How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

civicdiff.com/1923-08-02...1929-03-03 · 5.6 years json
18 files changed, 1,778 insertions(+), 44 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+68
major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
1 of 9
seats changed hands
Agencies
+8 −0
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
−$4.7B
$22.3B → $17.6B

The presidency passed from Warren Gamaliel Harding to Calvin Coolidge. 61 senators and 441 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 1 new justice joined the Supreme Court.

Executive5 files+16−13

executive/presidentThe presidency
Warren Gamaliel Harding R
29th president
Calvin Coolidge R
30th president · took office Aug 2, 1923
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
Calvin Coolidge R
Charles Gates Dawes R
took office Mar 4, 1925
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
Attorney General · 2 people took this office in between
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: James Farley D · Mar 4, 1933
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: Charles Francis Adams III R · Mar 5, 1929
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: Ray Lyman Wilbur R · Mar 5, 1929
Show 2 more cabinet offices
Secretary of Agriculture · 2 people took this office in between
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: Daniel C. Roper D · Mar 4, 1933
Other senior officials (4 changed)
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: James Farley D · Mar 4, 1933
vacant on Mar 3, 1929
next: Charles Francis Adams III R · Mar 5, 1929
2 offices unchanged
Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew W. Mellon R
Director of the Office of Management and Budget: Herbert Mayhew Lord R
executive/ordersExecutive orders
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
93 → 101 tracked organizations · 10 → 10 executive departments
United States Tax Court
established Jan 1, 1924 · federal trial court of record established by Congress under §8, Article I of the U.S. Constitution; adjudicates disputes over federal income tax, generally prior to the time at which formal tax assessments are made by the Internal Revenue Service
National Capital Planning Commission
established Jun 6, 1924 · United States federal government's planning agency for the National Capital Region
United States Foreign Service
established Jan 1, 1924 · primary personnel system used by the diplomatic service of the United States federal government
United States Border Patrol
established May 28, 1924 · U.S. federal law enforcement agency
Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development
established Jan 1, 1925 · agency of the US Veterans Health Administration
United States Commercial Service
established Jan 1, 1927 · agency of the International Trade Administration
Independent Office of Appeals
established Jul 28, 1927 · independent organization within the US Internal Revenue Service
White House Office of the Press Secretary
established Jan 1, 1929 · information provider to the U.S. president, White House staff, and the media
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military1 file±0

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window (conflict records start in 1946).
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.

Legislative4 files+570−28

legislative/controlControl of Congress
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublicanOther
68th Congress → 70th Congress · 2 new Congresses elected
1 change of chamber control along the way
House: null majority on both dates
→ 242 R · 196 D
Senate: Republican majority
40 R · 22 D
Senate: Democrat majority
49 R · 45 D
Aug 2, 1923 · 40 R · 22 D
James Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Oscar Wilder Underwood (Democrat, AL)Joseph Taylor Robinson (Democrat, AR)Thaddeus Horatius Caraway (Democrat, AR)Alva Blanchard Adams (Democrat, CO)Duncan Upshaw Fletcher (Democrat, FL)William Julius Harris (Democrat, GA)Walter Franklin George (Democrat, GA)Augustus Owsley Stanley (Democrat, KY)Joseph Eugene Ransdell (Democrat, LA)Edwin Sidney Broussard (Democrat, LA)David Ignatius Walsh (Democrat, MA)Byron Patton Harrison (Democrat, MS)Thomas James Walsh (Democrat, MT)Furnifold McLendel Simmons (Democrat, NC)Lee Slater Overman (Democrat, NC)Robert Latham Owen (Democrat, OK)Nathaniel Barksdale Dial (Democrat, SC)Ellison DuRant Smith (Democrat, SC)John Knight Shields (Democrat, TN)Morris Sheppard (Democrat, TX)Carter Glass (Democrat, VA)Ralph Henry Cameron (Republican, AZ)Samuel Morgan Shortridge (Republican, CA)Lawrence Cowle Phipps (Republican, CO)Frank Bosworth Brandegee (Republican, CT)Lewis Heisler Ball (Republican, DE)Albert Baird Cummins (Republican, IA)Smith Wildman Brookhart (Republican, IA)William Edgar Borah (Republican, ID)Frank Robert Gooding (Republican, ID)Joseph Medill McCormick (Republican, IL)William Brown McKinley (Republican, IL)James Eli Watson (Republican, IN)Arthur Capper (Republican, KS)Charles Curtis (Republican, KS)Richard Pretlow Ernst (Republican, KY)Ovington Eugene Weller (Republican, MD)Bert Manfred Fernald (Republican, ME)James Couzens (Republican, MI)Selden Palmer Spencer (Republican, MO)Edwin Freemont Ladd (Republican, ND)George William Norris (Republican, NE)Henry Wilder Keyes (Republican, NH)George Higgins Moses (Republican, NH)Walter Evans Edge (Republican, NJ)Holm Olaf Bursum (Republican, NM)Tasker Lowndes Oddie (Republican, NV)James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. (Republican, NY)Frank Bartlett Willis (Republican, OH)John William Harreld (Republican, OK)Charles Linza McNary (Republican, OR)Robert Nelson Stanfield (Republican, OR)George Wharton Pepper (Republican, PA)LeBaron Bradford Colt (Republican, RI)Thomas Sterling (Republican, SD)Peter Norbeck (Republican, SD)Reed Smoot (Republican, UT)Wesley Livsey Jones (Republican, WA)Irvine Luther Lenroot (Republican, WI)Davis Elkins (Republican, WV)Francis Emroy Warren (Republican, WY)
Mar 3, 1929 · 49 R · 45 D · 1 FL
James Thomas Heflin (Democrat, AL)Hugo Lafayette Black (Democrat, AL)Joseph Taylor Robinson (Democrat, AR)Thaddeus Horatius Caraway (Democrat, AR)Henry Fountain Ashurst (Democrat, AZ)Carl Trumbull Hayden (Democrat, AZ)Thomas Francis Bayard Jr. (Democrat, DE)Park Trammell (Democrat, FL)Duncan Upshaw Fletcher (Democrat, FL)William Julius Harris (Democrat, GA)Walter Franklin George (Democrat, GA)Daniel Frederic Steck (Democrat, IA)Alben William Barkley (Democrat, KY)Joseph Eugene Ransdell (Democrat, LA)Edwin Sidney Broussard (Democrat, LA)David Ignatius Walsh (Democrat, MA)William Cabell Bruce (Democrat, MD)Millard Evelyn Tydings (Democrat, MD)James Alexander Reed (Democrat, MO)Harry Bartow Hawes (Democrat, MO)Hubert Durrett Stephens (Democrat, MS)Byron Patton Harrison (Democrat, MS)Burton Kendall Wheeler (Democrat, MT)Thomas James Walsh (Democrat, MT)Furnifold McLendel Simmons (Democrat, NC)Lee Slater Overman (Democrat, NC)Edward Irving Edwards (Democrat, NJ)Sam Gilbert Bratton (Democrat, NM)Key Pittman (Democrat, NV)Royal Samuel Copeland (Democrat, NY)Robert Ferdinand Wagner (Democrat, NY)John William Elmer Thomas (Democrat, OK)Peter Goelet Gerry (Democrat, RI)Coleman Livingston Blease (Democrat, SC)Ellison DuRant Smith (Democrat, SC)Kenneth Douglas McKellar (Democrat, TN)Lawrence Davis Tyson (Democrat, TN)Earle Bradford Mayfield (Democrat, TX)Morris Sheppard (Democrat, TX)William Henry King (Democrat, UT)Claude Augustus Swanson (Democrat, VA)Carter Glass (Democrat, VA)Clarence Cleveland Dill (Democrat, WA)Matthew Mansfield Neely (Democrat, WV)John Benjamin Kendrick (Democrat, WY)Henrik Shipstead (Farmer-Labor, MN)Hiram Warren Johnson (Republican, CA)Samuel Morgan Shortridge (Republican, CA)Lawrence Cowle Phipps (Republican, CO)Charles Winfield Waterman (Republican, CO)George Payne McLean (Republican, CT)Hiram Bingham (Republican, CT)Daniel Oren Hastings (Republican, DE)Smith Wildman Brookhart (Republican, IA)William Edgar Borah (Republican, ID)John Thomas (Republican, ID)Charles Samuel Deneen (Republican, IL)Otis Ferguson Glenn (Republican, IL)Arthur Raymond Robinson (Republican, IN)James Eli Watson (Republican, IN)Arthur Capper (Republican, KS)Charles Curtis (Republican, KS)Frederic Mosley Sackett (Republican, KY)Frederick Huntington Gillett (Republican, MA)Frederick Hale (Republican, ME)Arthur Robinson Gould (Republican, ME)James Couzens (Republican, MI)Thomas David Schall (Republican, MN)Lynn Joseph Frazier (Republican, ND)Gerald Prentice Nye (Republican, ND)Robert Beecher Howell (Republican, NE)George William Norris (Republican, NE)Henry Wilder Keyes (Republican, NH)George Higgins Moses (Republican, NH)Walter Evans Edge (Republican, NJ)Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo (Republican, NM)Tasker Lowndes Oddie (Republican, NV)Simeon Davison Fess (Republican, OH)Theodore Elijah Burton (Republican, OH)William Bliss Pine (Republican, OK)Charles Linza McNary (Republican, OR)Frederick Steiwer (Republican, OR)David Aiken Reed (Republican, PA)William Scott Vare (Republican, PA)Jesse Houghton Metcalf (Republican, RI)William Henry McMaster (Republican, SD)Peter Norbeck (Republican, SD)Reed Smoot (Republican, UT)Frank Lester Greene (Republican, VT)Porter Hinman Dale (Republican, VT)Wesley Livsey Jones (Republican, WA)Robert Marion La Follette Jr. (Republican, WI)John James Blaine (Republican, WI)Guy Despard Goff (Republican, WV)Francis Emroy Warren (Republican, WY)
61 new members · 28 departed · 34 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 59 → 60
12 seats changed party
Show 8 more seat flips
Who joined and who left (61 in · 28 out)
George Payne McLean R
Connecticut
Hiram Bingham R
Connecticut
Park Trammell D
Florida
Henrik Shipstead FL
Minnesota
Lynn Joseph Frazier R
North Dakota
Gerald Prentice Nye R
North Dakota
Key Pittman D
Nevada
David Aiken Reed R
Pennsylvania
William Scott Vare R
Pennsylvania
Peter Goelet Gerry D
Rhode Island
Guy Despard Goff R
West Virginia
Edwin Freemont Ladd R
North Dakota
Holm Olaf Bursum R
New Mexico
George Wharton Pepper R
Pennsylvania
LeBaron Bradford Colt R
Rhode Island
Nathaniel Barksdale Dial D
South Carolina
Thomas Sterling R
South Dakota
Davis Elkins R
West Virginia
Aug 2, 1923 ·
No data
Mar 3, 1929 · 242 R · 196 D · 2 FL · 1 S
William Bismarck Bowling (Democrat, AL-5)Miles Clayton Allgood (Democrat, AL-7)Edward Berton Almon (Democrat, AL-8)Lamar Jeffers (Democrat, AL-4)George Huddleston (Democrat, AL-9)John McDuffie (Democrat, AL-1)William Bacon Oliver (Democrat, AL-6)William Brockman Bankhead (Democrat, AL-10)Henry Bascom Steagall (Democrat, AL-3)Joseph Lister Hill (Democrat, AL-2)William Allan Oldfield (Democrat, AR-2)James Byron Reed (Democrat, AR-6)John Newton Tillman (Democrat, AR-3)Otis Theodore Wingo (Democrat, AR-4)Heartsill Ragon (Democrat, AR-5)Tilman Bacon Parks (Democrat, AR-7)William Joshua Driver (Democrat, AR-1)Lewis Williams Douglas (Democrat, AZ-AL)Clarence Frederick Lea (Democrat, CA-1)Sebastian Harrison White (Democrat, CO-1)Edward Thomas Taylor (Democrat, CO-4)Herbert Jackson Drane (Democrat, FL-1)Thomas Alva Yon (Democrat, FL-3)William Joseph Sears (Democrat, FL-4)Robert Alexis Green (Democrat, FL-2)Thomas Montgomery Bell (Democrat, GA-9)Leslie Jasper Steele (Democrat, GA-5)Charles Robert Crisp (Democrat, GA-3)Charles Gordon Edwards (Democrat, GA-1)William Chester Lankford (Democrat, GA-11)William Washington Larsen (Democrat, GA-12)Samuel Rutherford (Democrat, GA-6)William Carter Wright (Democrat, GA-4)Charles Hillyer Brand (Democrat, GA-8)Malcolm Connor Tarver (Democrat, GA-7)Edward Eugene Cox (Democrat, GA-2)Carl Vinson (Democrat, GA-10)Thomas Aloysius Doyle (Democrat, IL-4)James Thomas Igoe (Democrat, IL-6)Stanley Henry Kunz (Democrat, IL-8)James Earl Major (Democrat, IL-21)Henry Thomas Rainey (Democrat, IL-20)William Wright Arnold (Democrat, IL-23)Adolph Joachim Sabath (Democrat, IL-5)Frank Gardner (Democrat, IN-3)Harry Clifford Canfield (Democrat, IN-4)Arthur Herbert Greenwood (Democrat, IN-2)William Augustus Ayres (Democrat, KS-8)Henry DeHaven Moorman (Democrat, KY-4)Orie Solomon Ware (Democrat, KY-6)David Hayes Kincheloe (Democrat, KY-2)Ralph Waldo Emerson Gilbert (Democrat, KY-8)John William Moore (Democrat, KY-3)William Voris Gregory (Democrat, KY-1)Frederick Moore Vinson (Democrat, KY-9)Virgil Munday Chapman (Democrat, KY-7)Ladislas Lazaro (Democrat, LA-AL)Whitmell Pugh Martin (Democrat, LA-3)James O’Connor (Democrat, LA-1)James Zacharie Spearing (Democrat, LA-2)James Benjamin Aswell (Democrat, LA-8)Bolivar Edwards Kemp (Democrat, LA-6)John Nicholas Sandlin (Democrat, LA-4)Riley Joseph Wilson (Democrat, LA-5)René Louis De Rouen (Democrat, LA-7)James Ambrose Gallivan (Democrat, MA-12)John Joseph Douglass (Democrat, MA-10)William Patrick Connery Jr. (Democrat, MA-7)John Charles Linthicum (Democrat, MD-4)Stephen Warfield Gambrill (Democrat, MD-5)Vincent Luke Palmisano (Democrat, MD-3)Thomas Alan Goldsborough (Democrat, MD-1)William Purington Cole Jr. (Democrat, MD-2)George Hamilton Combs Jr. (Democrat, MO-5)Thomas Lewis Rubey (Democrat, MO-16)James Franklin Fulbright (Democrat, MO-14)Samuel Collier Major (Democrat, MO-7)Clement Cabell Dickinson (Democrat, MO-6)Ralph Fulton Lozier (Democrat, MO-2)Jacob Le Roy Milligan (Democrat, MO-3)William Lester Nelson (Democrat, MO-8)Milton Andrew Romjue (Democrat, MO-1)Clyde Williams (Democrat, MO-13)John Joseph Cochran (Democrat, MO-11)Clarence Andrew Cannon (Democrat, MO-9)Bill Green Lowrey (Democrat, MS-2)Thomas Webber Wilson (Democrat, MS-6)James William Collier (Democrat, MS-8)Percy Edwards Quin (Democrat, MS-7)Thomas Jefferson Busby (Democrat, MS-4)Ross Alexander Collins (Democrat, MS-5)William Madison Whittington (Democrat, MS-3)John Elliott Rankin (Democrat, MS-1)John Morgan Evans (Democrat, MT-1)Homer Le Grand Lyon (Democrat, NC-6)William Cicero Hammer (Democrat, NC-7)Charles Manly Stedman (Democrat, NC-5)Charles Laban Abernethy (Democrat, NC-3)Edward William Pou (Democrat, NC-4)Lindsay Carter Warren (Democrat, NC-1)Zebulon Weaver (Democrat, NC-10)Alfred Lee Bulwinkle (Democrat, NC-9)Robert Lee Doughton (Democrat, NC-8)John Hosea Kerr (Democrat, NC-2)John Nathaniel Norton (Democrat, NE-4)Edgar Howard (Democrat, NE-3)John Henry Morehead (Democrat, NE-1)Ashton Cokayne Shallenberger (Democrat, NE-5)Paul John Moore (Democrat, NJ-8)Oscar Louis Auf Der Heide (Democrat, NJ-11)Mary Teresa Norton (Democrat, NJ-12)John Morrow (Democrat, NM-1)William Wolfe Cohen (Democrat, NY-17)Meyer Jacobstein (Democrat, NY-38)John Joseph Kindred (Democrat, NY-2)John Francis Carew (Democrat, NY-18)David Joseph O’Connell (Democrat, NY-9)John Francis Quayle (Democrat, NY-7)Royal Hurlburt Weller (Democrat, NY-21)Loring Milton Black Jr. (Democrat, NY-5)Patrick J. Carley (Democrat, NY-8)George Washington Lindsay (Democrat, NY-3)Frank Oliver (Democrat, NY-23)Anning Smith Prall (Democrat, NY-11)Parker Corning (Democrat, NY-28)Anthony Jerome Griffin (Democrat, NY-22)John Joseph Boylan (Democrat, NY-15)John Joseph O’Connor (Democrat, NY-16)William Irving Sirovich (Democrat, NY-14)Christopher Daniel Sullivan (Democrat, NY-13)James Michael Mead (Democrat, NY-42)Thomas Henry Cullen (Democrat, NY-4)James Martin Fitzpatrick (Democrat, NY-24)Samuel Dickstein (Democrat, NY-12)Sol Bloom (Democrat, NY-19)Andrew Lawrence Somers (Democrat, NY-6)Emanuel Celler (Democrat, NY-10)Martin Luther Davey (Democrat, OH-14)Charles Anthony Mooney (Democrat, OH-20)Mell Gilbert Underwood (Democrat, OH-11)Thomas Brooks Fletcher (Democrat, OH-8)John McSweeney (Democrat, OH-16)Robert Crosser (Democrat, OH-21)Everette Burgess Howard (Democrat, OK-1)William Wirt Hastings (Democrat, OK-2)James Vernon McClintic (Democrat, OK-7)Thomas Deitz McKeown (Democrat, OK-4)Fletcher B. Swank (Democrat, OK-5)Wilburn Cartwright (Democrat, OK-3)Jed Joseph Johnson (Democrat, OK-6)Everett Kent (Democrat, PA-30)John Joseph Casey (Democrat, PA-12)Frederick Haskell Dominick (Democrat, SC-3)William Francis Stevenson (Democrat, SC-5)John Jackson McSwain (Democrat, SC-4)Allard Henry Gasque (Democrat, SC-6)Thomas Sanders McMillan (Democrat, SC-1)Hampton Pitts Fulmer (Democrat, SC-7)Butler Black Hare (Democrat, SC-2)Finis James Garrett (Democrat, TN-9)Hubert Frederick Fisher (Democrat, TN-10)Ewin Lamar Davis (Democrat, TN-5)Edward Everett Eslick (Democrat, TN-7)Cordell Hull (Democrat, TN-4)Gordon Weaver Browning (Democrat, TN-8)Joseph Wellington Byrns (Democrat, TN-6)Samuel Davis McReynolds (Democrat, TN-3)Eugene Black (Democrat, TX-1)John Calvin Box (Democrat, TX-2)Claude Benton Hudspeth (Democrat, TX-16)Daniel Edward Garrett (Democrat, TX-8)Guinn Williams (Democrat, TX-13)Clay Stone Briggs (Democrat, TX-7)John Nance Garner (Democrat, TX-15)Thomas Lindsay Blanton (Democrat, TX-17)James Paul Buchanan (Democrat, TX-10)Morgan Gurley Sanders (Democrat, TX-3)John Marvin Jones (Democrat, TX-18)Luther Alexander Johnson (Democrat, TX-6)Fritz Garland Lanham (Democrat, TX-12)Hatton William Sumners (Democrat, TX-5)Thomas Terry Connally (Democrat, TX-11)Joseph Jefferson Mansfield (Democrat, TX-9)Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn (Democrat, TX-4)Joseph Thomas Deal (Democrat, VA-2)Thomas Walter Harrison (Democrat, VA-7)George Campbell Peery (Democrat, VA-9)Robert Walton Moore (Democrat, VA-8)Joseph Whitehead (Democrat, VA-5)Henry St. George Tucker (Democrat, VA-10)Andrew Jackson Montague (Democrat, VA-3)Clifton Alexander Woodrum (Democrat, VA-6)Patrick Henry Drewry (Democrat, VA-4)Schuyler Otis Bland (Democrat, VA-1)Samuel Billingsley Hill (Democrat, WA-5)William Smith O’Brien (Democrat, WV-3)William Leighton Carss (Farmer-Labor, MN-8)Ole Juulson Kvale (Farmer-Labor, MN-7)Victor Luitpold Berger (Socialist, WI-5)Daniel Alexander Sutherland (Republican, AK-AL)Charles Forrest Curry (Republican, CA-3)Henry Ellsworth Barbour (Republican, CA-7)Joe Crail (Republican, CA-10)Arthur Monroe Free (Republican, CA-8)Philip David Swing (Republican, CA-11)William Elmer Evans (Republican, CA-9)Florence Prag Kahn (Republican, CA-4)Albert Edward Carter (Republican, CA-6)Harry Lane Englebright (Republican, CA-2)Richard Joseph Welch (Republican, CA-5)William Newell Vaile (Republican, CO-AL)Guy Urban Hardy (Republican, CO-3)Charles Bateman Timberlake (Republican, CO-2)Edward Hart Fenn (Republican, CT-1)James Peter Glynn (Republican, CT-5)Richard Patrick Freeman (Republican, CT-2)John Quillin Tilson (Republican, CT-3)Schuyler Merritt (Republican, CT-4)Robert Griffith Houston (Republican, DE-AL)Victor Stewart Kaleoaloha Houston (Republican, HI-AL)William Dayton Boies (Republican, IA-11)William Raymond Green (Republican, IA-9)Fred Dickinson Letts (Republican, IA-2)Cyrenus Cole (Republican, IA-5)Lester Jesse Dickinson (Republican, IA-10)Gilbert Nelson Haugen (Republican, IA-4)William Frederick Kopp (Republican, IA-1)Christian William Ramseyer (Republican, IA-6)Thomas John Bright Robinson (Republican, IA-3)Lloyd Thurston (Republican, IA-8)Cassius Clay Dowell (Republican, IA-7)Burton Lee French (Republican, ID-1)Addison Taylor Smith (Republican, ID-2)Edward John King (Republican, IL-15)Martin Barnaby Madden (Republican, IL-1)Henry Riggs Rathbone (Republican, IL-AL)Edward Everett Denison (Republican, IL-25)Edward Michael Irwin (Republican, IL-22)Magne Alfred Michaelson (Republican, IL-7)Elliott Wilford Sproul (Republican, IL-3)Thomas Sutler Williams (Republican, IL-24)Charles Adkins (Republican, IL-19)John Clayton Allen (Republican, IL-14)Carl Richard Chindblom (Republican, IL-10)Homer William Hall (Republican, IL-17)William Perry Holaday (Republican, IL-18)Morton Denison Hull (Republican, IL-2)William Edgar Hull (Republican, IL-16)William Richard Johnson (Republican, IL-13)Frederick Albert Britten (Republican, IL-9)Frank R. Reid (Republican, IL-11)John Theodore Buckbee (Republican, IL-12)Ralph Eugene Updike (Republican, IN-7)Richard Nash Elliott (Republican, IN-6)Albert Richardson Hall (Republican, IN-11)Andrew James Hickey (Republican, IN-13)Harry Emerson Rowbottom (Republican, IN-1)David Hogg (Republican, IN-12)Fred Sampson Purnell (Republican, IN-9)Albert Henry Vestal (Republican, IN-8)William Robert Wood (Republican, IN-10)Noble Jacob Johnson (Republican, IN-5)Daniel Read Anthony Jr. (Republican, KS-1)Hays Baxter White (Republican, KS-6)William Henry Sproul (Republican, KS-3)Homer Hoch (Republican, KS-4)James George Strong (Republican, KS-5)Ulysses Samuel Guyer (Republican, KS-2)Clifford Ragsdale Hope (Republican, KS-7)Katherine Gudger Langley (Republican, KY-10)Maurice Hudson Thatcher (Republican, KY-5)John Marshall Robsion (Republican, KY-11)Henry Leland Bowles (Republican, MA-2)Louis Adams Frothingham (Republican, MA-14)George Russell Stobbs (Republican, MA-4)Frederick William Dallinger (Republican, MA-8)Charles Lee Underhill (Republican, MA-9)Frank Herbert Foss (Republican, MA-3)Abram Piatt Andrew Jr. (Republican, MA-6)Robert Luce (Republican, MA-13)George Holden Tinkham (Republican, MA-11)Allen Towner Treadway (Republican, MA-1)Charles Laceille Gifford (Republican, MA-16)Edith Nourse Rogers (Republican, MA-5)Joseph William Martin Jr. (Republican, MA-15)Frederick Nicholas Zihlman (Republican, MD-6)Ira Greenlief Hersey (Republican, ME-4)John Edward Nelson (Republican, ME-3)Carroll Lynwood Beedy (Republican, ME-1)Wallace Humphrey White Jr. (Republican, ME-2)Louis Convers Cramton (Republican, MI-7)Grant Martin Hudson (Republican, MI-6)Frank Probasco Bohn (Republican, MI-11)Robert Henry Clancy (Republican, MI-1)John Clark Ketcham (Republican, MI-4)James Campbell McLaughlin (Republican, MI-9)Bird J. Vincent (Republican, MI-8)Joseph Lawrence Hooper (Republican, MI-3)William Francis James (Republican, MI-12)Carl Edgar Mapes (Republican, MI-5)Clarence John McLeod (Republican, MI-13)Earl Cory Michener (Republican, MI-2)Roy Orchard Woodruff (Republican, MI-10)Allen John Furlow (Republican, MN-1)Walter Hughes Newton (Republican, MN-5)Frank Clague (Republican, MN-2)Godfrey Gummer Goodwin (Republican, MN-10)Conrad George Selvig (Republican, MN-9)Melvin Joseph Maas (Republican, MN-4)Harold Knutson (Republican, MN-6)August Herman Andresen (Republican, MN-3)Charles Lee Faust (Republican, MO-4)Leonidas Carstarphen Dyer (Republican, MO-12)Joe Jonathan Manlove (Republican, MO-15)Henry Frederick Niedringhaus (Republican, MO-10)Scott Leavitt (Republican, MT-2)Olger Burton Burtness (Republican, ND-1)Thomas Hall (Republican, ND-2)James Herbert Sinclair (Republican, ND-3)Willis Gratz Sears (Republican, NE-2)Robert Glenmore Simmons (Republican, NE-6)Fletcher Hale (Republican, NH-1)Edward Hills Wason (Republican, NH-2)Franklin William Fort (Republican, NJ-9)Harold Giles Hoffman (Republican, NJ-3)Ernest Robinson Ackerman (Republican, NJ-5)Isaac Bacharach (Republican, NJ-2)Frederick Reimold Lehlbach (Republican, NJ-10)Randolph Perkins (Republican, NJ-6)George Nicholas Seger (Republican, NJ-7)Charles Aubrey Eaton (Republican, NJ-4)Charles Anderson Wolverton (Republican, NJ-1)Samuel Shaw Arentz (Republican, NV-AL)Clarence MacGregor (Republican, NY-41)Walter Warren Magee (Republican, NY-AL)Thaddeus C. Sweet (Republican, NY-32)Stephen Wallace Dempsey (Republican, NY-40)Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (Republican, NY-25)Frederick Morgan Davenport (Republican, NY-33)Fiorello Henry La Guardia (Republican, NY-20)Harcourt Joseph Pratt (Republican, NY-27)Archie Dovell Sanders (Republican, NY-39)John Davenport Clarke (Republican, NY-34)James Southworth Parker (Republican, NY-29)Gale Hamilton Stalker (Republican, NY-37)Robert Low Bacon (Republican, NY-1)Bertrand Hollis Snell (Republican, NY-31)Frank Crowther (Republican, NY-30)Hamilton Fish (Republican, NY-26)Clarence Eugene Hancock (Republican, NY-35)Daniel Alden Reed (Republican, NY-43)John Taber (Republican, NY-36)James Thomas Begg (Republican, OH-13)William Thomas Fitzgerald (Republican, OH-4)Ambrose Everett Burnside Stephens (Republican, OH-AL)Charles Tatgenhorst Jr. (Republican, OH-2)William Wallace Chalmers (Republican, OH-9)Roy Gerald Fitzgerald (Republican, OH-3)Charles Cyrus Kearns (Republican, OH-6)William Mitchell Morgan (Republican, OH-17)John Charles Speaks (Republican, OH-12)Charles James Thompson (Republican, OH-5)Charles Brand (Republican, OH-7)Nicholas Longworth (Republican, OH-1)Charles Ellis Moore (Republican, OH-15)Benjamin Franklin Murphy (Republican, OH-18)John Gordon Cooper (Republican, OH-19)Thomas Albert Jenkins (Republican, OH-10)Milton Cline Garber (Republican, OK-8)Maurice Edgar Crumpacker (Republican, OR-AL)Nicholas John Sinnott (Republican, OR-2)Franklin Frederick Korell (Republican, OR-3)Willis Chatman Hawley (Republican, OR-1)Robert Grey Bushong (Republican, PA-14)Thomas Stalker Butler (Republican, PA-8)James Miller Hazlett (Republican, PA-AL)John Mary Morin (Republican, PA-34)Cyrus Maffet Palmer (Republican, PA-13)William Walton Griest (Republican, PA-10)Edgar Raymond Kiess (Republican, PA-16)Franklin Menges (Republican, PA-22)Stephen Geyer Porter (Republican, PA-32)Laurence Hawley Watres (Republican, PA-11)Edward McMath Beers (Republican, PA-18)Guy Edgar Campbell (Republican, PA-36)James Mitchell Chase (Republican, PA-23)Harry Allison Estep (Republican, PA-35)Benjamin Martin Golder (Republican, PA-4)George Scott Graham (Republican, PA-2)Samuel Austin Kendall (Republican, PA-24)James Russell Leech (Republican, PA-20)Frederick William Magrady (Republican, PA-17)Milton William Shreve (Republican, PA-29)Henry Wilson Temple (Republican, PA-25)George Austin Welsh (Republican, PA-6)Adam Martin Wyant (Republican, PA-31)James Montgomery Beck (Republican, PA-1)Thomas Cunningham Cochran (Republican, PA-28)James Joseph Connolly (Republican, PA-5)Melville Clyde Kelly (Republican, PA-33)Jacob Banks Kurtz (Republican, PA-21)Louis Thomas McFadden (Republican, PA-15)Nathan Leroy Strong (Republican, PA-27)Jesse Howard Swick (Republican, PA-26)Henry Winfield Watson (Republican, PA-9)Isaac Hoffer Doutrich (Republican, PA-19)Harry Clay Ransley (Republican, PA-3)George Potter Darrow (Republican, PA-7)Louis Monast (Republican, RI-3)Richard Steere Aldrich (Republican, RI-2)Clark Burdick (Republican, RI-1)Charles Andrew Christopherson (Republican, SD-1)Royal Cleaves Johnson (Republican, SD-2)William Williamson (Republican, SD-3)James Willis Taylor (Republican, TN-2)Brazilla Carroll Reece (Republican, TN-1)Harry McLeary Wurzbach (Republican, TX-14)Elmer O. Leatherwood (Republican, UT-2)Don Byron Colton (Republican, UT-1)Elbert Sidney Brigham (Republican, VT-1)Ernest Willard Gibson (Republican, VT-2)John Franklin Miller (Republican, WA-1)Lindley Hoag Hadley (Republican, WA-2)Albert Johnson (Republican, WA-3)John William Summers (Republican, WA-4)Joseph David Beck (Republican, WI-7)Edward Everts Browne (Republican, WI-8)Florian Lampert (Republican, WI-6)Henry Allen Cooper (Republican, WI-1)Charles August Kading (Republican, WI-2)John Mandt Nelson (Republican, WI-3)James Archibald Frear (Republican, WI-10)Hubert Haskell Peavey (Republican, WI-11)George John Schneider (Republican, WI-9)John Charles Schafer (Republican, WI-4)Edward Theodore England (Republican, WV-6)James French Strother (Republican, WV-5)James Anthony Hughes (Republican, WV-4)Carl George Bachmann (Republican, WV-1)Frank Llewellyn Bowman (Republican, WV-2)Charles Edwin Winter (Republican, WY-AL)
441 new members · 0 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 0 → 4
50 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alaska 0 D · 0 R
Alaska 0 D · 1 R
Alabama 0 D · 0 R
Alabama 10 D · 0 R
Arkansas 0 D · 0 R
Arkansas 7 D · 0 R
Arizona 0 D · 0 R
Arizona 1 D · 0 R
California 0 D · 0 R
California 1 D · 10 R
Colorado 0 D · 0 R
Colorado 2 D · 3 R
Connecticut 0 D · 0 R
Connecticut 0 D · 5 R
Delaware 0 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 1 R
Florida 0 D · 0 R
Florida 4 D · 0 R
Georgia 0 D · 0 R
Georgia 12 D · 0 R
Hawaii 0 D · 0 R
Hawaii 0 D · 1 R
Iowa 0 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 11 R
Idaho 0 D · 0 R
Idaho 0 D · 2 R
Illinois 0 D · 0 R
Illinois 7 D · 19 R
Indiana 0 D · 0 R
Indiana 3 D · 10 R
Kansas 0 D · 0 R
Kansas 1 D · 7 R
Kentucky 0 D · 0 R
Kentucky 8 D · 3 R
Louisiana 0 D · 0 R
Louisiana 9 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 3 D · 13 R
Maryland 0 D · 0 R
Maryland 5 D · 1 R
Maine 0 D · 0 R
Maine 0 D · 4 R
Michigan 0 D · 0 R
Michigan 0 D · 13 R
Minnesota 0 D · 0 R
Minnesota 0 D · 8 R · 2 other
Missouri 0 D · 0 R
Missouri 12 D · 4 R
Mississippi 0 D · 0 R
Mississippi 8 D · 0 R
Montana 0 D · 0 R
Montana 1 D · 1 R
North Carolina 0 D · 0 R
North Carolina 10 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 3 R
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R
Nebraska 4 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 0 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 2 R
New Jersey 0 D · 0 R
New Jersey 3 D · 9 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R
New Mexico 1 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 1 R
New York 0 D · 0 R
New York 25 D · 19 R
Ohio 0 D · 0 R
Ohio 6 D · 16 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 0 R
Oklahoma 7 D · 1 R
Oregon 0 D · 0 R
Oregon 0 D · 4 R
Pennsylvania 0 D · 0 R
Pennsylvania 2 D · 35 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 0 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 3 R
South Carolina 0 D · 0 R
South Carolina 7 D · 0 R
South Dakota 0 D · 0 R
South Dakota 0 D · 3 R
Tennessee 0 D · 0 R
Tennessee 8 D · 2 R
Texas 0 D · 0 R
Texas 17 D · 1 R
Utah 0 D · 0 R
Utah 0 D · 2 R
Virginia 0 D · 0 R
Virginia 10 D · 0 R
Vermont 0 D · 0 R
Vermont 0 D · 2 R
Washington 0 D · 0 R
Washington 1 D · 4 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 0 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 10 R · 1 other
West Virginia 0 D · 0 R
West Virginia 1 D · 5 R
Wyoming 0 D · 0 R
Wyoming 0 D · 1 R
Who joined and who left (441 in · 0 out)
Lamar Jeffers D
Alabama-4
John McDuffie D
Alabama-1
James Byron Reed D
Arkansas-6
Heartsill Ragon D
Arkansas-5
Tilman Bacon Parks D
Arkansas-7
Charles Forrest Curry R
California-3
Joe Crail R
California-10
Arthur Monroe Free R
California-8
Philip David Swing R
California-11
William Elmer Evans R
California-9
Florence Prag Kahn R
California-4
Albert Edward Carter R
California-6
Richard Joseph Welch R
California-5
Guy Urban Hardy R
Colorado-3
Edward Hart Fenn R
Connecticut-1
James Peter Glynn R
Connecticut-5
John Quillin Tilson R
Connecticut-3
Schuyler Merritt R
Connecticut-4
Thomas Alva Yon D
Florida-3
Carl Vinson D
Georgia-10
Cyrenus Cole R
Iowa-5
Edward John King R
Illinois-15
Charles Adkins R
Illinois-19
John Clayton Allen R
Illinois-14
Homer William Hall R
Illinois-17
William Edgar Hull R
Illinois-16
James Thomas Igoe D
Illinois-6
Stanley Henry Kunz D
Illinois-8
James Earl Major D
Illinois-21
Henry Thomas Rainey D
Illinois-20
Frank R. Reid R
Illinois-11
Frank Gardner D
Indiana-3
David Hogg R
Indiana-12
Homer Hoch R
Kansas-4
Orie Solomon Ware D
Kentucky-6
John William Moore D
Kentucky-3
Ladislas Lazaro D
Louisiana-AL
James O’Connor D
Louisiana-1
Riley Joseph Wilson D
Louisiana-5
Henry Leland Bowles R
Massachusetts-2
Louis Adams Frothingham R
Massachusetts-14
James Ambrose Gallivan D
Massachusetts-12
George Russell Stobbs R
Massachusetts-4
Charles Lee Underhill R
Massachusetts-9
John Joseph Douglass D
Massachusetts-10
Frank Herbert Foss R
Massachusetts-3
Abram Piatt Andrew Jr. R
Massachusetts-6
Robert Luce R
Massachusetts-13
George Holden Tinkham R
Massachusetts-11
Allen Towner Treadway R
Massachusetts-1
Charles Laceille Gifford R
Massachusetts-16
Edith Nourse Rogers R
Massachusetts-5
Joseph William Martin Jr. R
Massachusetts-15
Frank Probasco Bohn R
Michigan-11
John Clark Ketcham R
Michigan-4
Bird J. Vincent R
Michigan-8
Carl Edgar Mapes R
Michigan-5
Earl Cory Michener R
Michigan-2
Allen John Furlow R
Minnesota-1
Ole Juulson Kvale FL
Minnesota-7
Frank Clague R
Minnesota-2
Melvin Joseph Maas R
Minnesota-4
Harold Knutson R
Minnesota-6
Charles Lee Faust R
Missouri-4
Thomas Lewis Rubey D
Missouri-16
Clyde Williams D
Missouri-13
John Joseph Cochran D
Missouri-11
Bill Green Lowrey D
Mississippi-2
Thomas Webber Wilson D
Mississippi-6
James William Collier D
Mississippi-8
Percy Edwards Quin D
Mississippi-7
Thomas Jefferson Busby D
Mississippi-4
Ross Alexander Collins D
Mississippi-5
John Elliott Rankin D
Mississippi-1
Scott Leavitt R
Montana-2
Homer Le Grand Lyon D
North Carolina-6
William Cicero Hammer D
North Carolina-7
Charles Manly Stedman D
North Carolina-5
Charles Laban Abernethy D
North Carolina-3
Edward William Pou D
North Carolina-4
Lindsay Carter Warren D
North Carolina-1
Zebulon Weaver D
North Carolina-10
Alfred Lee Bulwinkle D
North Carolina-9
Robert Lee Doughton D
North Carolina-8
John Hosea Kerr D
North Carolina-2
Olger Burton Burtness R
North Dakota-1
Thomas Hall R
North Dakota-2
James Herbert Sinclair R
North Dakota-3
Willis Gratz Sears R
Nebraska-2
Edgar Howard D
Nebraska-3
Fletcher Hale R
New Hampshire-1
Edward Hills Wason R
New Hampshire-2
Paul John Moore D
New Jersey-8
Franklin William Fort R
New Jersey-9
Harold Giles Hoffman R
New Jersey-3
Isaac Bacharach R
New Jersey-2
Randolph Perkins R
New Jersey-6
George Nicholas Seger R
New Jersey-7
Mary Teresa Norton D
New Jersey-12
Charles Aubrey Eaton R
New Jersey-4
John Morrow D
New Mexico-1
William Wolfe Cohen D
New York-17
Meyer Jacobstein D
New York-38
Clarence MacGregor R
New York-41
Walter Warren Magee R
New York-AL
Thaddeus C. Sweet R
New York-32
John Francis Carew D
New York-18
Patrick J. Carley D
New York-8
Frank Oliver D
New York-23
Anning Smith Prall D
New York-11
Parker Corning D
New York-28
Robert Low Bacon R
New York-1
John Joseph Boylan D
New York-15
Frank Crowther R
New York-30
James Michael Mead D
New York-42
Hamilton Fish R
New York-26
Samuel Dickstein D
New York-12
Sol Bloom D
New York-19
Daniel Alden Reed R
New York-43
John Taber R
New York-36
Emanuel Celler D
New York-10
Fletcher B. Swank D
Oklahoma-5
Wilburn Cartwright D
Oklahoma-3
Jed Joseph Johnson D
Oklahoma-6
Robert Grey Bushong R
Pennsylvania-14
Thomas Stalker Butler R
Pennsylvania-8
James Miller Hazlett R
Pennsylvania-AL
Everett Kent D
Pennsylvania-30
John Mary Morin R
Pennsylvania-34
Cyrus Maffet Palmer R
Pennsylvania-13
John Joseph Casey D
Pennsylvania-12
William Walton Griest R
Pennsylvania-10
Edgar Raymond Kiess R
Pennsylvania-16
Franklin Menges R
Pennsylvania-22
Stephen Geyer Porter R
Pennsylvania-32
Laurence Hawley Watres R
Pennsylvania-11
Edward McMath Beers R
Pennsylvania-18
Guy Edgar Campbell R
Pennsylvania-36
James Mitchell Chase R
Pennsylvania-23
Harry Allison Estep R
Pennsylvania-35
Benjamin Martin Golder R
Pennsylvania-4
George Scott Graham R
Pennsylvania-2
Samuel Austin Kendall R
Pennsylvania-24
James Russell Leech R
Pennsylvania-20
Frederick William Magrady R
Pennsylvania-17
Milton William Shreve R
Pennsylvania-29
Henry Wilson Temple R
Pennsylvania-25
George Austin Welsh R
Pennsylvania-6
Adam Martin Wyant R
Pennsylvania-31
James Montgomery Beck R
Pennsylvania-1
Thomas Cunningham Cochran R
Pennsylvania-28
James Joseph Connolly R
Pennsylvania-5
Melville Clyde Kelly R
Pennsylvania-33
Jacob Banks Kurtz R
Pennsylvania-21
Louis Thomas McFadden R
Pennsylvania-15
Nathan Leroy Strong R
Pennsylvania-27
Jesse Howard Swick R
Pennsylvania-26
Henry Winfield Watson R
Pennsylvania-9
Isaac Hoffer Doutrich R
Pennsylvania-19
Harry Clay Ransley R
Pennsylvania-3
George Potter Darrow R
Pennsylvania-7
Louis Monast R
Rhode Island-3
Richard Steere Aldrich R
Rhode Island-2
Clark Burdick R
Rhode Island-1
Frederick Haskell Dominick D
South Carolina-3
William Francis Stevenson D
South Carolina-5
John Jackson McSwain D
South Carolina-4
Allard Henry Gasque D
South Carolina-6
Thomas Sanders McMillan D
South Carolina-1
Hampton Pitts Fulmer D
South Carolina-7
Butler Black Hare D
South Carolina-2
Royal Cleaves Johnson R
South Dakota-2
William Williamson R
South Dakota-3
Finis James Garrett D
Tennessee-9
Ewin Lamar Davis D
Tennessee-5
Cordell Hull D
Tennessee-4
James Willis Taylor R
Tennessee-2
Eugene Black D
Texas-1
Guinn Williams D
Texas-13
Joseph Thomas Deal D
Virginia-2
Joseph Whitehead D
Virginia-5
John Franklin Miller R
Washington-1
Lindley Hoag Hadley R
Washington-2
Albert Johnson R
Washington-3
John William Summers R
Washington-4
Joseph David Beck R
Wisconsin-7
Florian Lampert R
Wisconsin-6
Henry Allen Cooper R
Wisconsin-1
John Mandt Nelson R
Wisconsin-3
James Archibald Frear R
Wisconsin-10
Hubert Haskell Peavey R
Wisconsin-11
Edward Theodore England R
West Virginia-6
William Smith O’Brien D
West Virginia-3
James French Strother R
West Virginia-5
James Anthony Hughes R
West Virginia-4
Carl George Bachmann R
West Virginia-1
Frank Llewellyn Bowman R
West Virginia-2
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
68 laws recorded · 0 landmark · 68 notable
Seed and Feed Loan Act
43 Stat. 110 · Apr 26, 1924
Rogers Act
Pub. L. 68-135 · May 24, 1924
Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson–Reed Act)
Pub. L. 68-139 · May 26, 1924
Indian Oil Leasing Act of 1924 (Lenroot Act)
Pub. L. 68-158 · May 29, 1924
Indian Citizenship Act (Snyder Act)
Pub. L. 68-175 · Jun 2, 1924
Inland Waterways Act of 1924 (Denison Act)
Pub. L. 68-185 · Jun 3, 1924
Oil Pollution Act of 1924
Pub. L. 68-238 · Jun 7, 1924
Pueblo Lands Act of 1924
Pub. L. 68-253 · Jun 7, 1924
Show 30 more notable laws
Clarke–McNary Act
Pub. L. 68-270 · Jun 7, 1924
Anti-Heroin Act of 1924
Pub. L. 68-274 · Jun 7, 1924
Special Duties Act
Jan 31, 1925
Air Mail Act of 1925 (Kelly Act)
Pub. L. 68-359 · Feb 2, 1925
Federal Arbitration Act
Pub. L. 68-401 · Feb 12, 1925
Judiciary Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-415 · Feb 13, 1925
Home Port Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-420 · Feb 16, 1925
Purnell Act
Feb 24, 1925
Temple Act
Feb 27, 1925
Classification Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-506 · Feb 28, 1925
Helium Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-544 · Mar 3, 1925
River and Harbors Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-585 · Mar 3, 1925
Probation Act of 1925
Pub. L. 68-596 · Mar 4, 1925
Revenue Act of 1926
Pub. L. 69-20 · Feb 26, 1926
Air Commerce Act
May 20, 1926
Railway Labor Act
Pub. L. 69-257 · May 20, 1926
Public Buildings Act
Pub. L. 69-281 · May 25, 1926

Judicial3 files+1,192−1

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 7 R · 2 D · every justice ↗
Joseph McKenna R
appointed by William McKinley · 1898
Harlan Fiske Stone R
appointed by Calvin Coolidge · 1925
8 justices served on both dates
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. R
appointed by Theodore Roosevelt · 1902
Willis Van Devanter R
appointed by William H. Taft · 1910
James Clark McReynolds D
appointed by Woodrow Wilson · 1914
Louis Dembitz Brandeis D
appointed by Woodrow Wilson · 1916
William Howard Taft R
appointed by Warren G. Harding · 1921
George Sutherland R
appointed by Warren G. Harding · 1922
Pierce Butler R
appointed by Warren G. Harding · 1922
Edward Terry Sanford R
appointed by Warren G. Harding · 1923
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): 19 D · 16 R → 26 R · 12 D
District courts (active judges): 77 R · 46 D · 2 N( → 108 R · 31 D · 3 N(
Warren G. Harding R appointed 3 judges
3 district
Calvin Coolidge R appointed 88 judges
1 Supreme Court · 17 appeals · 62 district · 8 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 12 judges
3 district · 9 other
1 circuit flipped majority
Second Circuit 3 D · 1 R (D majority)
Second Circuit 1 D · 4 R (R majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
1,088 argued decisions · 12 landmark
Washington v. W.C. Dawson & Company
264 U.S. 219 · Feb 25, 1924 · Decided 7–2 · Federalism · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Miles v. Graham
268 U.S. 501 · Jun 1, 1925 · Decided 8–1 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Gitlow v. New York
268 U.S. 652 · Jun 8, 1925 · Decided 7–2 · First Amendment · Affirmed
Trusler v. Crooks
269 U.S. 475 · Jan 11, 1926 · Decided 9–0 · Federal Taxation · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Myers v. United States
272 U.S. 52 · Oct 25, 1926 · Decided 6–3 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Byars v. United States
273 U.S. 28 · Jan 3, 1927 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Buck v. Bell
274 U.S. 200 · May 2, 1927 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
Nichols v. Coolidge
274 U.S. 531 · May 31, 1927 · Decided 9–0 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Blodgett v. Holden
275 U.S. 142 · Nov 21, 1927 · Decided 9–0 · Federal Taxation · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Untermyer v. Anderson
276 U.S. 440 · Apr 9, 1928 · Decided 6–3 · Federal Taxation · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Show 2 more
Olmstead v. United States
Jun 4, 1928 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed
National Life Insurance Company v. United States
Jun 4, 1928 · Decided 6–3 · Federal Taxation · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
Fiscal year 1924 → fiscal year 1929 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $2.9B
FY1924
Spending $3.1B
FY1929 · +7.5% nominal
Revenue $3.9B
FY1924
Revenue $3.9B
FY1929 · −0.2% nominal
Surplus / deficit $963M
FY1924
Surplus / deficit $734M
FY1929 · −$229M
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
$22.3B
as of Jun 30, 1923
$17.6B
as of Jun 30, 1928

Constitution & Union1 file±0

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
19 → 19 amendments in force · 48 → 48 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.

Reverts1 file−2

revert/undoneWhat was undone
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 2 Supreme Court precedents overruled
2 decisions that overruled precedent
Alpha Portland Cement Company v. Massachusetts
May 4, 1925 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Gleason v. Seaboard Air Line Railway Company
Jan 2, 1929 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
85 events
Calvin Coolidge takes office · 1923-08-02U.S. Coal Commission Act · 1923-09-22United States Tax Court · 1924-01-01Washington v. W.C. Dawson & Company · 1924-02-25Seed and Feed Loan Act · 1924-04-26World War Adjusted Compensation Act (Bonus Bill) · 1924-05-19Rogers Act · 1924-05-24Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson–Reed Act) · 1924-05-26Indian Oil Leasing Act of 1924 (Lenroot Act) · 1924-05-29Indian Citizenship Act (Snyder Act) · 1924-06-02Inland Waterways Act of 1924 (Denison Act) · 1924-06-03National Capital Planning Commission · 1924-06-06Oil Pollution Act of 1924 · 1924-06-07Pueblo Lands Act of 1924 · 1924-06-07Clarke–McNary Act · 1924-06-07Anti-Heroin Act of 1924 · 1924-06-07Hoch-Smith Resolution · 1925-01-30Special Duties Act · 1925-01-31Air Mail Act of 1925 (Kelly Act) · 1925-02-02Harlan Fiske Stone — Associate Justice · 1925-02-05Federal Arbitration Act · 1925-02-12Judiciary Act of 1925 · 1925-02-13Home Port Act of 1925 · 1925-02-16Purnell Act · 1925-02-24Temple Act · 1925-02-27Federal Corrupt Practices Act (Gerry Act) · 1925-02-28Classification Act of 1925 · 1925-02-28Judiciary Act of 1925 · 1925-03-02Helium Act of 1925 · 1925-03-03River and Harbors Act of 1925 · 1925-03-03Mount Rushmore National Memorial Act (Norbeck–Williamson Act) · 1925-03-03Probation Act of 1925 · 1925-03-04Establishment of the United States Navy Band · 1925-03-04Calvin Coolidge takes office · 1925-03-04Miles v. Graham · 1925-06-01Gitlow v. New York · 1925-06-08Trusler v. Crooks · 1926-01-11Revenue Act of 1926 · 1926-02-26Timber Exportation Act of 1926 · 1926-04-12Federal Interpleader Act of 1926 · 1926-05-08Air Commerce Act · 1926-05-20Federal Black Bass Act of 1926 · 1926-05-20Railway Labor Act · 1926-05-20Omnibus Adjustment Act of 1926 · 1926-05-25Public Buildings Act of 1926 (Elliot-Fernald Act) · 1926-05-25Public Buildings Act · 1926-05-25Shenandoah National Park Act of 1926 · 1926-05-26Subsistence Expense Act of 1926 · 1926-06-03Recreation and Public Purposes Act · 1926-06-14Limitation of National Forest Designation Act · 1926-06-15Cooperative Marketing Act · 1926-07-02Walsh Act · 1926-07-03Passport Act of 1926 · 1926-07-03United States Sesquicentennial · 1926-07-04Myers v. United States · 1926-10-25Byars v. United States · 1927-01-03River and Harbors Act of 1927 · 1927-01-21Radio Act of 1927 · 1927-02-23McFadden Act (Pepper-McFadden Act) · 1927-02-25Foreign and Domestic Commerce Act of 1927 · 1927-03-03Produce Agency Act of 1927 · 1927-03-03Mayfield-Newton Act · 1927-03-04Buck v. Bell · 1927-05-02Nichols v. Coolidge · 1927-05-31Blodgett v. Holden · 1927-11-21Settlement of War Claims Act · 1928-03-10Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928 · 1928-03-10Untermyer v. Anderson · 1928-04-09Flood Control Act of 1928 (Jones–Reid Act) · 1928-05-15Forest Research Act (McSweeney–McNary Act) · 1928-05-22Merchant Marine Act of 1928 (Jones–White Act) · 1928-05-22Capper–Ketcham Act · 1928-05-22Welsh Act · 1928-05-28Revenue Act of 1928 · 1928-05-29Reed–Jenkins Act · 1928-05-29Olmstead v. United States · 1928-06-04National Life Insurance Company v. United States · 1928-06-04Boulder Canyon Project Act (Hoover Dam) · 1928-12-21Color of Title Act · 1928-12-22Hawes–Cooper Act · 1929-01-19Narcotic Farms Act of 1929 · 1929-01-19Cruiser Act · 1929-02-13Migratory Bird Conservation Act (Norbeck–Anderson Act) · 1929-02-18Mount Rushmore National Memorial Act (Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929) · 1929-02-25Increased Penalties Act (Jones–Stalker Act) · 1929-03-02192419251926192719281929
  1. presidentCalvin Coolidge takes office
  2. lawU.S. Coal Commission Act
  3. agency+United States Tax Court
  4. rulingWashington v. W.C. Dawson & Company
  5. lawSeed and Feed Loan Act
  6. lawWorld War Adjusted Compensation Act (Bonus Bill)
  7. lawRogers Act
  8. lawImmigration Act of 1924 (Johnson–Reed Act)
  9. lawIndian Oil Leasing Act of 1924 (Lenroot Act)
  10. lawIndian Citizenship Act (Snyder Act)
  11. lawInland Waterways Act of 1924 (Denison Act)
  12. agency+National Capital Planning Commission
  13. lawOil Pollution Act of 1924
  14. lawPueblo Lands Act of 1924
  15. lawClarke–McNary Act
  16. lawAnti-Heroin Act of 1924
  17. lawHoch-Smith Resolution
  18. lawSpecial Duties Act
  19. lawAir Mail Act of 1925 (Kelly Act)
  20. justiceHarlan Fiske Stone — Associate Justice
  21. lawFederal Arbitration Act
  22. lawJudiciary Act of 1925
  23. lawHome Port Act of 1925
  24. lawPurnell Act
  25. lawTemple Act
  26. lawFederal Corrupt Practices Act (Gerry Act)
  27. lawClassification Act of 1925
  28. lawJudiciary Act of 1925
  29. lawHelium Act of 1925
  30. lawRiver and Harbors Act of 1925
  31. lawMount Rushmore National Memorial Act (Norbeck–Williamson Act)
  32. lawProbation Act of 1925
  33. lawEstablishment of the United States Navy Band
  34. presidentCalvin Coolidge takes office
  35. rulingMiles v. Graham
  36. rulingGitlow v. New York
  37. rulingTrusler v. Crooks
  38. lawRevenue Act of 1926
  39. lawTimber Exportation Act of 1926
  40. lawFederal Interpleader Act of 1926
  41. lawAir Commerce Act
  42. lawFederal Black Bass Act of 1926
  43. lawRailway Labor Act
  44. lawOmnibus Adjustment Act of 1926
  45. lawPublic Buildings Act of 1926 (Elliot-Fernald Act)
  46. lawPublic Buildings Act
  47. lawShenandoah National Park Act of 1926
  48. lawSubsistence Expense Act of 1926
  49. lawRecreation and Public Purposes Act
  50. lawLimitation of National Forest Designation Act
  51. lawCooperative Marketing Act
  52. lawWalsh Act
  53. lawPassport Act of 1926
  54. lawUnited States Sesquicentennial
  55. rulingMyers v. United States
  56. rulingByars v. United States
  57. lawRiver and Harbors Act of 1927
  58. lawRadio Act of 1927
  59. lawMcFadden Act (Pepper-McFadden Act)
  60. lawForeign and Domestic Commerce Act of 1927
  61. lawProduce Agency Act of 1927
  62. lawMayfield-Newton Act
  63. rulingBuck v. Bell
  64. rulingNichols v. Coolidge
  65. rulingBlodgett v. Holden
  66. lawSettlement of War Claims Act
  67. lawSettlement of War Claims Act of 1928
  68. rulingUntermyer v. Anderson
  69. lawFlood Control Act of 1928 (Jones–Reid Act)
  70. lawForest Research Act (McSweeney–McNary Act)
  71. lawMerchant Marine Act of 1928 (Jones–White Act)
  72. lawCapper–Ketcham Act
  73. lawWelsh Act
  74. lawRevenue Act of 1928
  75. lawReed–Jenkins Act
  76. rulingOlmstead v. United States
  77. rulingNational Life Insurance Company v. United States
  78. lawBoulder Canyon Project Act (Hoover Dam)
  79. lawColor of Title Act
  80. lawHawes–Cooper Act
  81. lawNarcotic Farms Act of 1929
  82. lawCruiser Act
  83. lawMigratory Bird Conservation Act (Norbeck–Anderson Act)
  84. lawMount Rushmore National Memorial Act (Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929)
  85. lawIncreased Penalties Act (Jones–Stalker Act)