How did the United States change between Nov 17, 1955 and Oct 15, 2026?
Every branch of government, compared side by side.
24 files changed, 162,520 insertions(+), 1,218 deletions(−) · 71 years
Laws enacted
+2,778major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
+1,549signed · since 1994 only
Final rules
+119,8359,497 significant
Supreme Court
9 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+321 −81departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$40.1T$274B → $40.3T
The presidency passed from Dwight David Eisenhower to Donald J. Trump across 13 transitions. 100 senators and 433 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 9 new justices joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +985% (FY1956 → FY2025). 5 constitutional amendments were ratified.
Executive7 files+138,667−99
executive/presidentThe presidency
Dwight David Eisenhower R
34th president
12 presidents in between
John Fitzgerald Kennedy D
took office Jan 20, 1961
Lyndon Baines Johnson D
took office Nov 22, 1963
Richard Milhous Nixon R
took office Jan 20, 1969
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. R
took office Aug 9, 1974
James Earl Carter D
took office Jan 20, 1977
Ronald Wilson Reagan R
took office Jan 20, 1981
George Herbert Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 1989
William Jefferson Clinton D
took office Jan 20, 1993
George Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 2001
Barack Hussein Obama D
took office Jan 20, 2009
Donald J. Trump R
took office Jan 20, 2017
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. D
took office Jan 20, 2021
Donald J. Trump R
47th president · took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
Richard Milhous Nixon R
J.D. Vance R
took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+30−16Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State · 20 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R
confirmed 99–0 · Jan 20, 2025
Secretary of the Treasury · 24 people took this office in between
Scott Bessent
confirmed 68–29 · Jan 27, 2025
Secretary of Defense · 24 people took this office in between
Pete Hegseth R
confirmed 51–50 · Jan 24, 2025
Attorney General · 25 people took this office in between
Todd Blanche R
confirmed 50–49 · Aug 8, 2026
Postmaster General · 7 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 37 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Show 21 more cabinet offices
Secretary of the Interior · 16 people took this office in between
Doug Burgum R
confirmed 80–17 · Jan 30, 2025
Secretary of Agriculture · 14 people took this office in between
Brooke Rollins
confirmed 72–28 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Commerce · 22 people took this office in between
Howard Lutnick R
confirmed 51–45 · Feb 18, 2025
Secretary of Labor · 18 people took this office in between
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare · 11 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Secretary of Health and Human Services · 14 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. I
confirmed 52–48 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Scott Turner R
confirmed 55–44 · Feb 5, 2025
Secretary of Transportation · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Sean Duffy R
confirmed 77–22 · Jan 28, 2025
Secretary of Energy · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Chris Wright
confirmed 59–38 · Feb 3, 2025
Secretary of Education · 14 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Linda McMahon R
confirmed 51–45 · Mar 3, 2025
Secretary of Veterans Affairs · 12 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Doug Collins R
confirmed 77–23 · Feb 4, 2025
Secretary of Homeland Security · 9 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Markwayne Mullin R
confirmed 54–45 · Mar 23, 2026
White House Chief of Staff · 34 people took this office in between
Director of the Office of Management and Budget · 34 people took this office in between
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency · 16 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Lee Zeldin R
confirmed 56–42 · Jan 29, 2025
Ambassador to the United Nations · 38 people took this office in between
Director of National Intelligence · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Jay Clayton I
confirmed 51–47 · Jul 28, 2026
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency · 10 people took this office in between
office did not exist
John Ratcliffe R
confirmed 74–25 · Jan 23, 2025
Administrator of the Small Business Administration · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Kelly Loeffler R
confirmed 52–46 · Feb 19, 2025
Director of Central Intelligence · 11 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
U.S. Trade Representative · 7 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Other senior officials (7 changed)
Postmaster General · 7 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 37 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Chair of the Federal Reserve · 8 people took this office in between
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff · 21 people took this office in between
Director of the FBI · 8 people took this office in between
National Security Advisor · 28 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R (acting)
Solicitor General · 14 people took this office in between
executive/ordersExecutive orders
+1,549Federal Register API ↗
1,549 executive orders signed · William J. Clinton 308 · George W. Bush 291 · Barack Obama 278 · Donald Trump 510 · Joseph R. Biden Jr. 162
EO 12902 Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at Federal Facilities
signed Mar 8, 1994 by William J. Clinton · revoked Jun 3, 1999 by EO 13123 (Clinton)
EO 12919 National Defense Industrial Resources Preparedness
signed Jun 3, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12936 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
signed Nov 10, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12940 Amendment to Civil Service Rule VI
signed Nov 28, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12944 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
signed Dec 28, 1994 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 28, 1995 by EO 12984 (Clinton)
EO 12958 Classified National Security Information
signed Apr 17, 1995 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 29, 2009 by EO 13526 (Obama)
EO 12960 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
signed May 12, 1995 by William J. Clinton
EO 12968 Access to Classified Information
signed Aug 2, 1995 by William J. Clinton
Show 6 more
EO 12984 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
Dec 28, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 13029 Implementing, for the United States, the Provisions of An- nex 1 of the Decision Concerning Legal Capacity and Privileges and Immunities, Issued by the Council of Ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe on December 1, 1993
Dec 3, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13033 Executive Order 13033 of December 27, 1996
Dec 27, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13071 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 29, 1997 · William J. Clinton
EO 13086 1998 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
May 27, 1998 · William J. Clinton
EO 13101 Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition
Sep 14, 1998 · William J. Clinton
Only orders signed after Dec 30, 1993 are counted; Federal Register coverage starts there.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+16,930Congress.gov ↗
23,049 civilian nominations received · 16,930 confirmed · 816 withdrawn · 4,883 returned to the President
Caspar Willard Weinberger, of California, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 1981 · 97–2
Richard S. Schweiker, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 99–0
Donald T. Regan, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 98–0
Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr., of Connecticut, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 93–6
T. H. Bell, of Utah, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 90–2
Andrew L. Lewis, Jr., of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
James B. Edwards, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 93–3
Samuel R. Pierce, Jr., of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
Malcolm Baldrige, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 97–1
John R. Block, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
William French Smith, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 96–1
Show 314 more top confirmations
James Gaius Watt, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 83–12
David A. Stockman, of Michigan, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 27, 1981 · 93–0
Raymond J. Donovan, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 3, 1981 · 80–17
George P. Shultz, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jul 15, 1982 · 97–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 1, 1983 · 97–0
Margaret M. Heckler, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 3, 1983 · 82–3
William P. Clark, of California, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Nov 18, 1983 · 71–18
James A. Baker III, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 29, 1985 · 95–0
John S. Herrington, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
William J. Bennett, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–0
Donald P. Hodel, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
Edwin Meese III, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 23, 1985 · 63–31
William Emerson Brock III, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 26, 1985
Otis R. Bowen, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Dec 12, 1985 · 93–2
Richard E. Lyng, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Mar 6, 1986 · 95–2
William H. Rehnquist, of Virginia, to be Chief Justice of the United States.
confirmed Sep 17, 1986 · 65–33
C. William Verity, Jr., of Ohio, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Oct 13, 1987 · 84–11
Frank C. Carlucci, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Nov 20, 1987 · 91–1
James H. Burnley IV, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Nov 30, 1987 · 74–0
Ann Dore McLaughlin, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Dec 11, 1987 · 94–0
Richard L. Thornburgh, of Pennsylvania, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Aug 11, 1988 · 85–0
Nicholas F. Brady, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Sep 14, 1988 · 92–2
Lauro F. Cavazos, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Sep 20, 1988 · 94–0
Richard G. Darman, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
James Addison Baker, III, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Samuel Knox Skinner, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
Robert Adam Mosbacher, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
William Kane Reilly, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Jack Kemp, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Manuel Lujan, Jr., of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Clayton Yeutter, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 8, 1989 · 100–0
Louis W. Sullivan, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 1, 1989 · 98–1
Edward J. Derwinski, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Mar 2, 1989 · 94–0
Richard B. Cheney, of Wyoming, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Mar 17, 1989 · 92–0
Lynn Martin, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 7, 1991 · 94–0
Edward R. Madigan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Clayton Yeutter, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 1991 · 99–0
Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr., of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 14, 1991
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Nov 20, 1991
Andrew H. Card, Jr., of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 21, 1992
Barbara Hackman Franklin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 1992
Warren Christopher, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Lloyd Bentsen, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Les Aspin, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Richard W. Riley, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Donna E. Shalala, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Jesse Brown, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Robert B. Reich, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Henry G. Cisneros, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Hazel Rollins O'Leary, of Minnesota, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Federico Pena, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Mike Espy, of Mississippi, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Bruce Babbitt, of Arizona, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Ronald H. Brown, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Janet Reno, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 11, 1993 · 98–0
William J. Perry, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Les Aspin, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 1994 · 97–0
Robert E. Rubin, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Lloyd Bentsen, resigned.
confirmed Jan 10, 1995 · 99–0
Daniel Robert Glickman, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Mike Espy, resigned.
confirmed Mar 30, 1995 · 94–0
Madeleine Korbel Albright, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of State, vice Warren Christopher, resigned.
confirmed Jan 22, 1997 · 99–0
William M. Daley, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Michael Kantor.
confirmed Jan 30, 1997 · 95–2
Rodney E. Slater, of Arkansas, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Federico Pena.
confirmed Feb 6, 1997 · 98–0
Federico Pena, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Hazel Rollins O'Leary, retired.
confirmed Mar 12, 1997 · 99–1
Alexis M. Herman, of Alabama, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Robert B. Reich.
confirmed Apr 30, 1997 · 85–13
Bill Richardson, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Federico Pena, resigned.
confirmed Jul 31, 1998
Lawrence H. Summers, of Maryland, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Robert E. Rubin.
confirmed Jul 1, 1999 · 97–2
Norman Y. Mineta, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice William M. Daley.
confirmed Jul 20, 2000
Roderick R. Paige, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Colin Luther Powell, of Virginia, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Paul Henry O'Neill, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Donald Henry Rumsfeld, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Donald Louis Evans, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Spencer Abraham, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Ann Margaret Veneman, of California, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., of Indiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Anthony Joseph Principi, of California, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Melquiades Rafael Martinez, of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Tommy G. Thompson, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 24, 2001 · 100–0
Elaine Lan Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 29, 2001
Gale Ann Norton, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 75–24
Christine Todd Whitman, of New Jersey, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 99–0
John Ashcroft, of Missouri, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 1, 2001 · 58–42
Thomas J. Ridge, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Homeland Security. (New Position)
confirmed Jan 22, 2003 · 94–0
Condoleezza Rice, of California, to be Secretary of State, vice Colin Luther Powell, resigned.
confirmed Jan 26, 2005 · 85–13
Alberto R. Gonzales, of Texas, to be Attorney General, vice John Ashcroft, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 2005 · 60–36
Michael Chertoff, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Thomas J. Ridge, resigned.
confirmed Feb 15, 2005 · 98–0
John D. Negroponte, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence. (New Position)
confirmed Apr 21, 2005 · 98–2
John G. Roberts, Jr., of Maryland, to be Chief Justice of the United States, vice William H. Rehnquist, deceased.
confirmed Sep 29, 2005 · 78–22
Robert M. Gates, of Texas, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Donald Henry Rumsfeld, resigned.
confirmed Dec 6, 2006 · 95–2
Jim Nussle, of Iowa, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Robert J. Portman.
confirmed Sep 4, 2007 · 69–24
Michael B. Mukasey, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Alberto R. Gonzales, resigned.
confirmed Nov 8, 2007 · 53–40
Janet Ann Napolitano, of Arizona, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Kenneth Lee Salazar, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Eric K. Shinseki, of Hawaii, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Arne Duncan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Steven Chu, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Hillary Rodham Clinton, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 2009 · 94–2
Ray LaHood, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Timothy F. Geithner, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 26, 2009 · 60–34
Eric H. Holder, Jr., of the District of Columbia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 2, 2009 · 75–21
Hilda L. Solis, of California, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 24, 2009 · 80–17
Gary Locke, of Washington, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 24, 2009
Kathleen Sebelius, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Apr 28, 2009 · 65–31
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Robert M. Gates.
confirmed Jun 21, 2011 · 100–0
David H. Petraeus, of New Hampshire, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Jun 30, 2011 · 94–0
John Edgar Bryson, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Gary Locke.
confirmed Oct 20, 2011 · 74–26
John Forbes Kerry, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of State, vice Hillary Rodham Clinton.
confirmed Jan 29, 2013 · 94–3
Charles Timothy Hagel, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Feb 26, 2013 · 58–41
Jacob J. Lew, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Timothy F. Geithner.
confirmed Feb 27, 2013 · 71–26
John Owen Brennan, of Virginia, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice David H. Petraeus, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 2013 · 63–34
Sarah Jewell, of Washington, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Kenneth Lee Salazar.
confirmed Apr 10, 2013 · 87–11
Ernest J. Moniz, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Steven Chu.
confirmed May 16, 2013 · 97–0
Penny Pritzker, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice John Edgar Bryson, resigned.
confirmed Jun 25, 2013 · 97–1
Anthony Renard Foxx, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Ray LaHood.
confirmed Jun 27, 2013 · 100–0
Thomas Edward Perez, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Hilda L. Solis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 18, 2013 · 54–46
Jeh Charles Johnson, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Janet Ann Napolitano, resigned.
confirmed Dec 16, 2013 · 78–16
Sylvia Mathews Burwell, of West Virginia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Kathleen Sebelius.
confirmed Jun 5, 2014 · 78–17
Julian Castro, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, vice Shaun L. S. Donovan.
confirmed Jul 9, 2014 · 71–26
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Sylvia Mathews Burwell.
confirmed Jul 10, 2014 · 75–22
Robert Alan McDonald, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice Eric K. Shinseki, resigned.
confirmed Jul 29, 2014 · 97–0
Ashton B. Carter, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Charles Timothy Hagel.
confirmed Feb 12, 2015 · 93–5
Loretta E. Lynch, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Eric H. Holder, Jr.
confirmed Apr 23, 2015 · 56–43
John B. King, of New York, to be Secretary of Education, vice Arne Duncan.
confirmed Mar 14, 2016 · 49–40
John F. Kelly, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 88–11
James Mattis, of Washington, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 98–1
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice John Owen Brennan.
confirmed Jan 23, 2017 · 66–32
Elaine L. Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 2017 · 93–6
Rex W. Tillerson, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Feb 1, 2017 · 55–43
Jeff Sessions, of Alabama, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 8, 2017 · 52–47
Thomas Price, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 10, 2017 · 52–47
David J. Shulkin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 100–0
Steven T. Mnuchin, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 53–47
Scott Pruitt, of Oklahoma, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 17, 2017 · 52–46
Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 2017 · 72–27
Ryan Zinke, of Montana, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 1, 2017 · 68–31
Benjamin S. Carson, Sr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 58–41
James Richard Perry, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 62–37
Daniel Coats, of Indiana, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice James R. Clapper, Jr.
confirmed Mar 15, 2017 · 85–12
Sonny Perdue, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Apr 24, 2017 · 87–11
R. Alexander Acosta, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 27, 2017 · 60–38
Kirstjen Nielsen, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice John F. Kelly, resigned.
confirmed Dec 5, 2017 · 62–37
Alex Michael Azar II, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Thomas Price, resigned.
confirmed Jan 24, 2018 · 55–43
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Secretary of State, vice Rex W. Tillerson.
confirmed Apr 26, 2018 · 57–42
Gina Haspel, of Kentucky, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Mike Pompeo.
confirmed May 17, 2018 · 54–45
Robert L. Wilkie, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice David J. Shulkin.
confirmed Jul 23, 2018 · 86–9
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General, vice Jeff Sessions, resigned.
confirmed Feb 14, 2019 · 54–45
Andrew Wheeler, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice Scott Pruitt.
confirmed Feb 28, 2019 · 52–47
David Bernhardt, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Ryan Zinke.
confirmed Apr 11, 2019 · 56–41
Mark T. Esper, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense, vice James Mattis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 23, 2019 · 90–8
Eugene Scalia, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Labor, vice R. Alexander Acosta, resigned.
confirmed Sep 26, 2019 · 53–44
Dan R. Brouillette, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy, vice James Richard Perry, resigning.
confirmed Dec 2, 2019 · 70–15
Jovita Carranza, of Illinois, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Linda E. McMahon.
confirmed Jan 7, 2020 · 88–5
John L. Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Daniel Coats, resigned.
confirmed May 21, 2020 · 49–44
Russell Vought, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Mick Mulvaney.
confirmed Jul 20, 2020 · 51–45
Avril Danica Haines, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Jan 20, 2021 · 84–10
Lloyd James Austin, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 22, 2021 · 93–2
Janet Louise Yellen, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 25, 2021 · 84–15
Antony John Blinken, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 26, 2021 · 78–22
Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 86–13
Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 56–43
Denis Richard McDonough, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 8, 2021 · 87–7
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 23, 2021 · 92–7
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 25, 2021 · 64–35
Miguel A. Cardona, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 1, 2021 · 64–33
Gina Marie Raimondo, of Rhode Island, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 2, 2021 · 84–15
Merrick Brian Garland, of Maryland, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 70–30
Marcia Louise Fudge, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 66–34
Debra Anne Haaland, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 15, 2021 · 51–40
Isabella Casillas Guzman, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Mar 16, 2021 · 81–17
Xavier Becerra, of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 18, 2021 · 50–49
Martin Joseph Walsh, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 22, 2021 · 68–29
Shalanda D. Young, of Louisiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Russell Vought.
confirmed Mar 15, 2022 · 61–36
Marco Rubio, of Florida, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2025 · 99–0
John Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
confirmed Jan 23, 2025 · 74–25
Peter Hegseth, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 24, 2025 · 51–50
Kristi Noem, of South Dakota, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 25, 2025 · 59–34
Scott Bessent, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 27, 2025 · 68–29
Sean Duffy, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 28, 2025 · 77–22
Lee Zeldin, of New York, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 29, 2025 · 56–42
Douglas Burgum, of North Dakota, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2025 · 80–17
Christopher Wright, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 3, 2025 · 59–38
Pamela Bondi, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 54–46
Douglas Collins, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 77–23
Eric Turner, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 5, 2025 · 55–44
Tulsi Gabbard, of Hawaii, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Feb 12, 2025 · 52–48
Brooke Rollins, of Texas, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 72–28
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 52–48
Howard Lutnick, of New York, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 18, 2025 · 51–45
Kelly Loeffler, of Georgia, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Feb 19, 2025 · 52–46
Linda McMahon, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 3, 2025 · 51–45
Lori Chavez-DeRemer, of Oregon, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 10, 2025 · 67–32
Markwayne Mullin, of Oklahoma, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Kristi Noem.
confirmed Mar 23, 2026 · 54–45
Walter Clayton, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Tulsi Gabbard.
confirmed Jul 28, 2026 · 51–47
Todd Blanche, of Florida, to be Attorney General, vice Pamela Bondi.
confirmed Aug 8, 2026 · 50–49
Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Lori Chavez-DeRemer, resigned.
confirmed Sep 30, 2026 · 47–41
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair. Records start with the 97th Congress (1981).
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+321−81Wikidata ↗
173 → 425 tracked organizations · 11 → 16 executive departments
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development department
established Sep 9, 1965 · cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government
United States Department of Transportation department
established Oct 15, 1966 · U.S. federal executive department overseeing highways, railroads, aviation, transit, and other modes of transportation
United States Department of Energy department
established Aug 4, 1977 · cabinet-level department of the United States government
United States Department of Education department
established Oct 17, 1979 · U.S. federal government department concerning education
United States Department of Health and Human Services department
established May 4, 1980 · United States federal executive department
United States Department of Veterans Affairs department
established Mar 15, 1989 · department of the United States government
United States Department of Homeland Security department
established Nov 25, 2002 · United States federal executive department
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
established Jul 29, 1958 · American space and aeronautics agency
National Capital Transportation Agency
established Jul 14, 1960 · agency created in 1960 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to comprehensively plan different modes of transportation in the Washington, D.C. area
Federal Maritime Commission
established Jan 1, 1961 · regulatory agency of the United States federal government
Show 392 more
United States Agency for International Development
established Jan 1, 1961 · US government civilian foreign aid agency
Space Nuclear Propulsion Office
established Jan 1, 1961 · agency researching nuclear rockets
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
established Sep 26, 1961 · independent agency
Administrative Conference of the United States
established Jan 1, 1964 · independent agency of the United States government dedicated to improving federal agency administrative processes and procedures
Appalachian Regional Commission
established Jan 1, 1965 · United States independent federal agency that works for sustainable community and economic development in Appalachia
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
established Jan 1, 1965 · American government agency
National Endowment for the Arts
established Jan 1, 1965 · independent agency of the United States federal government
National Endowment for the Humanities
established Sep 29, 1965 · independent federal agency of the United States government
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
established Jan 1, 1966 · United States federal agency that encourages the preservation of historic properties across the nation
National Transportation Safety Board
established Apr 1, 1967 · United States government investigative agency for civil transportation accidents
Postal Regulatory Commission
established Jan 1, 1970 · US regulatory agency
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
established Jan 1, 1970 · U.S. government agency
National Credit Union Administration
established Mar 10, 1970 · independent federal agency of United States
United States Environmental Protection Agency
established Dec 2, 1970 · U.S. federal government agency
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
established Jan 1, 1971 · government agency of the United States of America
United States Postal Service
established Jul 1, 1971 · independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for providing postal service
Inter-American Foundation
established Jan 1, 1972 · independent agency of the United States government that funds community-led development in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Marine Mammal Commission
established Jan 1, 1972 · government organization in Bethesda, United States
United States Consumer Product Safety Commission
established Jan 1, 1972 · United States government agency
United States Access Board
established Jan 1, 1973 · United States government agency devoted to accessibility for people with disabilities
Energy Research and Development Administration
established Oct 11, 1974 · predecessor to the United States Department of Energy
Federal Election Commission
established Oct 15, 1974 · United States independent regulatory agency that regulates federal elections
Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation
established Dec 22, 1974 · US government independent agency
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
established Jan 19, 1975 · government agency of the United States
United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission
established Apr 15, 1975 · government agency
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
established Jan 1, 1976 · independent agency of the United States government
Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission
established Jan 1, 1977 · independent Federal government agency in the USA
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
established Oct 1, 1977 · independent agency of the United States federal government
Federal Labor Relations Authority
established Jan 1, 1978 · U.S. government agency
United States Merit Systems Protection Board
established Jan 1, 1979 · United States agency
United States Office of Special Counsel
established Jan 1, 1979 · Independent investigative and prosecutorial body of the United States federal government.
United States African Development Foundation
established Jan 1, 1980 · independent agency of the United States that provides grants to community groups and small enterprises that benefit under-served and marginalized groups in Africa
United States Arctic Research Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · United States independent federal agency that develops and recommends a national Arctic research policy
United States Sentencing Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · independent agency of the U.S. federal judiciary which determines sentencing guidelines
Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship
established Jan 1, 1986 · American merit-based scholarship awarded to prospective scientists
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board
established Jan 1, 1986 · Independent agency of the US government
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1986 · foundation established by United States Congress in 1986
United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
established Jan 1, 1987 · U.S. independent federal agency
Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · nonprofit organization in Arlington, United States
Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · Memorial U.S. indepedent executive branch
United States Trade and Development Agency
established Jan 1, 1992 · government agency
AmeriCorps
established Jan 1, 1993 · independent agency of the United States federal government
AmeriCorps Seniors
established Jan 1, 1993 · United States federal network of volunteer programs for Americans 55 years and older
Surface Transportation Board
established Jan 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States federal government
Institute of Museum and Library Services
established Oct 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States government, supporting libraries and museums
Denali Commission
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent agency of the United States government
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent U.S. federal agency charged with investigating industrial chemical accidents
U.S. Agency for Global Media
established Oct 1, 1999 · independent agency of the United States government that broadcasts news and information about the United States and the world to audiences abroad
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
established Oct 25, 1999
Delta Regional Authority
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency of the United States federal government
United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission
established Oct 1, 2000 · independent agency of the United States government
Election Assistance Commission
established Jan 1, 2002 · independent agency of the United States government
Millennium Challenge Corporation
established Jan 1, 2004 · government agency
Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
established Oct 13, 2004
Federal Housing Finance Agency
established Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. federal agency
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
established Jul 21, 2011 · agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector
National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service
established Sep 19, 2017
United States International Development Finance Corporation
established Dec 20, 2019 · an executive agency of the US federal government responsible for providing foreign aid
Office of the United States Trade Representative
established Jan 1, 1962 · United States government agency
Council on Environmental Quality
established Jan 1, 1969 · U.S. presidential advisory committee on environmental policy
Office of Management and Budget
established Jan 1, 1970 · agency that prepares and evaluates the President of the United States' annual budget to Congress
Office of Science and Technology Policy
established Jan 1, 1976 · department of the United States government, part of the Executive Office of the President
Office of Administration
established Dec 12, 1977 · U.S. federal organization within the Executive Office of the President
Office of National Drug Control Policy
established Oct 27, 1989 · United States government agency
United States Homeland Security Council
established Jan 1, 2001 · U.S. federal executive public safety, immigration and disaster relief forum
Homeland Security Advisory Council
established Mar 19, 2002 · part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
United States Digital Service
established Aug 11, 2014 · former digital services department of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
Office of the National Cyber Director
established Jan 1, 2021 · US government agency on cybersecurity
United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
established Jan 1, 1957 · federal institution
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
established Jan 1, 1958 · agency of the U.S. Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technologies
Federal Aviation Administration
established Aug 23, 1958 · U.S. government agency regulating civil aviation
Office of the Federal Register
established Feb 6, 1959 · United States government agency
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
established Jan 1, 1961 · U.S. State Department division
Defense Logistics Agency
established Jan 1, 1961 · government agency
Defense Security Cooperation Agency
established Jan 1, 1961 · US military agency
Division of international labor comparisons
established Jan 1, 1961 · organization
Economics and Statistics Administration
established Jan 1, 1961 · former Federal Agency
Federal Air Marshal Service
established Jan 1, 1961 · United States federal law enforcement agency
Office of Fine Arts
established Jan 1, 1961 · U.S. State Department division
Office of Local Defense Community Cooperation
established Jan 1, 1961 · US government agency
Office of the Inspector General, Foreign Assistance
established Jan 1, 1961 · American government agency
United States Travel Service
established Jul 1, 1961 · defunct portion of the United States Department of Commerce
National Reconnaissance Office
established Sep 6, 1961 · US intelligence agency in charge of satellite intelligence
Defense Intelligence Agency
established Oct 1, 1961 · military intelligence agency of the United States federal government
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
established Jan 1, 1962 · human development research institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
established Jan 1, 1962 · research center at Stanford University
Office of Economic Opportunity
established Jan 1, 1964 · US American government entity
Federal Transit Administration
established Jul 9, 1964 · US agency providing financial and technical assistance to public transport operators
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
established Jan 1, 1965 · United States federal agency
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation
established Jan 1, 1965 · part of the US federal department of Health and Human Services
U.S. Economic Development Administration
established Jan 1, 1965 · singular United States federal government agency focused exclusively on economic development
Defense Contract Audit Agency
established Jan 8, 1965 · American Dept of Defense auditing agency
Environmental Science Services Administration
established Jul 13, 1965 · former agency in the United States federal government
Federal Highway Administration
established Jan 1, 1966 · United States federal government agency
Federal Railroad Administration
established Jan 1, 1966 · agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation
National Earthquake Information Center
established Jan 1, 1966 · U.S. national data center and archive for earthquake information
Fermilab
established Nov 21, 1967 · high-energy particle physics laboratory in Illinois, USA
National Institute of Justice
established Jan 1, 1968 · United States institute of the Office of Justice Programs, Department of Justice
Food and Nutrition Service
established Jan 1, 1969 · U.S. federal anti-hunger program
Historic American Engineering Record
established Jan 1, 1969 · program of the U.S. National Park Service
Minority Business Development Agency
established Jan 1, 1969 · US Department of Commerce division for marginalized ethnic groups
Commission on Government Procurement
established Nov 26, 1969 · government commission
Amtrak Police Department
established Jan 1, 1970 · American railroad police agency
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
established Jan 1, 1970 · American agency of the Executive Branch of the Department of Transportation
National Marine Fisheries Service
established Jan 1, 1970 · an office of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement
established Jan 1, 1970 · often abbreviated NOAA OLE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
established Oct 3, 1970 · agency in the United States Federal Government
National Weather Service
established Oct 9, 1970 · U.S. forecasting agency of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Federal Protective Service
established Jan 1, 1971 · federal law enforcement agency of the United States
ACTION
established Jan 1, 1971 · former United States government agency
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
executive/regulationsFederal regulations
+119,835Federal Register API ↗
119,835 final rules published in the Federal Register
from Jan 1, 1994
9,497 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866
major economic or policy impact
76,891 proposed rules · 767,703 notices
Loading which agencies published the most rules…
Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.
Military4 files+38−24
military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 7
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
began Aug 8, 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: al-Shabaab
began 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Iran–Israel conflict
began 2020 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Israel
Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
began Feb 3, 2024 · U.S. a principal party · against Ansarallah (the Houthis)
Syria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Nigeria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: Islamic State
began Feb 1, 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
24 conflicts began and ended in between
Taiwan Strait crisis
Dec 31, 1958 – Dec 31, 1958 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Taiwan
Bay of Pigs invasion
Apr 17, 1961 – Apr 20, 1961 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Cuban Revolutionary Council
Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
1962 – Dec 31, 1964 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against FNL
Laotian Civil War
Dec 31, 1963 – Sep 14, 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Pathet Lao
Vietnam War
Dec 31, 1965 – Mar 29, 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against North Vietnam
Cambodian Civil War
1970 – 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against KR
Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
1983 – 1984 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Amal, NSF
Invasion of Grenada
Oct 25, 1983 – Oct 27, 1983 · U.S. a principal party · against Grenada
Invasion of Panama
Dec 23, 1989 – Dec 23, 1989 · U.S. a principal party · against Panama
Gulf War
Jan 17, 1991 – Mar 1, 1991 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Kuwait
Kosovo War
Mar 24, 1999 – Nov 21, 1999 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against UCK
War against al-Qaida
Sep 11, 2001 – Dec 4, 2017 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Invasion of Afghanistan
Oct 7, 2001 – Nov 13, 2001 · U.S. a principal party · against Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
2003 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against the Taliban
Invasion of Iraq
Mar 23, 2003 – Apr 28, 2003 · U.S. a principal party · against Iraq
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
Jan 18, 2004 – Dec 18, 2011 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansar al-Islam, IS
Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
2009 – 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansarallah, AQAP
Afghanistan: Islamic State
Mar 3, 2015 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Libya: Islamic State
2016 – Sep 29, 2019 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Niger: Islamic State
2017 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Kenya: al-Shabaab
2019 – 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Somalia: Islamic State
Jun 4, 2019 – Dec 19, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
War against al-Qaida
Jul 31, 2019 – Sep 7, 2019 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Niger: JNIM
Dec 9, 2021 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against JNIM
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded. UCDP data runs through 2025, so "active" on later dates means active at the end of 2025.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
−549,179 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
712,952 → 163,773 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 2,916,934 → 1,335,749 total active duty
24 → 10 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Jun 30, 1955 → as of Mar 31, 2026
Germany 268,504 → 37,009
−231,495
Japan 154,808 → 54,891
−99,917
South Korea 75,205 → 23,372
−51,833
France 51,795 → 82
−51,713
United Kingdom 46,151 → 10,158
−35,993
Canada 14,746 → 159
−14,587
Puerto Rico 13,327 → 673
−12,654
Panama 11,592 → 26
−11,566
Morocco 10,706 → 34
−10,672
Philippines 7,915 → 47
−7,868
Greenland 7,886 → 131
−7,755
Italy 5,576 → 12,783
+7,207
Largest U.S. deployments as of Mar 31, 2026
Japan 54,891
Germany 37,009
South Korea 23,372
Italy 12,783
United Kingdom 10,158
Guam 7,137
Spain 3,835
Bahrain 3,151
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.
military/spendingCost of war
$1.78T war fundingDoD Cost of War reports · CRS ↗
$1.78T spent on named war operations, fiscal years 2001–2024 · Defense Department obligations
Afghanistan $895B
Enduring Freedom → Freedom's Sentinel → Enduring Sentinel · FY2001–FY2024
Iraq & Syria $805B
Iraqi Freedom → New Dawn → Inherent Resolve · FY2001–FY2024
Ukraine $79.1B
U.S. support operations · FY2022–FY2024
Lifetime cost of wars fought in this window · constant FY2011 dollars (CRS)
Vietnam War $738B
2.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1965–1975
Gulf War $102B
0.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1990–1991
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency) $321B
0.7% of GDP in its peak year · 2001–2021
Iraq War $784B
1% of GDP in its peak year · 2003–2011
Operation spending is what the Defense Department obligated to each named operation in each fiscal year, from its Cost of War reports; it excludes State Department and USAID programs, veterans' care, interest, and base budgets. Lifetime costs are the Congressional Research Service's estimates of direct military spending for each war, in FY2011 dollars.
military/authorizationsDeclarations of war & authorizations
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Aug 10, 1964 · Authorized military force in Southeast Asia (Pub. L. 88-408).
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution repealed
Jan 12, 1971 · Repealed by Pub. L. 91-672.
War Powers Resolution
Nov 7, 1973 · Congress overrode a veto to require the President to notify Congress of deployments and end them within 60 days without authorization.
Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution
Oct 12, 1983 · Authorized U.S. participation in the Multinational Force in Lebanon (Pub. L. 98-119).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq
Jan 14, 1991 · Authorized the Gulf War (Pub. L. 102-1).
Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)
Sep 18, 2001 · Authorized force against those responsible for the September 11 attacks (Pub. L. 107-40).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq (2002)
Oct 16, 2002 · Authorized the Iraq War (Pub. L. 107-243).
Legislative4 files+13,299−531
legislative/controlControl of Congress
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
84th Congress → 119th Congress · 35 new Congresses elected
14 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority
232 D · 203 R
House: Republican majority
219 R · 214 D
Senate: Democrat majority
48 D · 47 R
Senate: Republican majority
53 R · 47 D
legislative/senateSenate
+100−96congress-legislators ↗
100 new members · 96 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 1 → 27 · median age 59 → 66
55 seats changed party
Show 51 more seat flips
Who joined and who left (100 in · 96 out)
Dan Sullivan R
Alaska
Lisa Murkowski R
Alaska
Tommy Tuberville R
Alabama
Katie Boyd Britt R
Alabama
Tom Cotton R
Arkansas
John Boozman R
Arkansas
Mark Kelly D
Arizona
Ruben Gallego D
Arizona
Alex Padilla D
California
Adam B. Schiff D
California
John W. Hickenlooper D
Colorado
Michael F. Bennet D
Colorado
Richard Blumenthal D
Connecticut
Christopher Murphy D
Connecticut
Christopher A. Coons D
Delaware
Lisa Blunt Rochester D
Delaware
Rick Scott R
Florida
Ashley Moody R
Florida
Jon Ossoff D
Georgia
Raphael G. Warnock D
Georgia
Brian Schatz D
Hawaii
Mazie K. Hirono D
Hawaii
Joni Ernst R
Iowa
Chuck Grassley R
Iowa
James E. Risch R
Idaho
Mike Crapo R
Idaho
Richard J. Durbin D
Illinois
Tammy Duckworth D
Illinois
Todd Young R
Indiana
Jim Banks R
Indiana
Roger Marshall R
Kansas
Jerry Moran R
Kansas
Mitch McConnell R
Kentucky
Rand Paul R
Kentucky
Bill Cassidy R
Louisiana
John Kennedy R
Louisiana
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts
Elizabeth Warren D
Massachusetts
Chris Van Hollen D
Maryland
Angela D. Alsobrooks D
Maryland
Susan M. Collins R
Maine
Angus S. King, Jr. I
Maine
Gary C. Peters D
Michigan
Elissa Slotkin D
Michigan
Tina Smith D
Minnesota
Amy Klobuchar D
Minnesota
Eric Schmitt R
Missouri
Josh Hawley R
Missouri
Cindy Hyde-Smith R
Mississippi
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi
Steve Daines R
Montana
Tim Sheehy R
Montana
Thom Tillis R
North Carolina
Ted Budd R
North Carolina
John Hoeven R
North Dakota
Kevin Cramer R
North Dakota
Pete Ricketts R
Nebraska
Deb Fischer R
Nebraska
Jeanne Shaheen D
New Hampshire
Margaret Wood Hassan D
New Hampshire
Cory A. Booker D
New Jersey
Andy Kim D
New Jersey
Ben Ray Luján D
New Mexico
Martin Heinrich D
New Mexico
Catherine Cortez Masto D
Nevada
Jacky Rosen D
Nevada
Charles E. Schumer D
New York
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D
New York
Bernie Moreno R
Ohio
Jon Husted R
Ohio
James Lankford R
Oklahoma
Alan Armstrong R
Oklahoma
Jeff Merkley D
Oregon
Ron Wyden D
Oregon
John Fetterman D
Pennsylvania
David McCormick R
Pennsylvania
Jack Reed D
Rhode Island
Sheldon Whitehouse D
Rhode Island
Tim Scott R
South Carolina
Darline Graham R
South Carolina
Mike Rounds R
South Dakota
John Thune R
South Dakota
Bill Hagerty R
Tennessee
Marsha Blackburn R
Tennessee
John Cornyn R
Texas
Ted Cruz R
Texas
Mike Lee R
Utah
John R. Curtis R
Utah
Mark R. Warner D
Virginia
Tim Kaine D
Virginia
Peter Welch D
Vermont
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont
Patty Murray D
Washington
Maria Cantwell D
Washington
Ron Johnson R
Wisconsin
Tammy Baldwin D
Wisconsin
Shelley Moore Capito R
West Virginia
James C. Justice R
West Virginia
Cynthia M. Lummis R
Wyoming
John Barrasso R
Wyoming
Joseph Lister Hill D
Alabama
John Jackson Sparkman D
Alabama
James William Fulbright D
Arkansas
John Little McClellan D
Arkansas
Carl Trumbull Hayden D
Arizona
Barry Morris Goldwater R
Arizona
Thomas Henry Kuchel R
California
William Fife Knowland R
California
Eugene Donald Millikin R
Colorado
Gordon Llewellyn Allott R
Colorado
Prescott Sheldon Bush R
Connecticut
William Arthur Purtell R
Connecticut
John James Williams R
Delaware
Joseph Allen Frear Jr. D
Delaware
George Armistead Smathers D
Florida
Spessard Lindsey Holland D
Florida
Walter Franklin George D
Georgia
Richard Brevard Russell Jr. D
Georgia
Thomas Ellsworth Martin R
Iowa
Herman Welker R
Idaho
Henry Clarence Dworshak R
Idaho
Everett McKinley Dirksen R
Illinois
Paul Howard Douglas D
Illinois
Homer Earl Capehart R
Indiana
William Ezra Jenner R
Indiana
Frank Carlson R
Kansas
Andrew Frank Schoeppel R
Kansas
Earle C Clements D
Kentucky
Alben William Barkley D
Kentucky
Russell Billiu Long D
Louisiana
Allen Joseph Ellender D
Louisiana
John Fitzgerald Kennedy D
Massachusetts
Leverett Saltonstall R
Massachusetts
John Marshall Butler R
Maryland
James Glenn Beall R
Maryland
Frederick George Payne R
Maine
Margaret Chase Smith R
Maine
Charles Edward Potter R
Michigan
Patrick Vincent McNamara D
Michigan
Edward John Thye R
Minnesota
Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. D
Minnesota
Thomas Carey Hennings Jr. D
Missouri
William Stuart Symington D
Missouri
John Cornelius Stennis D
Mississippi
James Oliver Eastland D
Mississippi
Michael Joseph Mansfield D
Montana
James Edward Murray D
Montana
Samuel James Ervin Jr. D
North Carolina
William Kerr Scott D
North Carolina
Milton Ruben Young R
North Dakota
William Langer R
North Dakota
Roman Lee Hruska R
Nebraska
Carl Thomas Curtis R
Nebraska
Norris H. Cotton R
New Hampshire
Henry Styles Bridges R
New Hampshire
Howard Alexander Smith R
New Jersey
Clifford Philip Case R
New Jersey
Dennis Chavez D
New Mexico
Clinton Presba Anderson D
New Mexico
George Wilson Malone R
Nevada
Alan Harvey Bible D
Nevada
Herbert Henry Lehman D
New York
Irving McNeil Ives R
New York
John William Bricker R
Ohio
George Harrison Bender R
Ohio
Almer Stillwell Mike Monroney D
Oklahoma
Robert Samuel Kerr D
Oklahoma
Wayne Lyman Morse I
Oregon
Richard Lewis Neuberger D
Oregon
James Henderson Duff R
Pennsylvania
Edward Martin R
Pennsylvania
John Orlando Pastore D
Rhode Island
Theodore Francis Green D
Rhode Island
Olin DeWitt Talmadge Johnston D
South Carolina
J. Strom Thurmond D
South Carolina
Francis Higbee Case R
South Dakota
Karl Earl Mundt R
South Dakota
Albert Arnold Gore D
Tennessee
Carey Estes Kefauver D
Tennessee
Marion Price Daniel D
Texas
Lyndon Baines Johnson D
Texas
Wallace Foster Bennett R
Utah
Arthur Vivian Watkins R
Utah
Harry Flood Byrd D
Virginia
Absalom Willis Robertson D
Virginia
George David Aiken R
Vermont
Ralph Edward Flanders R
Vermont
Warren Grant Magnuson D
Washington
Henry Martin Jackson D
Washington
Alexander Wiley R
Wisconsin
Joseph Raymond McCarthy R
Wisconsin
Harley Martin Kilgore D
West Virginia
Matthew Mansfield Neely D
West Virginia
Frank Aloysius Barrett R
Wyoming
Joseph Christopher O’Mahoney D
Wyoming
legislative/houseHouse
+433−435congress-legislators ↗
433 new members · 435 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 16 → 125 · median age 53 → 59
46 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alaska 1 D · 0 R
Alaska 0 D · 1 R
Alabama 9 D · 0 R
Alabama 2 D · 5 R
Arkansas 6 D · 0 R
Arkansas 0 D · 4 R
Arizona 1 D · 1 R
Arizona 3 D · 6 R
California 11 D · 19 R
California 43 D · 9 R
Colorado 2 D · 2 R
Colorado 4 D · 4 R
Connecticut 1 D · 5 R
Connecticut 5 D · 0 R
Florida 7 D · 1 R
Florida 7 D · 20 R
Georgia 10 D · 0 R
Georgia 5 D · 9 R
Hawaii 0 D · 1 R
Hawaii 2 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 8 R
Iowa 0 D · 4 R
Idaho 1 D · 1 R
Idaho 0 D · 2 R
Illinois 12 D · 13 R
Illinois 14 D · 3 R
Indiana 2 D · 9 R
Indiana 2 D · 7 R
Kansas 0 D · 6 R
Kansas 1 D · 3 R
Kentucky 6 D · 2 R
Kentucky 1 D · 5 R
Louisiana 8 D · 0 R
Louisiana 2 D · 4 R
Massachusetts 7 D · 7 R
Massachusetts 9 D · 0 R
Maryland 4 D · 3 R
Maryland 7 D · 1 R
Maine 0 D · 3 R
Maine 2 D · 0 R
Michigan 7 D · 11 R
Michigan 6 D · 7 R
Minnesota 5 D · 4 R
Minnesota 4 D · 4 R
Missouri 9 D · 2 R
Missouri 2 D · 6 R
Mississippi 6 D · 0 R
Mississippi 1 D · 3 R
Montana 1 D · 1 R
Montana 0 D · 2 R
North Carolina 11 D · 1 R
North Carolina 4 D · 10 R
Nebraska 0 D · 4 R
Nebraska 0 D · 3 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 2 D · 0 R
New Jersey 6 D · 8 R
New Jersey 9 D · 3 R
New Mexico 1 D · 0 R
New Mexico 3 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 1 R
Nevada 3 D · 1 R
New York 17 D · 26 R
New York 19 D · 7 R
Ohio 6 D · 17 R
Ohio 5 D · 10 R
Oklahoma 5 D · 1 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 5 R
Oregon 1 D · 3 R
Oregon 5 D · 1 R
Pennsylvania 14 D · 16 R
Pennsylvania 7 D · 10 R
South Carolina 6 D · 0 R
South Carolina 1 D · 6 R
South Dakota 0 D · 2 R
South Dakota 0 D · 1 R
Tennessee 7 D · 2 R
Tennessee 1 D · 8 R
Texas 21 D · 1 R
Texas 13 D · 24 R
Utah 0 D · 2 R
Utah 0 D · 4 R
Virginia 8 D · 2 R
Virginia 6 D · 5 R
Vermont 0 D · 1 R
Vermont 1 D · 0 R
Washington 1 D · 6 R
Washington 8 D · 2 R
Wisconsin 3 D · 7 R
Wisconsin 2 D · 6 R
West Virginia 6 D · 0 R
West Virginia 0 D · 2 R
Who joined and who left (433 in · 435 out)
Nicholas J. Begich III R
Alaska-AL
Robert B. Aderholt R
Alabama-4
Mike Rogers R
Alabama-3
Terri A. Sewell D
Alabama-7
Gary J. Palmer R
Alabama-6
Barry Moore R
Alabama-1
Dale W. Strong R
Alabama-5
Shomari Figures D
Alabama-2
Eric A. "Rick" Crawford R
Arkansas-1
Steve Womack R
Arkansas-3
J. French Hill R
Arkansas-2
Bruce Westerman R
Arkansas-4
Paul A. Gosar R
Arizona-9
David Schweikert R
Arizona-1
Andy Biggs R
Arizona-5
Greg Stanton D
Arizona-4
Elijah Crane R
Arizona-2
Juan Ciscomani R
Arizona-6
Yassamin Ansari D
Arizona-3
Abraham J. Hamadeh R
Arizona-8
Adelita S. Grijalva D
Arizona-7
Ken Calvert R
California-41
Judy Chu D
California-28
Jim Costa D
California-21
John Garamendi D
California-8
Zoe Lofgren D
California-18
Doris O. Matsui D
California-7
Tom McClintock R
California-5
Nancy Pelosi D
California-11
Brad Sherman D
California-32
Linda T. Sánchez D
California-38
Mike Thompson D
California-4
Maxine Waters D
California-43
Jared Huffman D
California-2
Ami Bera D
California-6
Julia Brownley D
California-26
Raul Ruiz D
California-25
Mark Takano D
California-39
Juan Vargas D
California-52
Scott H. Peters D
California-50
Mark DeSaulnier D
California-10
Pete Aguilar D
California-33
Ted Lieu D
California-36
Norma J. Torres D
California-35
Ro Khanna D
California-17
Jimmy Panetta D
California-19
Salud O. Carbajal D
California-24
Nanette Diaz Barragán D
California-44
J. Luis Correa D
California-46
Jimmy Gomez D
California-34
Josh Harder D
California-9
Mike Levin D
California-49
Darrell Issa R
California-48
David G. Valadao R
California-22
Jay Obernolte R
California-23
Young Kim R
California-40
Sara Jacobs D
California-51
Kevin Mullin D
California-15
Sydney Kamlager-Dove D
California-37
Robert Garcia D
California-42
Vince Fong R
California-20
Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr. D
California-31
Lateefah Simon D
California-12
Adam Gray D
California-13
Sam T. Liccardo D
California-16
George Whitesides D
California-27
Luz M. Rivas D
California-29
Laura Friedman D
California-30
Derek Tran D
California-45
Dave Min D
California-47
Kevin Kiley I
California-3
James Gallagher R
California-1
Aisha Wahab D
California-14
Diana DeGette D
Colorado-1
Joe Neguse D
Colorado-2
Jason Crow D
Colorado-6
Lauren Boebert R
Colorado-4
Brittany Pettersen D
Colorado-7
Jeff Hurd R
Colorado-3
Jeff Crank R
Colorado-5
Gabe Evans R
Colorado-8
Joe Courtney D
Connecticut-2
Rosa L. DeLauro D
Connecticut-3
James A. Himes D
Connecticut-4
John B. Larson D
Connecticut-1
Jahana Hayes D
Connecticut-5
Sarah McBride D
Delaware-AL
Gus M. Bilirakis R
Florida-12
Vern Buchanan R
Florida-16
Kathy Castor D
Florida-14
Mario Diaz-Balart R
Florida-26
Debbie Wasserman Schultz D
Florida-25
Daniel Webster R
Florida-11
Frederica S. Wilson D
Florida-24
Lois Frankel D
Florida-22
Neal P. Dunn R
Florida-2
John H. Rutherford R
Florida-5
Darren Soto D
Florida-9
Brian J. Mast R
Florida-21
W. Gregory Steube R
Florida-17
Kat Cammack R
Florida-3
Scott Franklin R
Florida-18
Byron Donalds R
Florida-19
Carlos A. Gimenez R
Florida-28
Maria Elvira Salazar R
Florida-27
Aaron Bean R
Florida-4
Cory Mills R
Florida-7
Maxwell Frost D
Florida-10
Anna Paulina Luna R
Florida-13
Laurel M. Lee R
Florida-15
Jared Moskowitz D
Florida-23
Mike Haridopolos R
Florida-8
Jimmy Patronis R
Florida-1
Randy Fine R
Florida-6
Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. D
Georgia-2
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. D
Georgia-4
Austin Scott R
Georgia-8
Earl L. "Buddy" Carter R
Georgia-1
Barry Loudermilk R
Georgia-11
Rick W. Allen R
Georgia-12
Lucy McBath D
Georgia-6
Nikema Williams D
Georgia-5
Andrew S. Clyde R
Georgia-9
Richard McCormick R
Georgia-7
Mike Collins R
Georgia-10
Brian Jack R
Georgia-3
Clay Fuller R
Georgia-14
Everton Blair Jr. D
Georgia-13
Ed Case D
Hawaii-1
Jill N. Tokuda D
Hawaii-2
Ashley Hinson R
Iowa-2
Mariannette Miller-Meeks R
Iowa-1
Randy Feenstra R
Iowa-4
Zachary Nunn R
Iowa-3
Michael K. Simpson R
Idaho-2
Russ Fulcher R
Idaho-1
Danny K. Davis D
Illinois-7
Mike Quigley D
Illinois-5
Janice D. Schakowsky D
Illinois-9
Bill Foster D
Illinois-11
Robin L. Kelly D
Illinois-2
Mike Bost R
Illinois-12
Darin LaHood R
Illinois-16
Bradley Scott Schneider D
Illinois-10
Raja Krishnamoorthi D
Illinois-8
Jesús G. "Chuy" García D
Illinois-4
Sean Casten D
Illinois-6
Lauren Underwood D
Illinois-14
Mary E. Miller R
Illinois-15
Jonathan L. Jackson D
Illinois-1
Delia C. Ramirez D
Illinois-3
Nikki Budzinski D
Illinois-13
Eric Sorensen D
Illinois-17
André Carson D
Indiana-7
James R. Baird R
Indiana-4
Frank J. Mrvan D
Indiana-1
Victoria Spartz R
Indiana-5
Rudy Yakym III R
Indiana-2
Erin Houchin R
Indiana-9
Marlin A. Stutzman R
Indiana-3
Jefferson Shreve R
Indiana-6
Mark B. Messmer R
Indiana-8
Ron Estes R
Kansas-4
Sharice Davids D
Kansas-3
Tracey Mann R
Kansas-1
Derek Schmidt R
Kansas-2
Brett Guthrie R
Kentucky-2
Harold Rogers R
Kentucky-5
Thomas Massie R
Kentucky-4
Andy Barr R
Kentucky-6
James Comer R
Kentucky-1
Morgan McGarvey D
Kentucky-3
Steve Scalise R
Louisiana-1
Clay Higgins R
Louisiana-3
Mike Johnson R
Louisiana-4
Julia Letlow R
Louisiana-5
Troy A. Carter D
Louisiana-2
Cleo Fields D
Louisiana-6
William R. Keating D
Massachusetts-9
Stephen F. Lynch D
Massachusetts-8
James P. McGovern D
Massachusetts-2
Richard E. Neal D
Massachusetts-1
Katherine M. Clark D
Massachusetts-5
Seth Moulton D
Massachusetts-6
Lori Trahan D
Massachusetts-3
Ayanna Pressley D
Massachusetts-7
Jake Auchincloss D
Massachusetts-4
Andy Harris R
Maryland-1
Steny H. Hoyer D
Maryland-5
Jamie Raskin D
Maryland-8
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Glenn Ivey D
Maryland-4
Johnny Olszewski, Jr. D
Maryland-2
Sarah Elfreth D
Maryland-3
April McClain Delaney D
Maryland-6
Chellie Pingree D
Maine-1
Jared F. Golden D
Maine-2
Bill Huizenga R
Michigan-4
Tim Walberg R
Michigan-5
John R. Moolenaar R
Michigan-2
Debbie Dingell D
Michigan-6
Jack Bergman R
Michigan-1
Haley M. Stevens D
Michigan-11
Rashida Tlaib D
Michigan-12
Lisa C. McClain R
Michigan-9
Hillary J. Scholten D
Michigan-3
John James R
Michigan-10
Shri Thanedar D
Michigan-13
Tom Barrett R
Michigan-7
Kristen McDonald Rivet D
Michigan-8
Betty McCollum D
Minnesota-4
Tom Emmer R
Minnesota-6
Angie Craig D
Minnesota-2
Ilhan Omar D
Minnesota-5
Pete Stauber R
Minnesota-8
Michelle Fischbach R
Minnesota-7
Brad Finstad R
Minnesota-1
Kelly Morrison D
Minnesota-3
Emanuel Cleaver D
Missouri-5
Sam Graves R
Missouri-6
Ann Wagner R
Missouri-2
Jason Smith R
Missouri-8
Mark Alford R
Missouri-4
Eric Burlison R
Missouri-7
Wesley Bell D
Missouri-1
Robert F. Onder, Jr. R
Missouri-3
Bennie G. Thompson D
Mississippi-2
Trent Kelly R
Mississippi-1
Michael Guest R
Mississippi-3
Mike Ezell R
Mississippi-4
Ryan K. Zinke R
Montana-1
Troy Downing R
Montana-2
Virginia Foxx R
North Carolina-5
Richard Hudson R
North Carolina-9
Alma S. Adams D
North Carolina-12
David Rouzer R
North Carolina-7
Gregory F. Murphy R
North Carolina-3
Deborah K. Ross D
North Carolina-2
Donald G. Davis D
North Carolina-1
Valerie P. Foushee D
North Carolina-4
Chuck Edwards R
North Carolina-11
Addison P. McDowell R
North Carolina-6
Mark Harris R
North Carolina-8
Pat Harrigan R
North Carolina-10
Brad Knott R
North Carolina-13
Tim Moore R
North Carolina-14
Julie Fedorchak R
North Dakota-AL
Adrian Smith R
Nebraska-3
Don Bacon R
Nebraska-2
Mike Flood R
Nebraska-1
Chris Pappas D
New Hampshire-1
Maggie Goodlander D
New Hampshire-2
Frank Pallone, Jr. D
New Jersey-6
Christopher H. Smith R
New Jersey-4
Donald Norcross D
New Jersey-1
Bonnie Watson Coleman D
New Jersey-12
Josh Gottheimer D
New Jersey-5
Jefferson Van Drew R
New Jersey-2
Thomas H. Kean, Jr. R
New Jersey-7
Robert Menendez D
New Jersey-8
LaMonica McIver D
New Jersey-10
Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. D
New Jersey-3
Nellie Pou D
New Jersey-9
Analilia Mejia D
New Jersey-11
Teresa Leger Fernandez D
New Mexico-3
Melanie A. Stansbury D
New Mexico-1
Gabe Vasquez D
New Mexico-2
Mark E. Amodei R
Nevada-2
Dina Titus D
Nevada-1
Steven Horsford D
Nevada-4
Susie Lee D
Nevada-3
Yvette D. Clarke D
New York-9
Gregory W. Meeks D
New York-5
Jerrold Nadler D
New York-12
Paul Tonko D
New York-20
Nydia M. Velázquez D
New York-7
Grace Meng D
New York-6
Hakeem S. Jeffries D
New York-8
Elise M. Stefanik R
New York-21
Adriano Espaillat D
New York-13
Joseph D. Morelle D
New York-25
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D
New York-14
Andrew R. Garbarino R
New York-2
Nicole Malliotakis R
New York-11
Ritchie Torres D
New York-15
Claudia Tenney R
New York-24
Patrick Ryan D
New York-18
Nick LaLota R
New York-1
Daniel S. Goldman D
New York-10
Michael Lawler R
New York-17
Nicholas A. Langworthy R
New York-23
Thomas R. Suozzi D
New York-3
Timothy M. Kennedy D
New York-26
Laura Gillen D
New York-4
George Latimer D
New York-16
Josh Riley D
New York-19
John W. Mannion D
New York-22
Jim Jordan R
Ohio-4
Marcy Kaptur D
Ohio-9
Robert E. Latta R
Ohio-5
Michael R. Turner R
Ohio-10
Joyce Beatty D
Ohio-3
David P. Joyce R
Ohio-14
Warren Davidson R
Ohio-8
Troy Balderson R
Ohio-12
Shontel M. Brown D
Ohio-11
Mike Carey R
Ohio-15
Greg Landsman D
Ohio-1
Max L. Miller R
Ohio-7
Emilia Strong Sykes D
Ohio-13
Michael A. Rulli R
Ohio-6
David J. Taylor R
Ohio-2
Tom Cole R
Oklahoma-4
Frank D. Lucas R
Oklahoma-3
Kevin Hern R
Oklahoma-1
Stephanie I. Bice R
Oklahoma-5
Josh Brecheen R
Oklahoma-2
Suzanne Bonamici D
Oregon-1
Cliff Bentz R
Oregon-2
Val T. Hoyle D
Oregon-4
Andrea Salinas D
Oregon-6
Maxine Dexter D
Oregon-3
Janelle S. Bynum D
Oregon-5
Mike Kelly R
Pennsylvania-16
Glenn Thompson R
Pennsylvania-15
Scott Perry R
Pennsylvania-10
Brendan F. Boyle D
Pennsylvania-2
Dwight Evans D
Pennsylvania-3
Brian K. Fitzpatrick R
Pennsylvania-1
Lloyd Smucker R
Pennsylvania-11
Mary Gay Scanlon D
Pennsylvania-5
Madeleine Dean D
Pennsylvania-4
Chrissy Houlahan D
Pennsylvania-6
Daniel Meuser R
Pennsylvania-9
John Joyce R
Pennsylvania-13
Guy Reschenthaler R
Pennsylvania-14
Summer L. Lee D
Pennsylvania-12
Christopher R. Deluzio D
Pennsylvania-17
Ryan Mackenzie R
Pennsylvania-7
Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. R
Pennsylvania-8
Seth Magaziner D
Rhode Island-2
Gabe Amo D
Rhode Island-1
James E. Clyburn D
South Carolina-6
Joe Wilson R
South Carolina-2
Ralph Norman R
South Carolina-5
William R. Timmons IV R
South Carolina-4
Nancy Mace R
South Carolina-1
Russell Fry R
South Carolina-7
Sheri Biggs R
South Carolina-3
Dusty Johnson R
South Dakota-AL
Steve Cohen D
Tennessee-9
Scott DesJarlais R
Tennessee-4
Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann R
Tennessee-3
David Kustoff R
Tennessee-8
Tim Burchett R
Tennessee-2
John W. Rose R
Tennessee-6
Diana Harshbarger R
Tennessee-1
Andrew Ogles R
Tennessee-5
Matt Van Epps R
Tennessee-7
John R. Carter R
Texas-31
Henry Cuellar D
Texas-28
Lloyd Doggett D
Texas-37
Al Green D
Texas-9
Michael T. McCaul R
Texas-10
Randy K. Weber, Sr. R
Texas-14
Joaquin Castro D
Texas-20
Roger Williams R
Texas-25
Marc A. Veasey D
Texas-33
Brian Babin R
Texas-36
Vicente Gonzalez D
Texas-34
Jodey C. Arrington R
Texas-19
Michael Cloud R
Texas-27
Dan Crenshaw R
Texas-2
Lance Gooden R
Texas-5
Lizzie Fletcher D
Texas-7
Veronica Escobar D
Texas-16
Chip Roy R
Texas-21
Sylvia R. Garcia D
Texas-29
Pete Sessions R
Texas-17
Pat Fallon R
Texas-4
August Pfluger R
Texas-11
Ronny Jackson R
Texas-13
Troy E. Nehls R
Texas-22
Beth Van Duyne R
Texas-24
Jake Ellzey R
Texas-6
Nathaniel Moran R
Texas-1
Keith Self R
Texas-3
Morgan Luttrell R
Texas-8
Monica De La Cruz R
Texas-15
Jasmine Crockett D
Texas-30
Greg Casar D
Texas-35
Wesley Hunt R
Texas-38
Craig A. Goldman R
Texas-12
Brandon Gill R
Texas-26
Julie Johnson D
Texas-32
Christian D. Menefee D
Texas-18
Blake D. Moore R
Utah-1
Burgess Owens R
Utah-4
Celeste Maloy R
Utah-2
Mike Kennedy R
Utah-3
H. Morgan Griffith R
Virginia-9
Robert C. "Bobby" Scott D
Virginia-3
Robert J. Wittman R
Virginia-1
Donald S. Beyer, Jr. D
Virginia-8
Ben Cline R
Virginia-6
Jennifer A. Kiggans R
Virginia-2
Jennifer L. McClellan D
Virginia-4
John J. McGuire III R
Virginia-5
Eugene Simon Vindman D
Virginia-7
Suhas Subramanyam D
Virginia-10
James R. Walkinshaw D
Virginia-11
Becca Balint D
Vermont-AL
Rick Larsen D
Washington-2
Adam Smith D
Washington-9
Suzan K. DelBene D
Washington-1
Dan Newhouse R
Washington-4
Pramila Jayapal D
Washington-7
Kim Schrier D
Washington-8
Marilyn Strickland D
Washington-10
Marie Gluesenkamp Perez D
Washington-3
Michael Baumgartner R
Washington-5
Emily Randall D
Washington-6
Gwen Moore D
Wisconsin-4
Mark Pocan D
Wisconsin-2
Glenn Grothman R
Wisconsin-6
Bryan Steil R
Wisconsin-1
Thomas P. Tiffany R
Wisconsin-7
Scott Fitzgerald R
Wisconsin-5
Derrick Van Orden R
Wisconsin-3
Tony Wied R
Wisconsin-8
Carol D. Miller R
West Virginia-1
Riley M. Moore R
West Virginia-2
Harriet M. Hageman R
Wyoming-AL
Edward Lewis Bartlett D
Alaska-AL
Frank William Boykin D
Alabama-1
Carl Atwood Elliott D
Alabama-7
George McInvale Grant D
Alabama-2
George Huddleston Jr. D
Alabama-9
Albert McKinley Rains D
Alabama-5
Kenneth Allison Roberts D
Alabama-4
Armistead Inge Selden Jr. D
Alabama-6
George William Andrews D
Alabama-3
Robert Emmett Jones Jr. D
Alabama-8
Lawrence Brooks Hays D
Arkansas-5
William Frank Norrell D
Arkansas-6
Oren Harris D
Arkansas-4
James William Trimble D
Arkansas-3
Ezekiel Candler Gathings D
Arkansas-1
Wilbur Daigh Mills D
Arkansas-2
Stewart Lee Udall D
Arizona-2
John Jacob Rhodes R
Arizona-1
John Carl Williams Hinshaw R
California-20
Justin Leroy Johnson R
California-11
John Phillips R
California-29
John Joseph Allen Jr. R
California-7
Patrick Jerome Hillings R
California-25
Hubert Baxter Scudder R
California-1
Clair Engle D
California-2
Joseph Franklin Holt III R
California-22
Donald Lester Jackson R
California-16
Edgar Willard Hiestand R
California-21
Gordon Leo McDonough R
California-15
Clyde Gilman Doyle D
California-23
John Francis Shelley D
California-5
Harry Richard Sheppard D
California-27
John Finley Baldwin Jr. R
California-6
Harlan Francis Hagen D
California-14
James Roosevelt D
California-26
Cecil Rhodes King D
California-17
Jesse Arthur Younger R
California-9
Glenard Paul Lipscomb R
California-24
James Boyd Utt R
California-28
George Paul Miller D
California-8
Charles Samuel Gubser R
California-10
Chester Earl Holifield D
California-19
Craig Hosmer R
California-18
William Somers Mailliard R
California-4
Charles McKevett Teague R
California-13
John Emerson Moss D
California-3
Bernice Frederic Sisk D
California-12
Robert Carlton Wilson R
California-30
William Silas Hill R
Colorado-2
John Edgar Chenoweth R
Colorado-3
Byron Giles Rogers D
Colorado-1
Wayne Norviel Aspinall D
Colorado-4
Albert William Cretella R
Connecticut-3
Albert Paul Morano R
Connecticut-4
James Thomas Patterson R
Connecticut-5
Antoni Nicholas Sadlak R
Connecticut-AL
Horace Seely-Brown Jr. R
Connecticut-2
Thomas Joseph Dodd D
Connecticut-1
Harris Brown McDowell Jr. D
Delaware-AL
Donald Ray Matthews D
Florida-8
Albert Sydney Herlong Jr. D
Florida-5
William Cato Cramer R
Florida-1
James Andrew Haley D
Florida-7
Paul Grant Rogers D
Florida-6
Robert Lee Fulton Sikes D
Florida-3
Charles Edward Bennett D
Florida-2
Dante Bruno Fascell D
Florida-4
Henderson Lovelace Lanham D
Georgia-7
Paul Brown D
Georgia-10
Prince Hulon Preston Jr. D
Georgia-1
Iris Faircloth Blitch D
Georgia-8
James Curran Davis D
Georgia-5
Elijah Lewis Forrester D
Georgia-3
John Leonard Pilcher D
Georgia-2
Carl Vinson D
Georgia-6
Phillip Mitchell Landrum D
Georgia-9
John James Flynt Jr. D
Georgia-4
Mary Elizabeth Pruett Farrington R
Hawaii-AL
James Isaac Dolliver R
Iowa-6
Paul Harvey Cunningham R
Iowa-5
Karl Miles Le Compte R
Iowa-4
Henry Oscar Talle R
Iowa-2
Charles Bernard Hoeven R
Iowa-8
Benton Franklin Jensen R
Iowa-7
Frederick Delbert Schwengel R
Iowa-1
Harold Royce Gross R
Iowa-3
Hamer Harold Budge R
Idaho-2
Gracie Bowers Pfost D
Idaho-1
Richard William Hoffman R
Illinois-10
James Cunningham Murray D
Illinois-3
Chauncey William Reed R
Illinois-14
Harold Himmel Velde R
Illinois-18
James Bernard Bowler D
Illinois-7
Thomas Sylvy Gordon D
Illinois-8
William Estus McVey R
Illinois-4
Timothy Patrick Sheehan R
Illinois-11
Sidney Elmer Simpson R
Illinois-20
Charles Wesley Vursell R
Illinois-23
Leo Elwood Allen R
Illinois-16
Charles Augustus Boyle D
Illinois-12
Robert Bruce Chiperfield R
Illinois-19
Marguerite Stitt Church R
Illinois-13
Peter Francis Mack Jr. D
Illinois-21
Noah Morgan Mason R
Illinois-15
Thomas Joseph O’Brien D
Illinois-6
Barratt O’Hara D
Illinois-2
William Levi Dawson D
Illinois-1
William Lee Springer R
Illinois-22
Leslie Cornelius Arends R
Illinois-17
John Carl Kluczynski D
Illinois-5
Kenneth James Gray D
Illinois-25
Charles Melvin Price D
Illinois-24
Sidney Richard Yates D
Illinois-9
Shepard J. Crumpacker Jr. R
Indiana-3
John Valentine Beamer R
Indiana-5
Charles Bruce Brownson R
Indiana-11
Cecil Murray Harden R
Indiana-6
Earl Wilson R
Indiana-9
Winfield Kirkpatrick Denton D
Indiana-8
Ralph Harvey R
Indiana-10
Charles Abraham Halleck R
Indiana-2
Edwin Adair R
Indiana-4
William Gilmer Bray R
Indiana-7
Ray John Madden D
Indiana-1
Clifford Ragsdale Hope R
Kansas-5
Myron Virgil George R
Kansas-3
Errett Power Scrivner R
Kansas-2
Edward Herbert Rees R
Kansas-4
Wint Smith R
Kansas-6
William Henry Avery R
Kansas-1
Noble Jones Gregory D
Kentucky-1
John Marshall Robsion Jr. R
Kentucky-3
Brent Spence D
Kentucky-5
Eugene Siler R
Kentucky-8
Frank Leslie Chelf D
Kentucky-4
John Clarence Watts D
Kentucky-6
Carl Dewey Perkins D
Kentucky-7
William Huston Natcher D
Kentucky-2
George Shannon Long D
Louisiana-8
Overton Brooks D
Louisiana-4
James Hobson Morrison D
Louisiana-6
Theo Ashton Thompson D
Louisiana-7
Edwin Edward Willis D
Louisiana-3
Thomas Hale Boggs Sr. D
Louisiana-2
Felix Edward Hébert D
Louisiana-1
Otto Ernest Passman D
Louisiana-5
John Walter Heselton R
Massachusetts-1
Donald William Nicholson R
Massachusetts-9
Richard Bowditch Wigglesworth R
Massachusetts-13
Edith Nourse Rogers R
Massachusetts-5
Laurence Curtis R
Massachusetts-10
Thomas Joseph Lane D
Massachusetts-7
Joseph William Martin Jr. R
Massachusetts-14
William Henry Bates R
Massachusetts-6
John William McCormack D
Massachusetts-12
Philip Joseph Philbin D
Massachusetts-3
Harold Daniel Donohue D
Massachusetts-4
Torbert Hart Macdonald D
Massachusetts-8
Thomas Phillip O’Neill Jr. D
Massachusetts-11
Edward Patrick Boland D
Massachusetts-2
James Patrick Sinnott Devereux R
Maryland-2
DeWitt Stephen Hyde R
Maryland-6
Edward Tylor Miller R
Maryland-1
Richard Estep Lankford D
Maryland-5
George Hyde Fallon D
Maryland-4
Samuel Nathaniel Friedel D
Maryland-7
Edward Alexander Garmatz D
Maryland-3
Charles Pembroke Nelson R
Maine-2
Robert Hale R
Maine-1
Clifford Guy McIntire R
Maine-3
John David Dingell D
Michigan-15
George Anthony Dondero R
Michigan-18
Donald Hayworth D
Michigan-6
Ruth Thompson R
Michigan-9
Jesse Paine Wolcott R
Michigan-7
Alvin Morell Bentley R
Michigan-8
Clare Eugene Hoffman R
Michigan-4
Thaddeus Michael Machrowicz D
Michigan-1
Louis Charles Rabaut D
Michigan-14
John Bonifas Bennett R
Michigan-12
August Edgar Johansen R
Michigan-3
Victor Alfred Knox R
Michigan-11
John Lesinski Jr. D
Michigan-16
George Meader R
Michigan-2
Martha Wright Griffiths D
Michigan-17
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. R
Michigan-5
Elford Albin Cederberg R
Michigan-10
Charles Coles Diggs Jr. D
Michigan-13
August Herman Andresen R
Minnesota-1
Coya Gjesdal Knutson D
Minnesota-9
Joseph Patrick O’Hara R
Minnesota-2
Roy William Wier D
Minnesota-3
Herman Carl Andersen R
Minnesota-7
Walter Henry Judd R
Minnesota-5
Fred Marshall D
Minnesota-6
Eugene Joseph McCarthy D
Minnesota-4
John Anton Blatnik D
Minnesota-8
Dewey Jackson Short R
Missouri-7
Albert Sidney Johnson Carnahan D
Missouri-8
George Henry Christopher D
Missouri-4
Morgan Moore Moulder D
Missouri-11
Clarence Andrew Cannon D
Missouri-9
Paul Caruthers Jones D
Missouri-10
Thomas Bradford Curtis R
Missouri-2
Frank Melvin Karsten D
Missouri-1
William Raleigh Hull Jr. D
Missouri-6
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan D
Missouri-3
Richard Walker Bolling D
Missouri-5
Frank Ellis Smith D
Mississippi-3
William Arthur Winstead D
Mississippi-5
John Bell Williams D
Mississippi-4
Thomas Gerstle Abernethy D
Mississippi-1
William Meyers Colmer D
Mississippi-6
Jamie Lloyd Whitten D
Mississippi-2
Orvin Benonie Fjare R
Montana-2
Lee Warren Metcalf D
Montana-1
Frank Ertel Carlyle D
North Carolina-7
Richard Thurmond Chatham D
North Carolina-5
Charles Bennett Deane D
North Carolina-8
Woodrow Wilson Jones D
North Carolina-11
George Adams Shuford D
North Carolina-12
Graham Arthur Barden D
North Carolina-3
Carl Thomas Durham D
North Carolina-6
Hugh Quincy Alexander D
North Carolina-9
Herbert Covington Bonner D
North Carolina-1
Harold Dunbar Cooley D
North Carolina-4
Charles Raper Jonas R
North Carolina-10
Lawrence H. Fountain D
North Carolina-2
Usher Lloyd Burdick R
North Dakota-AL
Jackson Burton Chase R
Nebraska-2
Robert Dinsmore Harrison R
Nebraska-3
Arthur Lewis Miller R
Nebraska-4
Phillip Hart Weaver R
Nebraska-1
Perkins Bass R
New Hampshire-2
Chester Earl Merrow R
New Hampshire-1
Thomas Millet Hand R
New Jersey-2
Thomas James Tumulty D
New Jersey-14
Robert Winthrop Kean R
New Jersey-12
Alfred Dennis Sieminski D
New Jersey-13
Charles Anderson Wolverton R
New Jersey-1
Gordon Canfield R
New Jersey-8
Hugh Joseph Addonizio D
New Jersey-11
James Coats Auchincloss R
New Jersey-3
Frank Charles Osmers Jr. R
New Jersey-9
Peter Hood Ballantine Frelinghuysen Jr. R
New Jersey-5
William Beck Widnall R
New Jersey-7
Harrison Arlington Williams Jr. D
New Jersey-6
Frank Thompson Jr. D
New Jersey-4
Peter Wallace Rodino Jr. D
New Jersey-10
Antonio Manuel Fernández D
New Mexico-AL
Clarence Clifton Young R
Nevada-AL
Irwin Delmore Davidson D
New York-20
James George Donovan D
New York-18
Sidney Asher Fine D
New York-22
Ralph Abernethy Gamble R
New York-26
Arthur George Klein D
New York-19
William Sterling Cole R
New York-37
Frederic René Coudert Jr. R
New York-17
Ralph Waldo Gwinn R
New York-27
Bernard William Kearney R
New York-32
Henry Jepson Latham R
New York-4
Edmund Patrick Radwan R
New York-41
William Robert Williams R
New York-34
Albert Henry Bosch R
New York-5
Isidore Dollinger D
New York-23
Francis Edwin Dorn R
New York-12
Kenneth Barnard Keating R
New York-38
Daniel Alden Reed R
New York-43
Dean Park Taylor R
New York-31
Stuyvesant II Wainwright R
New York-1
Victor L’Episcopo Anfuso D
New York-8
Lester Holtzman D
New York-6
John Henry Ray R
New York-15
John Taber R
New York-36
Herbert Zelenko D
New York-21
Frank John Becker R
New York-3
Charles Anthony Buckley D
New York-24
Steven Boghos Derounian R
New York-2
Clarence Evans Kilburn R
New York-33
William Edward Miller R
New York-40
Harold Charles Ostertag R
New York-39
John Raymond Pillion R
New York-42
Roy Walter Riehlman R
New York-35
Katharine Price Collier St. George R
New York-28
James Ernest Wharton R
New York-29
Eugene James Keogh D
New York-9
Leo William O’Brien D
New York-30
Paul Albert Fino R
New York-25
Edna Flannery Kelly D
New York-10
Abraham Jacob Multer D
New York-13
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. D
New York-16
Emanuel Celler D
New York-11
John James Rooney D
New York-14
James Joseph Delaney D
New York-7
Cliff Clevenger R
Ohio-5
Thomas Albert Jenkins R
Ohio-10
J. Harry McGregor R
Ohio-17
John Martin Vorys R
Ohio-12
Albert David Baumhart Jr. R
Ohio-13
John Earl Henderson R
Ohio-15
William Emil Hess R
Ohio-2
James Gould Polk D
Ohio-6
Gordon Harry Scherer R
Ohio-1
Oliver Payne Bolton R
Ohio-11
Paul Fornshell Schenck R
Ohio-3
Clarence J. Brown R
Ohio-7
Frances Payne Bolton R
Ohio-22
William Hanes Ayres R
Ohio-14
Michael Aloysius Feighan D
Ohio-20
Michael Joseph Kirwan D
Ohio-19
Jackson Edward Betts R
Ohio-8
Frank Townsend Bow R
Ohio-16
William Moore McCulloch R
Ohio-4
William Edwin Minshall Jr. R
Ohio-23
Wayne Levere Hays D
Ohio-18
Thomas Ludlow Ashley D
Ohio-9
Charles Albert Vanik D
Ohio-21
Victor Eugene Wickersham D
Oklahoma-6
Page Henry Belcher R
Oklahoma-1
Edmond Augustus Edmondson D
Oklahoma-2
Carl Bert Albert D
Oklahoma-3
John Jarman D
Oklahoma-5
Thomas Jefferson Steed D
Oklahoma-4
Samuel Harrison Coon R
Oregon-2
Mathew Harris Ellsworth R
Oregon-4
Albin Walter Norblad Jr. R
Oregon-1
Edith Starrett Green D
Oregon-3
Vera Daerr Buchanan D
Pennsylvania-30
William Thomas Granahan D
Pennsylvania-2
Karl Clarence King R
Pennsylvania-8
Joseph Leonard Carrigg R
Pennsylvania-10
Earl Chudoff D
Pennsylvania-4
Herman Peter Eberharter D
Pennsylvania-28
Benjamin Franklin James R
Pennsylvania-7
Augustine Bernard Kelley D
Pennsylvania-21
Samuel Kerns McConnell Jr. R
Pennsylvania-13
Alvin Ray Bush R
Pennsylvania-17
James Michael Quigley D
Pennsylvania-19
Richard Murray Simpson R
Pennsylvania-18
Ivor David Fenton R
Pennsylvania-12
Carroll Dudley Kearns R
Pennsylvania-24
Walter Mann Mumma R
Pennsylvania-16
James Edward Van Zandt R
Pennsylvania-20
Leon Harry Gavin R
Pennsylvania-23
William Joseph Green Jr. D
Pennsylvania-5
Francis Eugene Walter D
Pennsylvania-15
Paul Bartram Dague R
Pennsylvania-9
George Milton Rhodes D
Pennsylvania-14
James Aloysius Byrne D
Pennsylvania-3
Robert James Corbett R
Pennsylvania-29
James Grove Fulton R
Pennsylvania-27
Hugh Doggett Scott Jr. R
Pennsylvania-6
Frank Monroe Clark D
Pennsylvania-25
John Phillips Saylor R
Pennsylvania-22
William Aloysius Barrett D
Pennsylvania-1
Thomas Ellsworth Morgan D
Pennsylvania-26
Daniel John Flood D
Pennsylvania-11
Aime Joseph Forand D
Rhode Island-1
John Edward Fogarty D
Rhode Island-2
James Prioleau Richards D
South Carolina-5
John Jacob Riley D
South Carolina-2
Robert Thomas Ashmore D
South Carolina-4
Lucius Mendel Rivers D
South Carolina-1
John Lanneau McMillan D
South Carolina-6
William Jennings Bryan Dorn D
South Carolina-3
Harold Orrin Lovre R
South Dakota-1
Ellis Yarnal Berry R
South Dakota-2
James Percy Priest D
Tennessee-5
Jere Cooper D
Tennessee-8
James Beriah Frazier Jr. D
Tennessee-3
Brazilla Carroll Reece R
Tennessee-1
Howard Henry Baker R
Tennessee-2
Clifford Davis D
Tennessee-9
Ross Bass D
Tennessee-6
Thomas Jefferson Murray D
Tennessee-7
Joseph Landon Evins D
Tennessee-4
John Junior Bell D
Texas-14
Brady Preston Gentry D
Texas-3
Martin Dies Jr. D
Texas-AL
Frank Neville Ikard D
Texas-13
Paul Joseph Kilday D
Texas-20
Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn D
Texas-4
J. T. Rutherford D
Texas-16
Bruce Reynolds Alger R
Texas-5
Joe Madison Kilgore D
Texas-15
William Homer Thornberry D
Texas-10
Walter Edward Rogers D
Texas-18
Albert Thomas D
Texas-8
Clark Wallace Thompson D
Texas-9
John Vernard Dowdy D
Texas-7
Ovie Clark Fisher D
Texas-21
John William Wright Patman D
Texas-1
Omar Truman Burleson D
Texas-17
George Herman Mahon D
Texas-19
William Robert Poage D
Texas-11
Olin Earl Teague D
Texas-6
James Claude Wright Jr. D
Texas-12
Jack Bascom Brooks D
Texas-2
William Adams Dawson R
Utah-2
Henry Aldous Dixon R
Utah-1
Edward John Robeson Jr. D
Virginia-1
Burr Powell Harrison D
Virginia-7
Julian Vaughan Gary D
Virginia-3
William Pat Jennings D
Virginia-9
Howard Worth Smith D
Virginia-8
Porter Hardy Jr. D
Virginia-2
William Munford Tuck D
Virginia-5
Watkins Moorman Abbitt D
Virginia-4
Richard Harding Poff R
Virginia-6
Joel Thomas Broyhill R
Virginia-10
Winston Lewis Prouty R
Vermont-AL
Otis Halbert Holmes R
Washington-4
Russell Vernon Mack R
Washington-3
Donald Hammer Magnuson D
Washington-7
Walter Franklin Horan R
Washington-5
Thor Carl Tollefson R
Washington-6
Alfred John Westland R
Washington-2
Thomas Minor Pelly R
Washington-1
Lawrence Henry Smith R
Wisconsin-1
Gardner Robert Withrow R
Wisconsin-3
Lester Roland Johnson D
Wisconsin-9
William Kaiser Van Pelt R
Wisconsin-6
Melvin Robert Laird R
Wisconsin-7
John William Byrnes R
Wisconsin-8
Alvin Edward O’Konski R
Wisconsin-10
Glenn Robert Davis R
Wisconsin-2
Henry Schoellkopf Reuss D
Wisconsin-5
Clement John Zablocki D
Wisconsin-4
Maurice Gwinn Burnside D
West Virginia-4
Cleveland Monroe Bailey D
West Virginia-3
Maude Elizabeth Kee D
West Virginia-5
Harley Orrin Staggers D
West Virginia-2
Robert Homer Mollohan D
West Virginia-1
Robert C. Byrd D
West Virginia-6
Edwin Keith Thomson R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+12,766Congress.gov ↗
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
12,766 laws recorded · 36 landmark · 2,742 notable
Show 30 more notable laws
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act) landmark
Pub. L. 99-603 · Nov 6, 1986
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 landmark
Pub. L. 104-193 · Aug 22, 1996
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001 landmark
Pub. L. 107-56 · Oct 26, 2001
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 landmark
Pub. L. 108-173 · Dec 8, 2003
CHIPS and Science Act or Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act landmark
Pub. L. 117-167 · Aug 9, 2022
Colorado River Storage Project Act
Pub. L. 84-485 · Apr 11, 1956
Bank Holding Company Act
Pub. L. 84-511 · May 9, 1956
Agricultural Act of 1956
Pub. L. 84-540 · May 28, 1956
Library Services Act
Pub. L. 84-597 · Jun 19, 1956
Under each law: its sponsor, the final-passage roll call in each chamber (hover for the party split; no roll call means a voice vote or unanimous consent), and the president who signed it. Sources: Congress.gov, the House Clerk, and the Senate.
Judicial3 files+10,509−9
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 7 D · 2 R → 6 R · 3 D · every justice ↗
Hugo Lafayette Black D
appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt · 1937 · confirmed 63–16
Stanley Forman Reed D
appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt · 1938
Felix Frankfurter D
appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt · 1939
William Orville Douglas D
appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt · 1939 · confirmed 62–4
Harold Hitz Burton D
appointed by Harry S Truman · 1945
Tom C. Clark D
appointed by Harry S Truman · 1949 · confirmed 73–8
Sherman Minton D
appointed by Harry S Truman · 1949 · confirmed 48–16
Earl Warren R
appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower · 1954
John Marshall Harlan R
appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower · 1955 · confirmed 71–11
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991 · confirmed 52–48
John Glover Roberts, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2005 · confirmed 78–22
Samuel A. Alito, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2006 · confirmed 58–42
Sonia Sotomayor D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2009 · confirmed 68–31
Elena Kagan D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2010 · confirmed 63–37
Neil M. Gorsuch R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2017 · confirmed 54–45
Brett M. Kavanaugh R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2018 · confirmed 50–48
Amy Coney Barrett R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2020 · confirmed 52–48
Ketanji Brown Jackson D
appointed by Joseph R. Biden · 2022 · confirmed 53–47
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): 44 D · 22 R → 92 R · 87 D
District courts (active judges): 166 D · 73 R · 1 N( → 373 D · 279 R
Dwight D. Eisenhower R appointed 114 judges
3 Supreme Court · 28 appeals · 76 district · 7 other
John F. Kennedy D appointed 134 judges
2 Supreme Court · 21 appeals · 109 district · 2 other
None (assignment) N( appointed 1 judge
1 district
Lyndon B. Johnson D appointed 187 judges
2 Supreme Court · 40 appeals · 132 district · 13 other
Richard M. Nixon R appointed 239 judges
4 Supreme Court · 46 appeals · 182 district · 7 other
Gerald Ford R appointed 67 judges
1 Supreme Court · 11 appeals · 55 district
Jimmy Carter D appointed 267 judges
56 appeals · 208 district · 3 other
Ronald Reagan R appointed 387 judges
4 Supreme Court · 83 appeals · 294 district · 6 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 73 judges
33 appeals · 30 district · 10 other
George H.W. Bush R appointed 194 judges
2 Supreme Court · 42 appeals · 149 district · 1 other
William J. Clinton D appointed 383 judges
2 Supreme Court · 66 appeals · 310 district · 5 other
George W. Bush R appointed 328 judges
2 Supreme Court · 61 appeals · 263 district · 2 other
Barack Obama D appointed 330 judges
2 Supreme Court · 55 appeals · 269 district · 4 other
Donald J. Trump R appointed 293 judges
3 Supreme Court · 64 appeals · 222 district · 4 other
Joseph R. Biden D appointed 235 judges
1 Supreme Court · 45 appeals · 187 district · 2 other
5 circuits flipped majority
Second Circuit 3 D · 3 R (tie majority)
Second Circuit 7 D · 6 R (D majority)
Third Circuit 7 D · 0 R (D majority)
Third Circuit 6 D · 8 R (R majority)
Fourth Circuit 1 D · 1 R (tie majority)
Fourth Circuit 9 D · 6 R (D majority)
Sixth Circuit 4 D · 2 R (D majority)
Sixth Circuit 6 D · 10 R (R majority)
Seventh Circuit 5 D · 1 R (D majority)
Seventh Circuit 5 D · 6 R (R majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+7,268Supreme Court Database ↗
7,268 argued decisions · 30 landmark
Reid v. Covert
354 U.S. 1 · Jun 10, 1957 · Decided 6–2 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Vanderbilt v. Vanderbilt
354 U.S. 416 · Jun 24, 1957 · Decided 6–2 · Due Process · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Trop v. Dulles
356 U.S. 86 · Mar 31, 1958 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Cooper v. Aaron
358 U.S. 1 · Sep 12, 1958 · Decided 9–0 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
Ladner v. United States
358 U.S. 169 · Dec 15, 1958 · Decided 8–1 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Kinsella v. United States ex rel. Singleton
361 U.S. 234 · Jan 18, 1960 · Decided 7–2 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Grisham v. Hagan
361 U.S. 278 · Jan 18, 1960 · Decided 7–2 · Civil Rights · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
McElroy v. United States ex rel. Guagliardo
361 U.S. 281 · Jan 18, 1960 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Raines
362 U.S. 17 · Feb 29, 1960 · Decided 9–0 · Civil Rights · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Elkins v. United States
364 U.S. 206 · Jun 27, 1960 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent
Show 20 more
James v. United States
May 15, 1961 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Mapp v. Ohio
Jun 19, 1961 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Baker v. Carr
Mar 26, 1962 · Decided 6–2 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Engel v. Vitale
Jun 25, 1962 · Decided 6–1 · First Amendment · Reversed and remanded
Smith v. Evening News Association
Dec 10, 1962 · Decided 8–1 · Federalism · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Local No. 438 Construction & General Laborers' Union v. Curry
Jan 21, 1963 · Decided 9–0 · Federalism · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez
Feb 18, 1963 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Gideon v. Wainwright
Mar 18, 1963 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Gray v. Sanders
Mar 18, 1963 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Fay v. Noia
Mar 18, 1963 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Ferguson v. Skrupa
Apr 22, 1963 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Reversed · Overruled precedent
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp
Jun 17, 1963 · Decided 8–1 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Struck down state law
Wesberry v. Sanders
Feb 17, 1964 · Decided 6–3 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
Mar 9, 1964 · Decided 9–0 · First Amendment · Reversed and remanded · Struck down state law
Schneider v. Rusk
May 18, 1964 · Decided 5–3 · Civil Rights · Reversed · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Reynolds v. Sims
Jun 15, 1964 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Struck down state law
Malloy v. Hogan
Jun 15, 1964 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Murphy v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
Jun 15, 1964 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Overruled precedent
Jackson v. Denno
Jun 22, 1964 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Escobedo v. Illinois
Jun 22, 1964 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal3 files±0
fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+985% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 1956 → fiscal year 2025 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $70.6B
FY1956
Spending $7.01T
FY2025 · +9825% nominal · +985% after inflation
Revenue $74.6B
FY1956
Revenue $5.24T
FY2025 · +6921% nominal · +667% after inflation
Surplus / deficit $3.9B
FY1956
Surplus / deficit −$1.77T
FY2025 · −$1.78T
Spending, % of GDP 16.1%
FY1956
Spending, % of GDP 23.1%
FY2025 · +7.0 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 50.7%
FY1956
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 99.5%
FY2025 · +48.8 pts
Spending by function · real change
A fiscal year still in progress has no actual figures yet, so the latest completed year is shown.
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$40.1TTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$274B
as of Jun 30, 1955
$40.3T
as of Oct 13, 2026
fiscal/economyPrices and jobs
+1153% pricesBureau of Labor Statistics ↗
Prices rose 1153% · a dollar in Oct 1955 bought what $12.53 buys in Sep 2026
Consumer prices 26.9
CPI-U, Oct 1955
Consumer prices 336.9
CPI-U, Sep 2026 · +1153%
Unemployment 4.3%
Oct 1955
Unemployment 4.2%
Sep 2026 · −0.1 points
Latest monthly reading on or before each date. Prices are the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (from 1913); unemployment is the seasonally adjusted rate (from 1948).
Constitution & Union1 file+7
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
22 → 27 amendments in force · 48 → 50 states
Amendment XXIII Electoral votes for Washington, D.C.
ratified Mar 29, 1961 · Grants the District of Columbia electors in presidential elections.
Amendment XXIV Abolition of poll taxes in federal elections
ratified Jan 23, 1964 · Prohibits poll taxes in federal elections.
Amendment XXV Presidential succession and disability
ratified Feb 10, 1967 · Procedures for presidential succession, vice-presidential vacancies, and incapacity.
Amendment XXVI Voting age lowered to 18
ratified Jul 1, 1971 · Prohibits denying the vote to citizens 18 or older on account of age.
Amendment XXVII Congressional pay changes
ratified May 7, 1992 · Delays congressional pay changes until after the next House election. Proposed in 1789.
Alaska joins the Union
admitted Jan 3, 1959
Hawaii joins the Union
admitted Aug 21, 1959
Reverts1 file−555
revert/undoneWhat was undone
335 executive orders revoked or superseded · 40 rules struck down by Congress · 180 Supreme Court precedents overruled
Trump revoked 110 orders: 80 by Biden, 18 by Obama, 6 by themselves, 4 by Clinton, 2 by Bush
Biden revoked 86 orders: 68 by Trump, 9 by Obama, 7 by themselves, 2 by Bush
Bush revoked 56 orders: 31 by Clinton, 25 by themselves
Obama revoked 51 orders: 27 by Bush, 19 by themselves, 5 by Clinton
Clinton revoked 32 orders: 32 by themselves
Show 325 more revoked orders
EO 14010 Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework To Address the Causes of Migration, To Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and To Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border
signed Feb 2, 2021 by Biden · revoked Jan 20, 2025 by EO 14148 (Trump)
EO 13088 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Jun 9, 1998 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
EO 13121 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting Trade Transactions Involving the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Apr 30, 1999 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
40 agency rules nullified under the Congressional Review Act
Show 34 more
180 decisions that overruled precedent
Reid v. Covert
Jun 10, 1957 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Vanderbilt v. Vanderbilt
Jun 24, 1957 · 6-2 · Due Process
Ladner v. United States
Dec 15, 1958 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
United States v. Raines
Feb 29, 1960 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Elkins v. United States
Jun 27, 1960 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
James v. United States
May 15, 1961 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Mapp v. Ohio
Jun 19, 1961 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Baker v. Carr
Mar 26, 1962 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Show 172 more
Smith v. Evening News Association
Dec 10, 1962 · 8-1 · Federalism
Local No. 438 Construction & General Laborers' Union v. Curry
Jan 21, 1963 · 9-0 · Federalism
Gideon v. Wainwright
Mar 18, 1963 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Gray v. Sanders
Mar 18, 1963 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
Fay v. Noia
Mar 18, 1963 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Ferguson v. Skrupa
Apr 22, 1963 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Wesberry v. Sanders
Feb 17, 1964 · 6-3 · Civil Rights
Schneider v. Rusk
May 18, 1964 · 5-3 · Civil Rights
Malloy v. Hogan
Jun 15, 1964 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Murphy v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
Jun 15, 1964 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Jackson v. Denno
Jun 22, 1964 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Escobedo v. Illinois
Jun 22, 1964 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
McLaughlin v. Florida
Dec 7, 1964 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Pointer v. Texas
Apr 5, 1965 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
United States v. Brown
Jun 7, 1965 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Swift & Co., Inc. v. Wickham
Nov 22, 1965 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Harris v. United States
Dec 6, 1965 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
Mar 24, 1966 · 6-3 · Civil Rights
Miranda v. Arizona
Jun 13, 1966 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Spevack v. Klein
Jan 16, 1967 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Keyishian v. Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York
Jan 23, 1967 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Afroyim v. Rusk
May 29, 1967 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Warden v. Hayden
May 29, 1967 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Camara v. Municipal Court of the City and County of San Francisco
Jun 5, 1967 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Berger v. New York
Jun 12, 1967 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Katz v. United States
Dec 18, 1967 · 7-1 · Criminal Procedure
Marchetti v. United States
Jan 29, 1968 · 7-1 · Criminal Procedure
Peyton v. Rowe
May 20, 1968 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Bruton v. United States
May 20, 1968 · 6-2 · Criminal Procedure
Duncan v. Louisiana
May 20, 1968 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Carafas v. Lavallee
May 20, 1968 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
Lee v. Florida
Jun 17, 1968 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
Jun 17, 1968 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Moore v. Ogilvie
May 5, 1969 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Brandenburg v. Ohio
Jun 9, 1969 · 8-0 · First Amendment
Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
Jun 16, 1969 · 5-3 · Economic Activity
Chimel v. California
Jun 23, 1969 · 6-2 · Criminal Procedure
Benton v. Maryland
Jun 23, 1969 · 6-2 · Criminal Procedure
Ashe v. Swenson
Apr 6, 1970 · 7-1 · Criminal Procedure
Boys Markets, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Union
Jun 1, 1970 · 5-2 · Unions
Price v. Georgia
Jun 15, 1970 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
Moragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.
Jun 15, 1970 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Williams v. Florida
Jun 22, 1970 · 6-2 · Criminal Procedure
Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation
May 3, 1971 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Perez v. Campbell
Jun 1, 1971 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Griffin v. Breckenridge
Jun 7, 1971 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Dunn v. Blumstein
Mar 21, 1972 · 6-1 · Civil Rights
Illinois v. City of Milwaukee
Apr 24, 1972 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Andrews v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co.
May 15, 1972 · 7-1 · Economic Activity
Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
Feb 22, 1973 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Kentucky
Feb 28, 1973 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Miller v. California
Jun 21, 1973 · 5-4 · First Amendment
North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy v. Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc.
Dec 5, 1973 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Edelman v. Jordan
Mar 25, 1974 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Mitchell v. W. T. Grant Co.
May 13, 1974 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Taylor v. Louisiana
Jan 21, 1975 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
United States v. Reliable Transfer Co., Inc.
May 19, 1975 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Michelin Tire Corp. v. Wages
Jan 14, 1976 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Hudgens v. National Labor Relations Board
Mar 3, 1976 · 6-2 · First Amendment
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.
May 24, 1976 · 7-1 · First Amendment
National League of Cities v. Usery
Jun 24, 1976 · 5-4 · Unions
Lodge 76 v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission
Jun 25, 1976 · 6-3 · Federalism
City of New Orleans v. Dukes
Jun 25, 1976 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Gregg v. Georgia
Jul 2, 1976 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Craig v. Boren
Dec 20, 1976 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Oregon ex rel. State Land Board v. Corvallis Sand & Gravel Co.
Jan 12, 1977 · 6-3 · Federalism
Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
Mar 7, 1977 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc.
Jun 23, 1977 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Wainwright v. Sykes
Jun 23, 1977 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Shaffer v. Heitner
Jun 24, 1977 · 7-1 · Due Process
Department of Revenue of Washington v. Association of Washington Stevedoring Companies
Apr 26, 1978 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
Jun 6, 1978 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Burks v. United States
Jun 14, 1978 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
United States v. Scott
Jun 14, 1978 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Duren v. Missouri
Jan 9, 1979 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
Hughes v. Oklahoma
Apr 24, 1979 · 7-2 · Federalism
Trammel v. United States
Feb 27, 1980 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
United States v. Salvucci
Jun 25, 1980 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Thomas v. Washington Gas Light Co.
Jun 27, 1980 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
Jul 2, 1981 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
United States v. Ross
Jun 1, 1982 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
Jul 2, 1982 · 7-2 · Federalism
Bob Jones University v. United States
May 24, 1983 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
Illinois v. Gates
Jun 8, 1983 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Michigan v. Long
Jul 6, 1983 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
Jan 23, 1984 · 5-4 · Federalism
United States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
Feb 22, 1984 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Limbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
Apr 18, 1984 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
Jun 19, 1984 · 5-3 · Economic Activity
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
Feb 19, 1985 · 5-4 · Unions
United States v. Miller
Apr 1, 1985 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
Daniels v. Williams
Jan 21, 1986 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
United States v. Lane
Jan 27, 1986 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Batson v. Kentucky
Apr 30, 1986 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Puerto Rico v. Branstad
Jun 23, 1987 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
Jun 23, 1987 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Solorio v. United States
Jun 25, 1987 · 6-3 · Civil Rights
Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
Jun 25, 1987 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
Mar 22, 1988 · 8-0 · Judicial Power
South Carolina v. Baker
Apr 20, 1988 · 7-1 · Federalism
Thornburgh v. Abbott
May 15, 1989 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
May 15, 1989 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Alabama v. Smith
Jun 12, 1989 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
Healy v. The Beer Institute
Jun 19, 1989 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
W. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
Jan 17, 1990 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Collins v. Youngblood
Jun 21, 1990 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Arizona v. Fulminante
Mar 26, 1991 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
California v. Acevedo
May 30, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Exxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
Jun 3, 1991 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Coleman v. Thompson
Jun 24, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Pervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
Jun 27, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
J. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
May 4, 1992 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Quill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
May 26, 1992 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
Jun 29, 1992 · 5-4 · Privacy
United States v. Dixon
Jun 28, 1993 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Nichols v. United States
Jun 6, 1994 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Director v. Greenwich Collieries
Jun 20, 1994 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
Hubbard v. United States
May 15, 1995 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
Jun 12, 1995 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
United States v. Gaudin
Jun 19, 1995 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Fulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
Feb 21, 1996 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
Mar 27, 1996 · 5-4 · Federalism
Inc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association
May 13, 1996 · 9-0 · First Amendment
Lewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr.
Jun 24, 1996 · 8-1 · Due Process
Rachel Agostini v. Betty-Louise Felton
Jun 23, 1997 · 5-4 · First Amendment
State Oil Company v. Barkat U. Khan and Khan & Associates, Inc.
Nov 4, 1997 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Hudson v. United States
Dec 10, 1997 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Arnold F. Hohn v. United States
Jun 15, 1998 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
Mar 24, 1999 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
Jun 23, 1999 · 5-4 · Federalism
Guy Mitchell v. Helms
Jun 28, 2000 · 6-3 · First Amendment
United States v. Hatter
May 21, 2001 · 5-2 · Federal Taxation
Lapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
May 13, 2002 · 9-0 · Federalism
United States v. Cotton
May 20, 2002 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Daryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
Jun 20, 2002 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Ring v. Arizona
Jun 24, 2002 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Lawrence v. Texas
Jun 26, 2003 · 6-3 · Privacy
Crawford v. Washington
Mar 8, 2004 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Roper v. Simmons
Mar 1, 2005 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Central Virginia Community College v. Katz
Jan 23, 2006 · 5-4 · Federalism
Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
Mar 1, 2006 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Alberto R. Gonzales v. Leroy Carhart
Apr 18, 2007 · 5-4 · Privacy
Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly
May 21, 2007 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Bowles v. Russell
Jun 14, 2007 · 5-4 · Judicial Power
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Cordell Pearson v. Afton Callahan
Jan 21, 2009 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Montejo v. Louisiana
May 26, 2009 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Jan 21, 2010 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Otis McDonald v. City of Chicago
Jun 28, 2010 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Bond v. United States
Jun 16, 2011 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Alleyne v. United States
Jun 17, 2013 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Johnson v. United States
Jun 26, 2015 · 8-1 · Due Process
Obergefell v. Hodges
Jun 26, 2015 · 5-4 · Due Process
Hurst v. Florida
Jan 12, 2016 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
South Dakota v. Wayfair
Jun 21, 2018 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Trump v. Hawaii
Jun 26, 2018 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Janus v. American Federation of State
Jun 27, 2018 · 5-4 · Unions
Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt
May 13, 2019 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Herrera v. Wyoming
May 20, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Knick v. Township of Scott
Jun 21, 2019 · 5-4 · Due Process
Rucho v. Common Cause
Jun 27, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Ramos v. Louisiana
Apr 20, 2020 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Edwards v. Vannoy
May 17, 2021 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Shinn v. Ramirez
May 23, 2022 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
Jun 24, 2022 · 6-3 · Privacy
Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
Jun 27, 2022 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College
Jun 29, 2023 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
Jun 28, 2024 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Cisco Systems v. Doe
Jun 23, 2026 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Trump v. Slaughter
Jun 29, 2026 · 6-3 · Miscellaneous
National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission
Jun 30, 2026 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.
Log1 file±0
logEverything in between
495 events
- lawFederal Aid Highway Act of 1956
- presidentDwight David Eisenhower takes office
- justiceWilliam Joseph Brennan, Jr. — Associate Justice
- justiceCharles Evans Whittaker — Associate Justice
- rulingReid v. Covert
- rulingVanderbilt v. Vanderbilt
- rulingTrop v. Dulles
- rulingCooper v. Aaron
- rulingLadner v. United States
- war+Taiwan Strait crisis
- war−Taiwan Strait crisis
- stateAlaska
- justicePotter Stewart — Associate Justice
- stateHawaii
- rulingKinsella v. United States ex rel. Singleton
- rulingGrisham v. Hagan
- rulingMcElroy v. United States ex rel. Guagliardo
- rulingUnited States v. Raines
- rulingElkins v. United States
- presidentJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy takes office
- amendmentElectoral votes for Washington, D.C.
- war+Bay of Pigs invasion
- war−Bay of Pigs invasion
- rulingJames v. United States
- rulingMapp v. Ohio
- war+Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
- rulingBaker v. Carr
- justiceByron Raymond White — Associate Justice
- rulingEngel v. Vitale
- justiceArthur Joseph Goldberg — Associate Justice
- rulingSmith v. Evening News Association
- rulingLocal No. 438 Construction & General Laborers' Union v. Curry
- rulingKennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez
- rulingGideon v. Wainwright
- rulingGray v. Sanders
- rulingFay v. Noia
- rulingFerguson v. Skrupa
- rulingSchool District of Abington Township v. Schempp
- presidentLyndon Baines Johnson takes office
- lawClean Air Act
- war+Laotian Civil War
- amendmentAbolition of poll taxes in federal elections
- rulingWesberry v. Sanders
- rulingNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan
- rulingSchneider v. Rusk
- rulingReynolds v. Sims
- rulingMalloy v. Hogan
- rulingMurphy v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
- rulingJackson v. Denno
- rulingEscobedo v. Illinois
- rulingAptheker v. Secretary of State
- lawCivil Rights Act of 1964
- rulingMcLaughlin v. Florida
- rulingHeart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
- war−Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
- presidentLyndon Baines Johnson takes office
- rulingPointer v. Texas
- lawElementary and Secondary Education Act
- rulingLamont v. Postmaster General
- rulingUnited States v. Brown
- rulingGriswold v. Connecticut
- lawSocial Security Amendments of 1965
- lawVoting Rights Act of 1965
- justiceAbe Fortas — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
- lawImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- lawHigher Education Act of 1965
- rulingAlbertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
- rulingSwift & Co., Inc. v. Wickham
- rulingUnited States v. Romano
- rulingHarris v. United States
- war+Vietnam War
- rulingSouth Carolina v. Katzenbach
- rulingHarper v. Virginia Board of Elections
- rulingMiranda v. Arizona
- lawFreedom of Information Act
- agency+United States Department of Transportation
- rulingSpevack v. Klein
- rulingKeyishian v. Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York
- amendmentPresidential succession and disability
- rulingAfroyim v. Rusk
- rulingWarden v. Hayden
- rulingCamara v. Municipal Court of the City and County of San Francisco
- rulingLoving v. Virginia
- rulingBerger v. New York
- justiceThurgood Marshall — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Robel
- rulingKatz v. United States
- rulingMarchetti v. United States
- rulingGrosso v. United States
- rulingHaynes v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Jackson
- lawCivil Rights Act of 1968
- rulingPeyton v. Rowe
- rulingBruton v. United States
- rulingDuncan v. Louisiana
- rulingCarafas v. Lavallee
- rulingTerry v. Ohio
- rulingLee v. Florida
- rulingJones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
- presidentRichard Milhous Nixon takes office
- rulingTinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
- rulingMoore v. Ogilvie
- rulingLeary v. United States
- rulingO'Callahan v. Parker
- rulingBrandenburg v. Ohio
- rulingLear, Inc. v. Adkins
- justiceWarren Earl Burger — Chief Justice
- rulingChimel v. California
- rulingBenton v. Maryland
- war+Cambodian Civil War
- lawNational Environmental Policy Act
- rulingTurner v. United States
- rulingAshe v. Swenson
- justiceHarry Andrew Blackmun — Associate Justice
- rulingSchacht v. United States
- rulingBoys Markets, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Union
- rulingPrice v. Georgia
- rulingMoragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.
- rulingWilliams v. Florida
- rulingOregon v. Mitchell
- lawOccupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
- rulingBlount v. Rizzi
- rulingUnited States v. United States Coin & Currency
- rulingSwann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
- rulingBlonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation
- rulingPerez v. Campbell
- rulingGriffin v. Breckenridge
- rulingLemon v. Kurtzman
- rulingTilton v. Richardson
- rulingNew York Times Co. v. United States
- agency−United States Post Office Department
- amendmentVoting age lowered to 18
- justiceLewis Franklin Powell, Jr. — Associate Justice
- justiceWilliam Hubbs Rehnquist — Associate Justice
- rulingDunn v. Blumstein
- rulingIllinois v. City of Milwaukee
- rulingAndrews v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co.
- rulingFurman v. Georgia
- lawClean Water Act
- presidentRichard Milhous Nixon takes office
- rulingRoe v. Wade
- rulingLehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
- rulingBraden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Kentucky
- war−Vietnam War
- rulingFrontiero v. Richardson
- rulingMiller v. California
- rulingUnited States Department of Agriculture v. Murry
- rulingUnited States Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
- war−Laotian Civil War
- lawWar Powers Resolution
- rulingNorth Dakota State Board of Pharmacy v. Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc.
- lawEndangered Species Act of 1973
- war−Cambodian Civil War
- rulingEdelman v. Jordan
- rulingMitchell v. W. T. Grant Co.
- rulingJimenez v. Weinberger
- rulingUnited States v. Nixon
- presidentGerald Rudolph Ford Jr. takes office
- rulingTaylor v. Louisiana
- rulingWeinberger v. Wiesenfeld
- rulingUnited States v. Reliable Transfer Co., Inc.
- justiceJohn Paul Stevens — Associate Justice
- rulingMichelin Tire Corp. v. Wages
- rulingBuckley v. Valeo
- rulingHudgens v. National Labor Relations Board
- rulingVirginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.
- rulingHampton v. Mow Sun Wong
- rulingNational League of Cities v. Usery
- rulingLodge 76 v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission
- rulingCity of New Orleans v. Dukes
- rulingGregg v. Georgia
- rulingCraig v. Boren
- rulingOregon ex rel. State Land Board v. Corvallis Sand & Gravel Co.
- presidentJames Earl Carter takes office
- rulingCalifano v. Goldfarb
- rulingComplete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
- rulingContinental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc.
- rulingWainwright v. Sykes
- rulingShaffer v. Heitner
- agency+United States Department of Energy
- rulingDepartment of Revenue of Washington v. Association of Washington Stevedoring Companies
- rulingMarshall v. Barlow's, Inc.
- rulingMonell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
- rulingBurks v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Scott
- rulingRegents of the University of California v. Bakke
- rulingDuren v. Missouri
- rulingHughes v. Oklahoma
- rulingCalifano v. Westcott
- agency+United States Department of Education
- rulingTrammel v. United States
- agency−United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
- agency+United States Department of Health and Human Services
- rulingUnited States v. Salvucci
- rulingThomas v. Washington Gas Light Co.
- rulingUnited States v. Will
- presidentRonald Wilson Reagan takes office
- rulingCommonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
- justiceSandra Day O'Connor — Associate Justice
- rulingRailway Labor Executives' Assn. v. Gibbons
- rulingUnited States v. Ross
- rulingNorthern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
- rulingSporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
- war+Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
- rulingUnited States v. Grace
- rulingBob Jones University v. United States
- rulingIllinois v. Gates
- rulingImmigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
- rulingBolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
- rulingMichigan v. Long
- war+Invasion of Grenada
- war−Invasion of Grenada
- rulingPennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
- rulingUnited States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
- rulingLimbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
- rulingCopperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
- rulingChevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
- rulingFederal Communications Commission v. League of Women Voters of California
- rulingRegan v. Time, Inc.
- war−Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
- presidentRonald Wilson Reagan takes office
- rulingGarcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee
- rulingUnited States v. Miller
- rulingAguilar v. Felton
- rulingDaniels v. Williams
- rulingUnited States v. Lane
- rulingBatson v. Kentucky
- rulingBowsher v. Synar
- justiceWilliam Hubbs Rehnquist — Chief Justice
- justiceAntonin Scalia — Associate Justice
- lawTax Reform Act of 1986
- lawImmigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act)
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.
- rulingHodel v. Irving
- rulingPuerto Rico v. Branstad
- rulingTyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
- rulingSolorio v. United States
- rulingWelch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
- justiceAnthony McLeod Kennedy — Associate Justice
- rulingGulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
- rulingBoos v. Marion S. Barry, Jr.
- rulingSouth Carolina v. Baker
- rulingMorrison v. Olson
- presidentGeorge Herbert Walker Bush takes office
- agency+United States Department of Veterans Affairs
- rulingThornburgh v. Abbott
- rulingRodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
- rulingAlabama v. Smith
- rulingHealy v. The Beer Institute
- rulingTexas v. Johnson
- rulingSable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
- war+Invasion of Panama
- war−Invasion of Panama
- rulingW. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
- rulingUnited States v. Shawn D. Eichman
- rulingCollins v. Youngblood
- lawAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- justiceDavid Hackett Souter — Associate Justice
- war+Gulf War
- war−Gulf War
- rulingArizona v. Fulminante
- rulingCalifornia v. Acevedo
- rulingExxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
- rulingMetropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for the Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc.
- rulingColeman v. Thompson
- rulingPervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
- justiceClarence Thomas — Associate Justice
- rulingJ. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
- amendmentCongressional pay changes
- rulingQuill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
- rulingNew York v. United States
- rulingPlanned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
- presidentWilliam Jefferson Clinton takes office
- rulingUnited States v. Dixon
- justiceRuth Bader Ginsburg — Associate Justice
- rulingNichols v. United States
- rulingDirector v. Greenwich Collieries
- justiceStephen Gerald Breyer — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. National Treasury Employees Union
- rulingEd Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
- rulingRubin v. Coors Brewing Company
- rulingUnited States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr.
- rulingHubbard v. United States
- rulingU.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Ray Thornton
- rulingAdarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
- rulingUnited States v. Gaudin
- lawTelecommunications Act of 1996
- rulingFulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
- rulingSeminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
- rulingInc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association
- rulingUnited States v. International Business Machines Corporation
- rulingLewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr.
- rulingColorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee and Douglas Jones v. Federal Election Commission
- rulingDenver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
- lawPersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
- presidentWilliam Jefferson Clinton takes office
- rulingBabbitt v. Marvin K. Youpee, Sr.
- rulingClinton v. Paula Corbin Jones
- rulingRachel Agostini v. Betty-Louise Felton
- rulingCity of Boerne v. P. F. Flores
- rulingReno v. American Civil Liberties Union
- rulingJay Printz v. United States
- rulingState Oil Company v. Barkat U. Khan and Khan & Associates, Inc.
- rulingHudson v. United States
- rulingC. Elvin Feltner, Jr. v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
- rulingUnited States v. United States Shoe Corporation
- rulingArnold F. Hohn v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Hosep Krikor Bajakajian
- rulingClinton v. City of New York
- rulingEastern Enterprises v. Apfel
- war+Kosovo War
- rulingMinnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
- rulingGreater New Orleans Broadcasting Association, Inc. v. United States
- rulingFlorida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank and United States
- rulingCollege Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
- rulingAlden v. Maine
- war−Kosovo War
- rulingJ. Daniel Kimel, Jr. v. Florida Board of Regents
- rulingUnited States v. Morrison
- rulingUnited States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
- rulingDickerson v. United States
- rulingGuy Mitchell v. Helms
- rulingBush v. Gore
- presidentGeorge Walker Bush takes office
- rulingBoard of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
- rulingLegal Services Corporation v. Carmen Velazquez
- rulingUnited States v. Hatter
- rulingUnited States and Department of Agriculture v. United Foods, Inc.
- war+War against al-Qaida
- war+Invasion of Afghanistan
- lawUniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001
- war−Invasion of Afghanistan
- lawNo Child Left Behind Act of 2001
- rulingAshcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition
- rulingTommy G. Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
- rulingLapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
- rulingUnited States v. Cotton
- rulingDaryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
- rulingRing v. Arizona
- lawSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
- agency+United States Department of Homeland Security
- lawHomeland Security Act of 2002
- war+War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
- war+Invasion of Iraq
- war−Invasion of Iraq
- rulingGrutter v. Lee Bollinger
- rulingLawrence v. Texas
- lawMedicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003
- rulingMitch McConnell v. Federal Election Commission
- war+Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
- rulingCrawford v. Washington
- rulingHamdi v. Rumsfeld
- rulingUnited States v. Freddie J. Booker
- presidentGeorge Walker Bush takes office
- rulingRoper v. Simmons
- rulingSusette Kelo v. City of New London
- justiceJohn Glover Roberts, Jr. — Chief Justice
- rulingCentral Virginia Community College v. Katz
- justiceSamuel A. Alito, Jr. — Associate Justice
- rulingIllinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
- rulingSalim Ahmed Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
- rulingMassachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
- rulingAlberto R. Gonzales v. Leroy Carhart
- rulingBell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly
- rulingBowles v. Russell
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
- rulingParents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
- rulingLeegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
- rulingBoumediene v. Bush
- rulingDistrict of Columbia v. Heller
- rulingDavis v. FEC
- lawEmergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
- war+Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
- presidentBarack Hussein Obama takes office
- rulingCordell Pearson v. Afton Callahan
- lawAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
- rulingMontejo v. Louisiana
- justiceSonia Sotomayor — Associate Justice
- rulingCitizens United v. Federal Election Commission
- lawPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- rulingUnited States v. Stevens
- rulingFree Enterprise Fund and Beckstead and Watts v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
- rulingOtis McDonald v. City of Chicago
- lawDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
- justiceElena Kagan — Associate Justice
- rulingPepper v. United States
- rulingBond v. United States
- rulingStern v. Elaine T. Marshall
- war−Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
- rulingHosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- rulingColeman v. Court of Appeals of Maryland
- rulingUnited States v. Xavier Alvarez
- rulingNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
- presidentBarack Hussein Obama takes office
- rulingAlleyne v. United States
- rulingAgency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc.
- rulingShelby County v. Holder
- rulingUnited States v. Windsor
- rulingMcCutcheon v. FEC
- war+Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
- war−Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
- war+Somalia: al-Shabaab
- war+Afghanistan: Islamic State
- rulingZivotofsky v. Kerry
- rulingHorne v. Department of Agriculture
- rulingKing v. Burwell
- rulingJohnson v. United States
- rulingObergefell v. Hodges
- war+Libya: Islamic State
- rulingHurst v. Florida
- war+Niger: Islamic State
- presidentDonald J. Trump takes office
- justiceNeil M. Gorsuch — Associate Justice
- rulingSessions v. Morales-Santana
- rulingMatal v. Tam
- war−War against al-Qaida
- lawTax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
- rulingSessions v. Dimaya
- rulingMurphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association
- rulingSouth Dakota v. Wayfair
- rulingTrump v. Hawaii
- rulingJanus v. American Federation of State
- justiceBrett M. Kavanaugh — Associate Justice
- war+Kenya: al-Shabaab
- rulingFranchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt
- rulingHerrera v. Wyoming
- war+Somalia: Islamic State
- rulingKnick v. Township of Scott
- rulingIancu v. Brunetti
- rulingUnited States v. Davis
- rulingUnited States v. Haymond
- rulingRucho v. Common Cause
- war+War against al-Qaida
- war−War against al-Qaida
- war−Libya: Islamic State
- war+Iran–Israel conflict
- rulingAllen v. Cooper
- lawCoronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
- rulingRamos v. Louisiana
- rulingBostock v. Clayton County
- rulingSeila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
- rulingBarr v. American Association of Political Consultants Inc.
- justiceAmy Coney Barrett — Associate Justice
- presidentJoseph Robinette Biden Jr. takes office
- lawAmerican Rescue Plan Act of 2021
- rulingEdwards v. Vannoy
- rulingUnited States v. Arthrex Inc.
- rulingCollins v. Yellen
- war−War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
- war−Afghanistan: Islamic State
- lawInfrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
- war+Niger: JNIM
- war−Somalia: Islamic State
- war−Kenya: al-Shabaab
- justiceKetanji Brown Jackson — Associate Justice
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. Ted Cruz for Senate
- rulingShinn v. Ramirez
- rulingSiegel v. Fitzgerald
- rulingNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association Inc. v. Bruen
- rulingDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
- rulingKennedy v. Bremerton School District
- rulingWest Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency
- lawCHIPS and Science Act or Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act
- lawInflation Reduction Act of 2022
- war−Niger: JNIM
- war−Niger: Islamic State
- rulingAllen v. Milligan
- rulingStudents for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College
- rulingBiden v. Nebraska
- war+Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
- rulingTrump v. Anderson
- rulingSecurities and Exchange Commission v. Jarkesy
- rulingLoper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
- rulingTrump v. United States
- war+Syria: Islamic State
- war+Nigeria: Islamic State
- presidentDonald J. Trump takes office
- war+Somalia: Islamic State
- rulingUnited States v. Skrmetti
- rulingTrump v. Casa, Inc.
- lawOne Big Beautiful Bill Act
- rulingLearning Resources v. Trump
- rulingLouisiana v. Callais
- rulingCisco Systems v. Doe
- rulingTrump v. Slaughter
- rulingNational Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission