How did the United States change between and ?
Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.
civicdiff.com/1923-08-02...1929-03-03 · 5.6 years
json18 files changed, 1,778 insertions(+), 44 deletions(−)Laws enacted
+68major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
—records start in 1994
Final rules
—records start in 1994
Supreme Court
1 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+8 −0departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
−$4.7B$22.3B → $17.6B
The presidency passed from Warren Gamaliel Harding to Calvin Coolidge. 61 senators and 441 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 1 new justice joined the Supreme Court.
Executive5 files+16−13
executive/presidentThe presidency
Warren Gamaliel Harding R
29th president
Calvin Coolidge R
30th president · took office Aug 2, 1923
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
Calvin Coolidge R
Charles Gates Dawes R
took office Mar 4, 1925
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+6−11Wikidata ↗
Attorney General · 2 people took this office in between
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: James Farley D · Mar 4, 1933
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: Charles Francis Adams III R · Mar 5, 1929
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: Ray Lyman Wilbur R · Mar 5, 1929
Show 2 more cabinet offices
Secretary of Agriculture · 2 people took this office in between
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: Daniel C. Roper D · Mar 4, 1933
Other senior officials (4 changed)
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: James Farley D · Mar 4, 1933
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: Charles Francis Adams III R · Mar 5, 1929
2 offices unchanged
Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew W. Mellon R
Director of the Office of Management and Budget: Herbert Mayhew Lord R
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
93 → 101 tracked organizations · 10 → 10 executive departments
United States Tax Court
established Jan 1, 1924 · federal trial court of record established by Congress under §8, Article I of the U.S. Constitution; adjudicates disputes over federal income tax, generally prior to the time at which formal tax assessments are made by the Internal Revenue Service
National Capital Planning Commission
established Jun 6, 1924 · United States federal government's planning agency for the National Capital Region
United States Foreign Service
established Jan 1, 1924 · primary personnel system used by the diplomatic service of the United States federal government
United States Border Patrol
established May 28, 1924 · U.S. federal law enforcement agency
Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development
established Jan 1, 1925 · agency of the US Veterans Health Administration
United States Commercial Service
established Jan 1, 1927 · agency of the International Trade Administration
Independent Office of Appeals
established Jul 28, 1927 · independent organization within the US Internal Revenue Service
White House Office of the Press Secretary
established Jan 1, 1929 · information provider to the U.S. president, White House staff, and the media
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
Military1 file±0
military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window (conflict records start in 1946).
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.
Legislative4 files+570−28
legislative/controlControl of Congress
68
69
70
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublicanOther
68th Congress → 70th Congress · 2 new Congresses elected
1 change of chamber control along the way
House: null majority on both dates
→ 242 R · 196 D
Senate: Republican majority
40 R · 22 D
Senate: Democrat majority
49 R · 45 D
legislative/senateSenate
+61−28congress-legislators ↗
61 new members · 28 departed · 34 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 59 → 60
12 seats changed party
Show 8 more seat flips
Who joined and who left (61 in · 28 out)
Hugo Lafayette Black D
Alabama
Henry Fountain Ashurst D
Arizona
Carl Trumbull Hayden D
Arizona
Hiram Warren Johnson R
California
Charles Winfield Waterman R
Colorado
George Payne McLean R
Connecticut
Hiram Bingham R
Connecticut
Thomas Francis Bayard Jr. D
Delaware
Daniel Oren Hastings R
Delaware
Park Trammell D
Florida
Daniel Frederic Steck D
Iowa
John Thomas R
Idaho
Charles Samuel Deneen R
Illinois
Otis Ferguson Glenn R
Illinois
Arthur Raymond Robinson R
Indiana
Frederic Mosley Sackett R
Kentucky
Alben William Barkley D
Kentucky
Frederick Huntington Gillett R
Massachusetts
William Cabell Bruce D
Maryland
Millard Evelyn Tydings D
Maryland
Frederick Hale R
Maine
Arthur Robinson Gould R
Maine
Henrik Shipstead FL
Minnesota
Thomas David Schall R
Minnesota
James Alexander Reed D
Missouri
Harry Bartow Hawes D
Missouri
Hubert Durrett Stephens D
Mississippi
Burton Kendall Wheeler D
Montana
Lynn Joseph Frazier R
North Dakota
Gerald Prentice Nye R
North Dakota
Robert Beecher Howell R
Nebraska
Edward Irving Edwards D
New Jersey
Sam Gilbert Bratton D
New Mexico
Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo R
New Mexico
Key Pittman D
Nevada
Royal Samuel Copeland D
New York
Robert Ferdinand Wagner D
New York
Simeon Davison Fess R
Ohio
Theodore Elijah Burton R
Ohio
William Bliss Pine R
Oklahoma
John William Elmer Thomas D
Oklahoma
Frederick Steiwer R
Oregon
David Aiken Reed R
Pennsylvania
William Scott Vare R
Pennsylvania
Peter Goelet Gerry D
Rhode Island
Jesse Houghton Metcalf R
Rhode Island
Coleman Livingston Blease D
South Carolina
William Henry McMaster R
South Dakota
Kenneth Douglas McKellar D
Tennessee
Lawrence Davis Tyson D
Tennessee
Earle Bradford Mayfield D
Texas
William Henry King D
Utah
Claude Augustus Swanson D
Virginia
Frank Lester Greene R
Vermont
Porter Hinman Dale R
Vermont
Clarence Cleveland Dill D
Washington
Robert Marion La Follette Jr. R
Wisconsin
John James Blaine R
Wisconsin
Matthew Mansfield Neely D
West Virginia
Guy Despard Goff R
West Virginia
John Benjamin Kendrick D
Wyoming
Oscar Wilder Underwood D
Alabama
Ralph Henry Cameron R
Arizona
Alva Blanchard Adams D
Colorado
Frank Bosworth Brandegee R
Connecticut
Lewis Heisler Ball R
Delaware
Albert Baird Cummins R
Iowa
Frank Robert Gooding R
Idaho
Joseph Medill McCormick R
Illinois
William Brown McKinley R
Illinois
Augustus Owsley Stanley D
Kentucky
Richard Pretlow Ernst R
Kentucky
Ovington Eugene Weller R
Maryland
Bert Manfred Fernald R
Maine
Selden Palmer Spencer R
Missouri
Edwin Freemont Ladd R
North Dakota
Holm Olaf Bursum R
New Mexico
James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. R
New York
Frank Bartlett Willis R
Ohio
Robert Latham Owen D
Oklahoma
John William Harreld R
Oklahoma
Robert Nelson Stanfield R
Oregon
George Wharton Pepper R
Pennsylvania
LeBaron Bradford Colt R
Rhode Island
Nathaniel Barksdale Dial D
South Carolina
Thomas Sterling R
South Dakota
John Knight Shields D
Tennessee
Irvine Luther Lenroot R
Wisconsin
Davis Elkins R
West Virginia
legislative/houseHouse
No data
441 new members · 0 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 0 → 4
50 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alaska 0 D · 0 R
Alaska 0 D · 1 R
Alabama 0 D · 0 R
Alabama 10 D · 0 R
Arkansas 0 D · 0 R
Arkansas 7 D · 0 R
Arizona 0 D · 0 R
Arizona 1 D · 0 R
California 0 D · 0 R
California 1 D · 10 R
Colorado 0 D · 0 R
Colorado 2 D · 3 R
Connecticut 0 D · 0 R
Connecticut 0 D · 5 R
Delaware 0 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 1 R
Florida 0 D · 0 R
Florida 4 D · 0 R
Georgia 0 D · 0 R
Georgia 12 D · 0 R
Hawaii 0 D · 0 R
Hawaii 0 D · 1 R
Iowa 0 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 11 R
Idaho 0 D · 0 R
Idaho 0 D · 2 R
Illinois 0 D · 0 R
Illinois 7 D · 19 R
Indiana 0 D · 0 R
Indiana 3 D · 10 R
Kansas 0 D · 0 R
Kansas 1 D · 7 R
Kentucky 0 D · 0 R
Kentucky 8 D · 3 R
Louisiana 0 D · 0 R
Louisiana 9 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 3 D · 13 R
Maryland 0 D · 0 R
Maryland 5 D · 1 R
Maine 0 D · 0 R
Maine 0 D · 4 R
Michigan 0 D · 0 R
Michigan 0 D · 13 R
Minnesota 0 D · 0 R
Minnesota 0 D · 8 R · 2 other
Missouri 0 D · 0 R
Missouri 12 D · 4 R
Mississippi 0 D · 0 R
Mississippi 8 D · 0 R
Montana 0 D · 0 R
Montana 1 D · 1 R
North Carolina 0 D · 0 R
North Carolina 10 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 3 R
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R
Nebraska 4 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 0 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 2 R
New Jersey 0 D · 0 R
New Jersey 3 D · 9 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R
New Mexico 1 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 1 R
New York 0 D · 0 R
New York 25 D · 19 R
Ohio 0 D · 0 R
Ohio 6 D · 16 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 0 R
Oklahoma 7 D · 1 R
Oregon 0 D · 0 R
Oregon 0 D · 4 R
Pennsylvania 0 D · 0 R
Pennsylvania 2 D · 35 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 0 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 3 R
South Carolina 0 D · 0 R
South Carolina 7 D · 0 R
South Dakota 0 D · 0 R
South Dakota 0 D · 3 R
Tennessee 0 D · 0 R
Tennessee 8 D · 2 R
Texas 0 D · 0 R
Texas 17 D · 1 R
Utah 0 D · 0 R
Utah 0 D · 2 R
Virginia 0 D · 0 R
Virginia 10 D · 0 R
Vermont 0 D · 0 R
Vermont 0 D · 2 R
Washington 0 D · 0 R
Washington 1 D · 4 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 0 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 10 R · 1 other
West Virginia 0 D · 0 R
West Virginia 1 D · 5 R
Wyoming 0 D · 0 R
Wyoming 0 D · 1 R
Who joined and who left (441 in · 0 out)
Daniel Alexander Sutherland R
Alaska-AL
William Bismarck Bowling D
Alabama-5
Miles Clayton Allgood D
Alabama-7
Edward Berton Almon D
Alabama-8
Lamar Jeffers D
Alabama-4
George Huddleston D
Alabama-9
John McDuffie D
Alabama-1
William Bacon Oliver D
Alabama-6
William Brockman Bankhead D
Alabama-10
Henry Bascom Steagall D
Alabama-3
Joseph Lister Hill D
Alabama-2
William Allan Oldfield D
Arkansas-2
James Byron Reed D
Arkansas-6
John Newton Tillman D
Arkansas-3
Otis Theodore Wingo D
Arkansas-4
Heartsill Ragon D
Arkansas-5
Tilman Bacon Parks D
Arkansas-7
William Joshua Driver D
Arkansas-1
Lewis Williams Douglas D
Arizona-AL
Charles Forrest Curry R
California-3
Henry Ellsworth Barbour R
California-7
Joe Crail R
California-10
Arthur Monroe Free R
California-8
Philip David Swing R
California-11
William Elmer Evans R
California-9
Florence Prag Kahn R
California-4
Albert Edward Carter R
California-6
Harry Lane Englebright R
California-2
Clarence Frederick Lea D
California-1
Richard Joseph Welch R
California-5
William Newell Vaile R
Colorado-AL
Sebastian Harrison White D
Colorado-1
Guy Urban Hardy R
Colorado-3
Charles Bateman Timberlake R
Colorado-2
Edward Thomas Taylor D
Colorado-4
Edward Hart Fenn R
Connecticut-1
James Peter Glynn R
Connecticut-5
Richard Patrick Freeman R
Connecticut-2
John Quillin Tilson R
Connecticut-3
Schuyler Merritt R
Connecticut-4
Robert Griffith Houston R
Delaware-AL
Herbert Jackson Drane D
Florida-1
Thomas Alva Yon D
Florida-3
William Joseph Sears D
Florida-4
Robert Alexis Green D
Florida-2
Thomas Montgomery Bell D
Georgia-9
Leslie Jasper Steele D
Georgia-5
Charles Robert Crisp D
Georgia-3
Charles Gordon Edwards D
Georgia-1
William Chester Lankford D
Georgia-11
William Washington Larsen D
Georgia-12
Samuel Rutherford D
Georgia-6
William Carter Wright D
Georgia-4
Charles Hillyer Brand D
Georgia-8
Malcolm Connor Tarver D
Georgia-7
Edward Eugene Cox D
Georgia-2
Carl Vinson D
Georgia-10
Victor Stewart Kaleoaloha Houston R
Hawaii-AL
William Dayton Boies R
Iowa-11
William Raymond Green R
Iowa-9
Fred Dickinson Letts R
Iowa-2
Cyrenus Cole R
Iowa-5
Lester Jesse Dickinson R
Iowa-10
Gilbert Nelson Haugen R
Iowa-4
William Frederick Kopp R
Iowa-1
Christian William Ramseyer R
Iowa-6
Thomas John Bright Robinson R
Iowa-3
Lloyd Thurston R
Iowa-8
Cassius Clay Dowell R
Iowa-7
Burton Lee French R
Idaho-1
Addison Taylor Smith R
Idaho-2
Edward John King R
Illinois-15
Martin Barnaby Madden R
Illinois-1
Henry Riggs Rathbone R
Illinois-AL
Edward Everett Denison R
Illinois-25
Thomas Aloysius Doyle D
Illinois-4
Edward Michael Irwin R
Illinois-22
Magne Alfred Michaelson R
Illinois-7
Elliott Wilford Sproul R
Illinois-3
Thomas Sutler Williams R
Illinois-24
Charles Adkins R
Illinois-19
John Clayton Allen R
Illinois-14
Carl Richard Chindblom R
Illinois-10
Homer William Hall R
Illinois-17
William Perry Holaday R
Illinois-18
Morton Denison Hull R
Illinois-2
William Edgar Hull R
Illinois-16
James Thomas Igoe D
Illinois-6
William Richard Johnson R
Illinois-13
Stanley Henry Kunz D
Illinois-8
Frederick Albert Britten R
Illinois-9
James Earl Major D
Illinois-21
Henry Thomas Rainey D
Illinois-20
Frank R. Reid R
Illinois-11
William Wright Arnold D
Illinois-23
John Theodore Buckbee R
Illinois-12
Adolph Joachim Sabath D
Illinois-5
Frank Gardner D
Indiana-3
Ralph Eugene Updike R
Indiana-7
Richard Nash Elliott R
Indiana-6
Albert Richardson Hall R
Indiana-11
Andrew James Hickey R
Indiana-13
Harry Emerson Rowbottom R
Indiana-1
Harry Clifford Canfield D
Indiana-4
David Hogg R
Indiana-12
Fred Sampson Purnell R
Indiana-9
Albert Henry Vestal R
Indiana-8
William Robert Wood R
Indiana-10
Arthur Herbert Greenwood D
Indiana-2
Noble Jacob Johnson R
Indiana-5
Daniel Read Anthony Jr. R
Kansas-1
Hays Baxter White R
Kansas-6
William Henry Sproul R
Kansas-3
Homer Hoch R
Kansas-4
James George Strong R
Kansas-5
William Augustus Ayres D
Kansas-8
Ulysses Samuel Guyer R
Kansas-2
Clifford Ragsdale Hope R
Kansas-7
Henry DeHaven Moorman D
Kentucky-4
Orie Solomon Ware D
Kentucky-6
David Hayes Kincheloe D
Kentucky-2
Katherine Gudger Langley R
Kentucky-10
Ralph Waldo Emerson Gilbert D
Kentucky-8
John William Moore D
Kentucky-3
Maurice Hudson Thatcher R
Kentucky-5
William Voris Gregory D
Kentucky-1
Frederick Moore Vinson D
Kentucky-9
John Marshall Robsion R
Kentucky-11
Virgil Munday Chapman D
Kentucky-7
Ladislas Lazaro D
Louisiana-AL
Whitmell Pugh Martin D
Louisiana-3
James O’Connor D
Louisiana-1
James Zacharie Spearing D
Louisiana-2
James Benjamin Aswell D
Louisiana-8
Bolivar Edwards Kemp D
Louisiana-6
John Nicholas Sandlin D
Louisiana-4
Riley Joseph Wilson D
Louisiana-5
René Louis De Rouen D
Louisiana-7
Henry Leland Bowles R
Massachusetts-2
Louis Adams Frothingham R
Massachusetts-14
James Ambrose Gallivan D
Massachusetts-12
George Russell Stobbs R
Massachusetts-4
Frederick William Dallinger R
Massachusetts-8
Charles Lee Underhill R
Massachusetts-9
John Joseph Douglass D
Massachusetts-10
Frank Herbert Foss R
Massachusetts-3
Abram Piatt Andrew Jr. R
Massachusetts-6
William Patrick Connery Jr. D
Massachusetts-7
Robert Luce R
Massachusetts-13
George Holden Tinkham R
Massachusetts-11
Allen Towner Treadway R
Massachusetts-1
Charles Laceille Gifford R
Massachusetts-16
Edith Nourse Rogers R
Massachusetts-5
Joseph William Martin Jr. R
Massachusetts-15
Frederick Nicholas Zihlman R
Maryland-6
John Charles Linthicum D
Maryland-4
Stephen Warfield Gambrill D
Maryland-5
Vincent Luke Palmisano D
Maryland-3
Thomas Alan Goldsborough D
Maryland-1
William Purington Cole Jr. D
Maryland-2
Ira Greenlief Hersey R
Maine-4
John Edward Nelson R
Maine-3
Carroll Lynwood Beedy R
Maine-1
Wallace Humphrey White Jr. R
Maine-2
Louis Convers Cramton R
Michigan-7
Grant Martin Hudson R
Michigan-6
Frank Probasco Bohn R
Michigan-11
Robert Henry Clancy R
Michigan-1
John Clark Ketcham R
Michigan-4
James Campbell McLaughlin R
Michigan-9
Bird J. Vincent R
Michigan-8
Joseph Lawrence Hooper R
Michigan-3
William Francis James R
Michigan-12
Carl Edgar Mapes R
Michigan-5
Clarence John McLeod R
Michigan-13
Earl Cory Michener R
Michigan-2
Roy Orchard Woodruff R
Michigan-10
William Leighton Carss FL
Minnesota-8
Allen John Furlow R
Minnesota-1
Ole Juulson Kvale FL
Minnesota-7
Walter Hughes Newton R
Minnesota-5
Frank Clague R
Minnesota-2
Godfrey Gummer Goodwin R
Minnesota-10
Conrad George Selvig R
Minnesota-9
Melvin Joseph Maas R
Minnesota-4
Harold Knutson R
Minnesota-6
August Herman Andresen R
Minnesota-3
George Hamilton Combs Jr. D
Missouri-5
Charles Lee Faust R
Missouri-4
Thomas Lewis Rubey D
Missouri-16
Leonidas Carstarphen Dyer R
Missouri-12
James Franklin Fulbright D
Missouri-14
Samuel Collier Major D
Missouri-7
Joe Jonathan Manlove R
Missouri-15
Henry Frederick Niedringhaus R
Missouri-10
Clement Cabell Dickinson D
Missouri-6
Ralph Fulton Lozier D
Missouri-2
Jacob Le Roy Milligan D
Missouri-3
William Lester Nelson D
Missouri-8
Milton Andrew Romjue D
Missouri-1
Clyde Williams D
Missouri-13
John Joseph Cochran D
Missouri-11
Clarence Andrew Cannon D
Missouri-9
Bill Green Lowrey D
Mississippi-2
Thomas Webber Wilson D
Mississippi-6
James William Collier D
Mississippi-8
Percy Edwards Quin D
Mississippi-7
Thomas Jefferson Busby D
Mississippi-4
Ross Alexander Collins D
Mississippi-5
William Madison Whittington D
Mississippi-3
John Elliott Rankin D
Mississippi-1
John Morgan Evans D
Montana-1
Scott Leavitt R
Montana-2
Homer Le Grand Lyon D
North Carolina-6
William Cicero Hammer D
North Carolina-7
Charles Manly Stedman D
North Carolina-5
Charles Laban Abernethy D
North Carolina-3
Edward William Pou D
North Carolina-4
Lindsay Carter Warren D
North Carolina-1
Zebulon Weaver D
North Carolina-10
Alfred Lee Bulwinkle D
North Carolina-9
Robert Lee Doughton D
North Carolina-8
John Hosea Kerr D
North Carolina-2
Olger Burton Burtness R
North Dakota-1
Thomas Hall R
North Dakota-2
James Herbert Sinclair R
North Dakota-3
Willis Gratz Sears R
Nebraska-2
John Nathaniel Norton D
Nebraska-4
Robert Glenmore Simmons R
Nebraska-6
Edgar Howard D
Nebraska-3
John Henry Morehead D
Nebraska-1
Ashton Cokayne Shallenberger D
Nebraska-5
Fletcher Hale R
New Hampshire-1
Edward Hills Wason R
New Hampshire-2
Paul John Moore D
New Jersey-8
Franklin William Fort R
New Jersey-9
Harold Giles Hoffman R
New Jersey-3
Ernest Robinson Ackerman R
New Jersey-5
Oscar Louis Auf Der Heide D
New Jersey-11
Isaac Bacharach R
New Jersey-2
Frederick Reimold Lehlbach R
New Jersey-10
Randolph Perkins R
New Jersey-6
George Nicholas Seger R
New Jersey-7
Mary Teresa Norton D
New Jersey-12
Charles Aubrey Eaton R
New Jersey-4
Charles Anderson Wolverton R
New Jersey-1
John Morrow D
New Mexico-1
Samuel Shaw Arentz R
Nevada-AL
William Wolfe Cohen D
New York-17
Meyer Jacobstein D
New York-38
John Joseph Kindred D
New York-2
Clarence MacGregor R
New York-41
Walter Warren Magee R
New York-AL
Thaddeus C. Sweet R
New York-32
John Francis Carew D
New York-18
Stephen Wallace Dempsey R
New York-40
David Joseph O’Connell D
New York-9
John Francis Quayle D
New York-7
Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright R
New York-25
Royal Hurlburt Weller D
New York-21
Frederick Morgan Davenport R
New York-33
Fiorello Henry La Guardia R
New York-20
Harcourt Joseph Pratt R
New York-27
Archie Dovell Sanders R
New York-39
Loring Milton Black Jr. D
New York-5
Patrick J. Carley D
New York-8
John Davenport Clarke R
New York-34
George Washington Lindsay D
New York-3
Frank Oliver D
New York-23
James Southworth Parker R
New York-29
Anning Smith Prall D
New York-11
Gale Hamilton Stalker R
New York-37
Parker Corning D
New York-28
Anthony Jerome Griffin D
New York-22
Robert Low Bacon R
New York-1
John Joseph Boylan D
New York-15
John Joseph O’Connor D
New York-16
Bertrand Hollis Snell R
New York-31
William Irving Sirovich D
New York-14
Christopher Daniel Sullivan D
New York-13
Frank Crowther R
New York-30
James Michael Mead D
New York-42
Thomas Henry Cullen D
New York-4
Hamilton Fish R
New York-26
James Martin Fitzpatrick D
New York-24
Samuel Dickstein D
New York-12
Clarence Eugene Hancock R
New York-35
Sol Bloom D
New York-19
Andrew Lawrence Somers D
New York-6
Daniel Alden Reed R
New York-43
John Taber R
New York-36
Emanuel Celler D
New York-10
James Thomas Begg R
Ohio-13
Martin Luther Davey D
Ohio-14
William Thomas Fitzgerald R
Ohio-4
Ambrose Everett Burnside Stephens R
Ohio-AL
Charles Tatgenhorst Jr. R
Ohio-2
William Wallace Chalmers R
Ohio-9
Roy Gerald Fitzgerald R
Ohio-3
Charles Cyrus Kearns R
Ohio-6
William Mitchell Morgan R
Ohio-17
John Charles Speaks R
Ohio-12
Charles James Thompson R
Ohio-5
Charles Brand R
Ohio-7
Nicholas Longworth R
Ohio-1
Charles Anthony Mooney D
Ohio-20
Charles Ellis Moore R
Ohio-15
Benjamin Franklin Murphy R
Ohio-18
John Gordon Cooper R
Ohio-19
Mell Gilbert Underwood D
Ohio-11
Thomas Brooks Fletcher D
Ohio-8
John McSweeney D
Ohio-16
Robert Crosser D
Ohio-21
Thomas Albert Jenkins R
Ohio-10
Everette Burgess Howard D
Oklahoma-1
Milton Cline Garber R
Oklahoma-8
William Wirt Hastings D
Oklahoma-2
James Vernon McClintic D
Oklahoma-7
Thomas Deitz McKeown D
Oklahoma-4
Fletcher B. Swank D
Oklahoma-5
Wilburn Cartwright D
Oklahoma-3
Jed Joseph Johnson D
Oklahoma-6
Maurice Edgar Crumpacker R
Oregon-AL
Nicholas John Sinnott R
Oregon-2
Franklin Frederick Korell R
Oregon-3
Willis Chatman Hawley R
Oregon-1
Robert Grey Bushong R
Pennsylvania-14
Thomas Stalker Butler R
Pennsylvania-8
James Miller Hazlett R
Pennsylvania-AL
Everett Kent D
Pennsylvania-30
John Mary Morin R
Pennsylvania-34
Cyrus Maffet Palmer R
Pennsylvania-13
John Joseph Casey D
Pennsylvania-12
William Walton Griest R
Pennsylvania-10
Edgar Raymond Kiess R
Pennsylvania-16
Franklin Menges R
Pennsylvania-22
Stephen Geyer Porter R
Pennsylvania-32
Laurence Hawley Watres R
Pennsylvania-11
Edward McMath Beers R
Pennsylvania-18
Guy Edgar Campbell R
Pennsylvania-36
James Mitchell Chase R
Pennsylvania-23
Harry Allison Estep R
Pennsylvania-35
Benjamin Martin Golder R
Pennsylvania-4
George Scott Graham R
Pennsylvania-2
Samuel Austin Kendall R
Pennsylvania-24
James Russell Leech R
Pennsylvania-20
Frederick William Magrady R
Pennsylvania-17
Milton William Shreve R
Pennsylvania-29
Henry Wilson Temple R
Pennsylvania-25
George Austin Welsh R
Pennsylvania-6
Adam Martin Wyant R
Pennsylvania-31
James Montgomery Beck R
Pennsylvania-1
Thomas Cunningham Cochran R
Pennsylvania-28
James Joseph Connolly R
Pennsylvania-5
Melville Clyde Kelly R
Pennsylvania-33
Jacob Banks Kurtz R
Pennsylvania-21
Louis Thomas McFadden R
Pennsylvania-15
Nathan Leroy Strong R
Pennsylvania-27
Jesse Howard Swick R
Pennsylvania-26
Henry Winfield Watson R
Pennsylvania-9
Isaac Hoffer Doutrich R
Pennsylvania-19
Harry Clay Ransley R
Pennsylvania-3
George Potter Darrow R
Pennsylvania-7
Louis Monast R
Rhode Island-3
Richard Steere Aldrich R
Rhode Island-2
Clark Burdick R
Rhode Island-1
Frederick Haskell Dominick D
South Carolina-3
William Francis Stevenson D
South Carolina-5
John Jackson McSwain D
South Carolina-4
Allard Henry Gasque D
South Carolina-6
Thomas Sanders McMillan D
South Carolina-1
Hampton Pitts Fulmer D
South Carolina-7
Butler Black Hare D
South Carolina-2
Charles Andrew Christopherson R
South Dakota-1
Royal Cleaves Johnson R
South Dakota-2
William Williamson R
South Dakota-3
Finis James Garrett D
Tennessee-9
Hubert Frederick Fisher D
Tennessee-10
Ewin Lamar Davis D
Tennessee-5
Edward Everett Eslick D
Tennessee-7
Cordell Hull D
Tennessee-4
Gordon Weaver Browning D
Tennessee-8
Joseph Wellington Byrns D
Tennessee-6
Samuel Davis McReynolds D
Tennessee-3
James Willis Taylor R
Tennessee-2
Brazilla Carroll Reece R
Tennessee-1
Eugene Black D
Texas-1
John Calvin Box D
Texas-2
Claude Benton Hudspeth D
Texas-16
Daniel Edward Garrett D
Texas-8
Guinn Williams D
Texas-13
Harry McLeary Wurzbach R
Texas-14
Clay Stone Briggs D
Texas-7
John Nance Garner D
Texas-15
Thomas Lindsay Blanton D
Texas-17
James Paul Buchanan D
Texas-10
Morgan Gurley Sanders D
Texas-3
John Marvin Jones D
Texas-18
Luther Alexander Johnson D
Texas-6
Fritz Garland Lanham D
Texas-12
Hatton William Sumners D
Texas-5
Thomas Terry Connally D
Texas-11
Joseph Jefferson Mansfield D
Texas-9
Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn D
Texas-4
Elmer O. Leatherwood R
Utah-2
Don Byron Colton R
Utah-1
Joseph Thomas Deal D
Virginia-2
Thomas Walter Harrison D
Virginia-7
George Campbell Peery D
Virginia-9
Robert Walton Moore D
Virginia-8
Joseph Whitehead D
Virginia-5
Henry St. George Tucker D
Virginia-10
Andrew Jackson Montague D
Virginia-3
Clifton Alexander Woodrum D
Virginia-6
Patrick Henry Drewry D
Virginia-4
Schuyler Otis Bland D
Virginia-1
Elbert Sidney Brigham R
Vermont-1
Ernest Willard Gibson R
Vermont-2
John Franklin Miller R
Washington-1
Lindley Hoag Hadley R
Washington-2
Albert Johnson R
Washington-3
John William Summers R
Washington-4
Samuel Billingsley Hill D
Washington-5
Joseph David Beck R
Wisconsin-7
Victor Luitpold Berger S
Wisconsin-5
Edward Everts Browne R
Wisconsin-8
Florian Lampert R
Wisconsin-6
Henry Allen Cooper R
Wisconsin-1
Charles August Kading R
Wisconsin-2
John Mandt Nelson R
Wisconsin-3
James Archibald Frear R
Wisconsin-10
Hubert Haskell Peavey R
Wisconsin-11
George John Schneider R
Wisconsin-9
John Charles Schafer R
Wisconsin-4
Edward Theodore England R
West Virginia-6
William Smith O’Brien D
West Virginia-3
James French Strother R
West Virginia-5
James Anthony Hughes R
West Virginia-4
Carl George Bachmann R
West Virginia-1
Frank Llewellyn Bowman R
West Virginia-2
Charles Edwin Winter R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
68 laws recorded · 0 landmark · 68 notable
U.S. Coal Commission Act
Sep 22, 1923
Seed and Feed Loan Act
43 Stat. 110 · Apr 26, 1924
World War Adjusted Compensation Act (Bonus Bill)
Pub. L. 68-120 · May 19, 1924
Rogers Act
Pub. L. 68-135 · May 24, 1924
Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson–Reed Act)
Pub. L. 68-139 · May 26, 1924
Indian Oil Leasing Act of 1924 (Lenroot Act)
Pub. L. 68-158 · May 29, 1924
Indian Citizenship Act (Snyder Act)
Pub. L. 68-175 · Jun 2, 1924
Inland Waterways Act of 1924 (Denison Act)
Pub. L. 68-185 · Jun 3, 1924
Oil Pollution Act of 1924
Pub. L. 68-238 · Jun 7, 1924
Pueblo Lands Act of 1924
Pub. L. 68-253 · Jun 7, 1924
Show 30 more notable laws
Clarke–McNary Act
Pub. L. 68-270 · Jun 7, 1924
Anti-Heroin Act of 1924
Pub. L. 68-274 · Jun 7, 1924
Hoch-Smith Resolution
Jan 30, 1925
Special Duties Act
Jan 31, 1925
Air Mail Act of 1925 (Kelly Act)
Pub. L. 68-359 · Feb 2, 1925
Federal Arbitration Act
Pub. L. 68-401 · Feb 12, 1925
Judiciary Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-415 · Feb 13, 1925
Home Port Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-420 · Feb 16, 1925
Purnell Act
Feb 24, 1925
Temple Act
Feb 27, 1925
Federal Corrupt Practices Act (Gerry Act)
Feb 28, 1925
Classification Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-506 · Feb 28, 1925
Judiciary Act of 1925
Mar 2, 1925
Helium Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-544 · Mar 3, 1925
River and Harbors Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-585 · Mar 3, 1925
Mount Rushmore National Memorial Act (Norbeck–Williamson Act)
Pub. L. 68-589 · Mar 3, 1925
Probation Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-596 · Mar 4, 1925
Establishment of the United States Navy Band
Pub. L. 68-611 · Mar 4, 1925
Revenue Act of 1926
Pub. L. 69-20 · Feb 26, 1926
Timber Exportation Act of 1926
Apr 12, 1926
Federal Interpleader Act of 1926
May 8, 1926
Air Commerce Act
May 20, 1926
Federal Black Bass Act of 1926
May 20, 1926
Railway Labor Act
Pub. L. 69-257 · May 20, 1926
Omnibus Adjustment Act of 1926
May 25, 1926
Public Buildings Act
Pub. L. 69-281 · May 25, 1926
Shenandoah National Park Act of 1926
May 26, 1926
Subsistence Expense Act of 1926
Jun 3, 1926
Recreation and Public Purposes Act
Jun 14, 1926
Judicial3 files+1,192−1
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 7 R · 2 D · every justice ↗
Joseph McKenna R
appointed by William McKinley · 1898
Harlan Fiske Stone R
appointed by Calvin Coolidge · 1925
8 justices served on both dates
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. R
appointed by Theodore Roosevelt · 1902
Willis Van Devanter R
appointed by William H. Taft · 1910
James Clark McReynolds D
appointed by Woodrow Wilson · 1914
Louis Dembitz Brandeis D
appointed by Woodrow Wilson · 1916
William Howard Taft R
appointed by Warren G. Harding · 1921
George Sutherland R
appointed by Warren G. Harding · 1922
Pierce Butler R
appointed by Warren G. Harding · 1922
Edward Terry Sanford R
appointed by Warren G. Harding · 1923
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): 19 D · 16 R → 26 R · 12 D
District courts (active judges): 77 R · 46 D · 2 N( → 108 R · 31 D · 3 N(
Warren G. Harding R appointed 3 judges
3 district
Calvin Coolidge R appointed 88 judges
1 Supreme Court · 17 appeals · 62 district · 8 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 12 judges
3 district · 9 other
1 circuit flipped majority
Second Circuit 3 D · 1 R (D majority)
Second Circuit 1 D · 4 R (R majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+1,088Supreme Court Database ↗
1,088 argued decisions · 12 landmark
Washington v. W.C. Dawson & Company
264 U.S. 219 · Feb 25, 1924 · Decided 7–2 · Federalism · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Miles v. Graham
268 U.S. 501 · Jun 1, 1925 · Decided 8–1 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Gitlow v. New York
268 U.S. 652 · Jun 8, 1925 · Decided 7–2 · First Amendment · Affirmed
Trusler v. Crooks
269 U.S. 475 · Jan 11, 1926 · Decided 9–0 · Federal Taxation · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Myers v. United States
272 U.S. 52 · Oct 25, 1926 · Decided 6–3 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Byars v. United States
273 U.S. 28 · Jan 3, 1927 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Buck v. Bell
274 U.S. 200 · May 2, 1927 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
Nichols v. Coolidge
274 U.S. 531 · May 31, 1927 · Decided 9–0 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Blodgett v. Holden
275 U.S. 142 · Nov 21, 1927 · Decided 9–0 · Federal Taxation · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Untermyer v. Anderson
276 U.S. 440 · Apr 9, 1928 · Decided 6–3 · Federal Taxation · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Show 2 more
Olmstead v. United States
Jun 4, 1928 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed
National Life Insurance Company v. United States
Jun 4, 1928 · Decided 6–3 · Federal Taxation · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal2 files±0
fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
Fiscal year 1924 → fiscal year 1929 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $2.9B
FY1924
Spending $3.1B
FY1929 · +7.5% nominal
Revenue $3.9B
FY1924
Revenue $3.9B
FY1929 · −0.2% nominal
Surplus / deficit $963M
FY1924
Surplus / deficit $734M
FY1929 · −$229M
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
−$4.7BTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$22.3B
as of Jun 30, 1923
$17.6B
as of Jun 30, 1928
Constitution & Union1 file±0
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
19 → 19 amendments in force · 48 → 48 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.
Reverts1 file−2
revert/undoneWhat was undone
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 2 Supreme Court precedents overruled
2 decisions that overruled precedent
Alpha Portland Cement Company v. Massachusetts
May 4, 1925 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Gleason v. Seaboard Air Line Railway Company
Jan 2, 1929 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.
Log1 file±0
logEverything in between
85 events
- presidentCalvin Coolidge takes office
- lawU.S. Coal Commission Act
- agency+United States Tax Court
- rulingWashington v. W.C. Dawson & Company
- lawSeed and Feed Loan Act
- lawWorld War Adjusted Compensation Act (Bonus Bill)
- lawRogers Act
- lawImmigration Act of 1924 (Johnson–Reed Act)
- lawIndian Oil Leasing Act of 1924 (Lenroot Act)
- lawIndian Citizenship Act (Snyder Act)
- lawInland Waterways Act of 1924 (Denison Act)
- agency+National Capital Planning Commission
- lawOil Pollution Act of 1924
- lawPueblo Lands Act of 1924
- lawClarke–McNary Act
- lawAnti-Heroin Act of 1924
- lawHoch-Smith Resolution
- lawSpecial Duties Act
- lawAir Mail Act of 1925 (Kelly Act)
- justiceHarlan Fiske Stone — Associate Justice
- lawFederal Arbitration Act
- lawJudiciary Act of 1925
- lawHome Port Act of 1925
- lawPurnell Act
- lawTemple Act
- lawFederal Corrupt Practices Act (Gerry Act)
- lawClassification Act of 1925
- lawJudiciary Act of 1925
- lawHelium Act of 1925
- lawRiver and Harbors Act of 1925
- lawMount Rushmore National Memorial Act (Norbeck–Williamson Act)
- lawProbation Act of 1925
- lawEstablishment of the United States Navy Band
- presidentCalvin Coolidge takes office
- rulingMiles v. Graham
- rulingGitlow v. New York
- rulingTrusler v. Crooks
- lawRevenue Act of 1926
- lawTimber Exportation Act of 1926
- lawFederal Interpleader Act of 1926
- lawAir Commerce Act
- lawFederal Black Bass Act of 1926
- lawRailway Labor Act
- lawOmnibus Adjustment Act of 1926
- lawPublic Buildings Act of 1926 (Elliot-Fernald Act)
- lawPublic Buildings Act
- lawShenandoah National Park Act of 1926
- lawSubsistence Expense Act of 1926
- lawRecreation and Public Purposes Act
- lawLimitation of National Forest Designation Act
- lawCooperative Marketing Act
- lawWalsh Act
- lawPassport Act of 1926
- lawUnited States Sesquicentennial
- rulingMyers v. United States
- rulingByars v. United States
- lawRiver and Harbors Act of 1927
- lawRadio Act of 1927
- lawMcFadden Act (Pepper-McFadden Act)
- lawForeign and Domestic Commerce Act of 1927
- lawProduce Agency Act of 1927
- lawMayfield-Newton Act
- rulingBuck v. Bell
- rulingNichols v. Coolidge
- rulingBlodgett v. Holden
- lawSettlement of War Claims Act
- lawSettlement of War Claims Act of 1928
- rulingUntermyer v. Anderson
- lawFlood Control Act of 1928 (Jones–Reid Act)
- lawForest Research Act (McSweeney–McNary Act)
- lawMerchant Marine Act of 1928 (Jones–White Act)
- lawCapper–Ketcham Act
- lawWelsh Act
- lawRevenue Act of 1928
- lawReed–Jenkins Act
- rulingOlmstead v. United States
- rulingNational Life Insurance Company v. United States
- lawBoulder Canyon Project Act (Hoover Dam)
- lawColor of Title Act
- lawHawes–Cooper Act
- lawNarcotic Farms Act of 1929
- lawCruiser Act
- lawMigratory Bird Conservation Act (Norbeck–Anderson Act)
- lawMount Rushmore National Memorial Act (Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929)
- lawIncreased Penalties Act (Jones–Stalker Act)