  78. agency+James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
  79. rulingDaniels v. Williams
  80. rulingUnited States v. Lane
  81. lawConsolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA)
  82. rulingBatson v. Kentucky
  83. lawFirearm Owners Protection Act
  84. rulingBowsher v. Synar
  85. lawUniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
  86. justiceWilliam Hubbs Rehnquist — Chief Justice
  87. justiceAntonin Scalia — Associate Justice
  88. lawGoldwater–Nichols Act (Defense Reorganization)
  89. lawComprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
  90. lawEmergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
  91. lawElectronic Communications Privacy Act
  92. lawTax Reform Act of 1986
  93. lawAnti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
  94. lawAge Discrimination in Employment Act of 1986
  95. lawImmigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act)
  96. lawEmergency Wetlands Resources Act
  97. lawNational Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
  98. lawWater Resources Development Act of 1986
  99. rulingFederal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.
  100. agency+United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
  101. lawNational Appliance Energy Conservation Act
  102. lawSurface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
  103. rulingHodel v. Irving
  104. rulingPuerto Rico v. Branstad
  105. rulingTyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
  106. rulingSolorio v. United States
  107. rulingWelch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
  108. lawMcKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act
  109. lawMalcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987
  110. lawBalanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987
  111. lawOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
  112. lawAnti-Terrorism Act of 1987
  113. lawAgricultural Credit Act of 1987
  114. lawComputer Security Act of 1987
  115. lawCommodity Distribution Reform Act and WIC Amendments of 1987
  116. lawHousing and Community Development Act of 1987
  117. justiceAnthony McLeod Kennedy — Associate Justice
  118. lawCivil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
  119. rulingGulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
  120. rulingBoos v. Marion S. Barry, Jr.
  121. rulingSouth Carolina v. Baker
  122. lawPrescription Drug Marketing Act
  123. lawAbandoned Shipwrecks Act
  124. lawSupreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988
  125. rulingMorrison v. Olson
  126. lawMedicare Catastrophic Coverage Act
  127. lawWorker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988
  128. lawCivil Liberties Act of 1988
  129. lawOmnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act
  130. lawHunger Prevention Act of 1988
  131. lawUnited States–Canada Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988
  132. lawFamily Support Act
  133. lawIndian Gaming Regulatory Act
  134. lawHealth Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988
  135. lawDepartment of Veterans Affairs Act
  136. lawBerne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
  137. lawMedical Waste Tracking Act
  138. lawFair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act
  139. lawGenocide Convention Implementation Act
  140. lawAIDS amendments of 1988
  141. lawVideo Privacy Protection Act
  142. lawUndetectable Firearms Act
  143. lawWater Resources Development Act of 1988
  144. lawAnti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
  145. lawStafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act