How did the United States change between and ?
Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.
civicdiff.com/1909-03-04...1913-03-03 · 4 years
json18 files changed, 1,123 insertions(+), 245 deletions(−)Laws enacted
+21major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
—records start in 1994
Final rules
—records start in 1994
Supreme Court
5 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+4 −1departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$242M$2.6B → $2.9B
The presidency passed from Theodore Roosevelt to William Howard Taft. 44 senators and 187 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 5 new justices joined the Supreme Court. 1 constitutional amendment was ratified.
Executive5 files+11−10
executive/presidentThe presidency
Theodore Roosevelt R
26th president
William Howard Taft R
27th president · took office Mar 4, 1909
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
Charles Warren Fairbanks R
vacant
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+5−7Wikidata ↗
vacant on Mar 3, 1913
next: Josephus Daniels D · Mar 5, 1913
Secretary of the Interior · 2 people took this office in between
Other senior officials (1 changed)
vacant on Mar 3, 1913
next: Josephus Daniels D · Mar 5, 1913
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+4−1Wikidata ↗
69 → 72 tracked organizations · 9 → 8 executive departments
United States Commission of Fine Arts
established May 17, 1910 · independent agency of the United States with review authority over Washington, D.C. design and aesthetics
United States Bureau of Mines
established Jan 1, 1910 · U.S. government agency that existed during 1910–1996
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce
established Jan 1, 1912
United States Conciliation Service
established Jan 1, 1913 · Department of Labor agency (1913–1947)
United States Department of Commerce and Labor department
abolished Mar 3, 1913 · former executive department of the United States government; split into two departments in 1913 · replaced by United States Department of Labor
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
Military1 file±0
military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window (conflict records start in 1946).
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.
Legislative4 files+252−230
legislative/controlControl of Congress
60
61
62
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
60th Congress → 62nd Congress · 2 new Congresses elected
1 change of chamber control along the way
House: Republican majority
221 R · 169 D
House: Democrat majority
227 D · 164 R
Senate: Republican majority on both dates
61 R · 31 D → 50 R · 42 D
legislative/senateSenate
+44−44congress-legislators ↗
44 new members · 44 departed · 48 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 58 → 59
15 seats changed party
Show 11 more seat flips
Who joined and who left (44 in · 44 out)
William Marmaduke Kavanaugh D
Arkansas
Marcus Aurelius Smith D
Arizona
Henry Fountain Ashurst D
Arizona
John Downey Works R
California
George Payne McLean R
Connecticut
Duncan Upshaw Fletcher D
Florida
Nathan Philemon Bryan D
Florida
Hoke Smith D
Georgia
William Squire Kenyon R
Iowa
William Lorimer R
Illinois
Benjamin Franklin Shively D
Indiana
John Worth Kern D
Indiana
Joseph Little Bristow R
Kansas
William O’Connell Bradley R
Kentucky
John Randolph Thornton D
Louisiana
William Purnell Jackson R
Maryland
Charles Fletcher Johnson D
Maine
Obadiah Gardner D
Maine
Charles Elroy Townsend R
Michigan
James Alexander Reed D
Missouri
Le Roy Percy D
Mississippi
John Sharp Williams D
Mississippi
Henry Lee Myers D
Montana
Asle Jorgenson Gronna R
North Dakota
Gilbert Monell Hitchcock D
Nebraska
James Edgar Martine D
New Jersey
Albert Bacon Fall R
New Mexico
Thomas Benton Catron R
New Mexico
Elihu Root R
New York
James Aloysius O’Gorman D
New York
Theodore Elijah Burton R
Ohio
Atlee Pomerene D
Ohio
George Earle Chamberlain D
Oregon
George Tener Oliver R
Pennsylvania
Henry Frederick Lippitt R
Rhode Island
Ellison DuRant Smith D
South Carolina
Coe Isaac Crawford R
South Dakota
Luke Lea D
Tennessee
William Robert Webb D
Tennessee
Claude Augustus Swanson D
Virginia
Wesley Livsey Jones R
Washington
Miles Poindexter R
Washington
Clarence Wayland Watson D
West Virginia
William Edwin Chilton D
West Virginia
Jeff Davis D
Arkansas
Frank Putnam Flint R
California
Henry Moore Teller D
Colorado
Morgan Gardner Bulkeley R
Connecticut
James Piper Taliaferro D
Florida
William Hall Milton D
Florida
Alexander Stephens Clay D
Georgia
Weldon Brinton Heyburn R
Idaho
Albert Jarvis Hopkins R
Illinois
James Alexander Hemenway R
Indiana
Albert Jeremiah Beveridge R
Indiana
Chester Isaiah Long R
Kansas
James Bennett McCreary D
Kentucky
Samuel Douglas McEnery D
Louisiana
Isidor Rayner D
Maryland
Eugene Hale R
Maine
William Pierce Frye R
Maine
Julius Caesar Burrows R
Michigan
William Warner R
Missouri
Hernando De Soto Money D
Mississippi
Anselm Joseph McLaurin D
Mississippi
Thomas Henry Carter R
Montana
Henry Clay Hansbrough R
North Dakota
Elmer Jacob Burkett R
Nebraska
John Kean R
New Jersey
George Stuart Nixon R
Nevada
Thomas Collier Platt R
New York
Chauncey Mitchell Depew R
New York
Joseph Benson Foraker R
Ohio
Charles William Fulton R
Oregon
Philander Chase Knox R
Pennsylvania
Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich R
Rhode Island
Frank Boyd Gary D
South Carolina
Alfred Beard Kittredge R
South Dakota
James Beriah Frazier D
Tennessee
Robert Love Taylor D
Tennessee
Joseph Weldon Bailey D
Texas
John Warwick Daniel D
Virginia
Levi Ankeny R
Washington
Samuel Henry Piles R
Washington
Nathan Bay Scott R
West Virginia
Stephen Benton Elkins R
West Virginia
legislative/houseHouse
+187−186congress-legislators ↗
187 new members · 186 departed · 206 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 51 → 52
24 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alaska 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Alaska 0 D · 1 R
Arizona 1 D · 0 R
Arizona 0 D · 1 R
California 0 D · 8 R
California 1 D · 7 R
Colorado 0 D · 3 R
Colorado 3 D · 0 R
Connecticut 0 D · 5 R
Connecticut 1 D · 4 R
Illinois 5 D · 20 R
Illinois 11 D · 14 R
Indiana 4 D · 9 R
Indiana 12 D · 1 R
Kentucky 7 D · 4 R
Kentucky 9 D · 2 R
Massachusetts 3 D · 11 R
Massachusetts 4 D · 10 R
Maryland 3 D · 3 R
Maryland 5 D · 1 R
Maine 0 D · 4 R
Maine 2 D · 2 R
Michigan 0 D · 12 R
Michigan 2 D · 10 R
Missouri 12 D · 4 R
Missouri 13 D · 3 R
Nebraska 1 D · 5 R
Nebraska 3 D · 3 R
New Jersey 4 D · 6 R
New Jersey 7 D · 3 R
Nevada 1 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 1 R
New York 11 D · 25 R · 1 other
New York 22 D · 14 R · 1 other
Ohio 5 D · 16 R
Ohio 16 D · 5 R
Oklahoma 4 D · 1 R
Oklahoma 3 D · 2 R
Pennsylvania 7 D · 25 R
Pennsylvania 9 D · 23 R
Virginia 10 D · 1 R
Virginia 9 D · 1 R
Washington 0 D · 1 R
Washington 0 D · 3 R
Wisconsin 2 D · 9 R
Wisconsin 2 D · 8 R · 1 other
West Virginia 0 D · 5 R
West Virginia 4 D · 1 R
Who joined and who left (187 in · 186 out)
James Wickersham R
Alaska-AL
Stanley Hubert Dent Jr. D
Alabama-2
Fred Leonard Blackmon D
Alabama-4
William Shields Goodwin D
Arkansas-7
Henderson Madison Jacoway D
Arkansas-5
Samuel Mitchell Taylor D
Arkansas-6
William Allan Oldfield D
Arkansas-2
Ralph Henry Cameron R
Arizona-AL
William Kent R
California-2
William Dennison Stephens R
California-7
John Edward Raker D
California-1
Atterson Walden Rucker D
Colorado-1
John Andrew Martin D
Colorado-2
Edward Thomas Taylor D
Colorado-AL
Thomas Lawrence Reilly D
Connecticut-2
John Quillin Tilson R
Connecticut-AL
William Henry Heald R
Delaware-AL
Dannite Hill Mays D
Florida-3
Seaborn Anderson Roddenbery D
Georgia-2
Dudley Mays Hughes D
Georgia-3
Samuel Joelah Tribble D
Georgia-8
William Schley Howard D
Georgia-5
Nathan Edward Kendall R
Iowa-6
Charles Edgar Pickett R
Iowa-3
Irvin St. Clair Pepper D
Iowa-2
Solomon Francis Prouty R
Iowa-7
Frank Plowman Woods R
Iowa-10
James William Good R
Iowa-5
Horace Mann Towner R
Iowa-8
Lynden Evans D
Illinois-9
Edmund John Stack D
Illinois-6
Napoleon Bonaparte Thistlewood R
Illinois-25
Hiram Robert Fowler D
Illinois-24
James McMahon Graham D
Illinois-21
Frank Buchanan D
Illinois-7
Claudius Ulysses Stone D
Illinois-16
Thomas Gallagher D
Illinois-8
Ira Clifton Copley R
Illinois-11
John Charles McKenzie R
Illinois-13
John William Boehne D
Indiana-1
Charles Alexander Korbly D
Indiana-7
Cyrus Cline D
Indiana-12
William Allen Cullop D
Indiana-2
Martin Andrew Morrison D
Indiana-9
Ralph Wilbur Moss D
Indiana-5
Henry A. Barnhart D
Indiana-13
Finly Hutchinson Gray D
Indiana-6
Fred Schuyler Jackson R
Kansas-4
Alexander Clark Mitchell R
Kansas-2
Rollin Raymond Rees R
Kansas-5
Isaac Daniel Young R
Kansas-6
Caleb Powers R
Kentucky-11
James Campbell Cantrill D
Kentucky-7
William Jason Fields D
Kentucky-9
Arthur Blythe Rouse D
Kentucky-6
Robert Young Thomas Jr. D
Kentucky-3
Robert Charles Wickliffe D
Louisiana-6
Albert Estopinal D
Louisiana-1
Henry Garland Dupré D
Louisiana-2
Robert Orr Harris R
Massachusetts-14
John Alden Thayer D
Massachusetts-3
William Francis Murray D
Massachusetts-9
William Henry Wilder R
Massachusetts-4
James Michael Curley D
Massachusetts-10
Thomas Parran R
Maryland-5
James Harry Covington D
Maryland-1
George Konig D
Maryland-3
John Charles Linthicum D
Maryland-4
David John Lewis D
Maryland-6
Samuel Wadsworth Gould D
Maine-3
Frank Edward Guernsey R
Maine-4
Asher Crosby Hinds R
Maine-1
Daniel John McGillicuddy D
Maine-2
Francis Henry Dodds R
Michigan-11
Edwin Forrest Sweet D
Michigan-5
William Walter Wedemeyer R
Michigan-2
Frank Ellsworth Doremus D
Michigan-1
John M. C. Smith R
Michigan-3
Clarence Benjamin Miller R
Minnesota-8
Sydney Anderson R
Minnesota-1
Theron Ephron Catlin R
Missouri-11
James Alexander Daugherty D
Missouri-15
William Patterson Borland D
Missouri-5
Walter Lewis Hensley D
Missouri-13
Thomas Lewis Rubey D
Missouri-16
Leonidas Carstarphen Dyer R
Missouri-12
Clement Cabell Dickinson D
Missouri-6
William Alexander Dickson D
Mississippi-7
Samuel Andrew Witherspoon D
Mississippi-5
Thomas Upton Sisson D
Mississippi-4
Hubert Durrett Stephens D
Mississippi-2
James William Collier D
Mississippi-8
Byron Patton Harrison D
Mississippi-6
John Miller Faison D
North Carolina-3
James Madison Gudger Jr. D
North Carolina-10
Charles Manly Stedman D
North Carolina-5
Robert Lee Doughton D
North Carolina-8
Louis Benjamin Hanna R
North Dakota-AL
James Polk Latta D
Nebraska-3
John Arthur Maguire D
Nebraska-1
Charles Otto Lobeck D
Nebraska-2
Charles Henry Sloan R
Nebraska-4
Eugene Francis Kinkead D
New Jersey-9
Walter Irving McCoy D
New Jersey-8
Edward Waterman Townsend D
New Jersey-7
William Edgar Tuttle Jr. D
New Jersey-5
Thomas Joseph Scully D
New Jersey-3
Edwin Ewing Roberts R
Nevada-AL
Theron Akin PR
New York-25
Steven Beckwith Ayres D
New York-18
Richard Edward Connell D
New York-21
Henry Schermerhorn De Forest R
New York-23
Martin Wiley Littleton D
New York-1
William Cox Redfield D
New York-5
James Samuel Simmons R
New York-34
Henry George Jr. D
New York-17
Jefferson Monroe Levy D
New York-13
Charles Andrew Talcott D
New York-27
Edwin Stewart Underhill D
New York-33
Frank Eugene Wilson D
New York-4
Henry Gold Danforth R
New York-32
Daniel Angelus Driscoll D
New York-35
Thomas Gedney Patten D
New York-15
Michael Francis Conry D
New York-12
Charles Bennett Smith D
New York-36
James Paul Maher D
New York-3
Luther Wright Mott R
New York-28
John Joseph Kindred D
New York-14
Carl Carey Anderson D
Ohio-13
James Middleton Cox D
Ohio-3
William Bates Francis D
Ohio-16
John Henry Goeke D
Ohio-4
James Douglass Post D
Ohio-7
William Graves Sharp D
Ohio-14
John Jefferson Whitacre D
Ohio-18
Alfred Gaither Allen D
Ohio-2
Elsworth Raymond Bathrick D
Ohio-19
Horatio Clifford Claypool D
Ohio-11
Robert Mauck Switzer R
Ohio-10
George White D
Ohio-15
Frank Bartlett Willis R
Ohio-8
Robert Johns Bulkley D
Ohio-21
Dick Thompson Morgan R
Oklahoma-2
Abraham Walter Lafferty R
Oregon-2
Charles Calvin Bowman R
Pennsylvania-11
Curtis Hussey Gregg D
Pennsylvania-22
Jesse Lee Hartman R
Pennsylvania-19
Charles Matthews R
Pennsylvania-24
William Stuart Reyburn R
Pennsylvania-2
Peter Moore Speer R
Pennsylvania-28
Robert Edward Difenderfer D
Pennsylvania-8
Michael Donohoe D
Pennsylvania-5
Jonathan Nicholas Langham R
Pennsylvania-27
Robert Emmett Lee D
Pennsylvania-12
Alexander Mitchell Palmer D
Pennsylvania-26
Charles Emory Patton R
Pennsylvania-21
John Richard Farr R
Pennsylvania-10
Thomas Spencer Crago R
Pennsylvania-23
William Walton Griest R
Pennsylvania-9
Stephen Geyer Porter R
Pennsylvania-29
George Herbert Utter R
Rhode Island-2
George Francis O’Shaunessy D
Rhode Island-1
James Francis Byrnes D
South Carolina-2
Charles Henry Burke R
South Dakota-AL
Richard Wilson Austin R
Tennessee-2
Sam Riley Sells R
Tennessee-1
Joseph Wellington Byrns D
Tennessee-6
Oscar Callaway D
Texas-12
Martin Dies D
Texas-2
James Young D
Texas-3
Robert Turnbull D
Virginia-4
Edward Everett Holland D
Virginia-2
Campbell Bascom Slemp R
Virginia-9
Frank Plumley R
Vermont-2
Frank Lester Greene R
Vermont-1
Stanton Warburton R
Washington-2
William Ewart Humphrey R
Washington-1
William Leroy La Follette R
Washington-3
Arthur William Kopp R
Wisconsin-3
Michael Edmund Burke D
Wisconsin-6
Thomas Frank Konop D
Wisconsin-9
Irvine Luther Lenroot R
Wisconsin-11
Victor Luitpold Berger S
Wisconsin-5
John M. Hamilton D
West Virginia-4
John William Davis D
West Virginia-1
William Gay Brown Jr. D
West Virginia-2
Adam Brown Littlepage D
West Virginia-3
Thomas Cale I
Alaska-AL
Ariosto Appling Wiley D
Alabama-2
William Benjamin Craig D
Alabama-4
Stephen Brundidge Jr. D
Arkansas-2
Charles Chester Reid D
Arkansas-5
Robert Minor Wallace D
Arkansas-7
Joseph Taylor Robinson D
Arkansas-6
Marcus Aurelius Smith D
Arizona-AL
William Fellows Englebright R
California-1
Duncan E. McKinlay R
California-2
James McLachlan R
California-7
Robert William Bonynge R
Colorado-1
George Washington Cook R
Colorado-AL
Warren Armstrong Haggott R
Colorado-2
George Leavens Lilley R
Connecticut-AL
Nehemiah Day Sperry R
Connecticut-2
Hiram Rodney Burton R
Delaware-AL
William Bailey Lamar D
Florida-3
Elijah Banks Lewis D
Georgia-3
James Mathews Griggs D
Georgia-2
William Marcellus Howard D
Georgia-8
Leonidas Felix Livingston D
Georgia-5
Benjamin Pixley Birdsall R
Iowa-3
James Perry Conner R
Iowa-10
Robert Gordon Cousins R
Iowa-5
Daniel Webster Hamilton D
Iowa-6
William Peters Hepburn R
Iowa-8
Albert Foster Dawson R
Iowa-2
John Albert Tiffin Hull R
Iowa-7
Ben Franklin Caldwell D
Illinois-21
Philip Knopf R
Illinois-7
Charles McGavin R
Illinois-8
George Washington Smith R
Illinois-25
Henry Sherman Boutell R
Illinois-9
Pleasant Thomas Chapman R
Illinois-24
Joseph Verdi Graff R
Illinois-16
William Lorimer R
Illinois-6
Frank Orren Lowden R
Illinois-13
Howard Malcolm Snapp R
Illinois-11
Abraham Lincoln Brick R
Indiana-13
John Crawford Chaney R
Indiana-2
John Hopkins Foster R
Indiana-1
Clarence Chauncey Gilhams R
Indiana-12
Elias Selah Holliday R
Indiana-5
Charles Beary Landis R
Indiana-9
Jesse Overstreet R
Indiana-7
James Eli Watson R
Indiana-6
William Alexander Calderhead R
Kansas-5
James Monroe Miller R
Kansas-4
William Augustus Reeder R
Kansas-6
Charles Frederick Scott R
Kansas-2
Addison Davis James R
Kentucky-3
William Preston Kimball D
Kentucky-7
Joseph Bentley Bennett R
Kentucky-9
Don Calvin Edwards R
Kentucky-11
Joseph Lafayette Rhinock D
Kentucky-6
Robert Charles Davey D
Louisiana-2
Adolph Meyer D
Louisiana-1
George Kent Favrot D
Louisiana-6
John Austin Keliher D
Massachusetts-9
William Croad Lovering R
Massachusetts-14
Joseph Francis O’Connell D
Massachusetts-10
Charles Quincy Tirrell R
Massachusetts-4
Charles Grenfill Washburn R
Massachusetts-3
William Humphreys Jackson R
Maryland-1
Harry Benjamin Wolf D
Maryland-3
John Gill Jr. D
Maryland-4
Sydney Emanuel Mudd R
Maryland-5
George Alexander Pearre R
Maryland-6
Charles Edgar Littlefield R
Maine-2
Llewellyn Powers R
Maine-4
Amos Lawrence Allen R
Maine-1
Edwin Chick Burleigh R
Maine-3
Archibald Bard Darragh R
Michigan-11
Edwin Denby R
Michigan-1
Gerrit John Diekema R
Michigan-5
Washington Gardner R
Michigan-3
Charles Elroy Townsend R
Michigan-2
James Adam Bede R
Minnesota-8
James Albertus Tawney R
Minnesota-1
Henry Stewart Caulfield R
Missouri-11
Thomas Hackney D
Missouri-15
James Robert Lamar D
Missouri-16
Madison Roswell Smith D
Missouri-13
Harry Marcy Coudrey R
Missouri-12
David Albaugh De Armond D
Missouri-6
Edgar Clarence Ellis R
Missouri-5
Wilson Shedric Hill D
Mississippi-4
Frank Alexander McLain D
Mississippi-7
Eaton Jackson Bowers D
Mississippi-6
Adam Monroe Byrd D
Mississippi-5
Thomas Spight D
Mississippi-2
John Sharp Williams D
Mississippi-8
William Thomas Crawford D
North Carolina-10
Richard Nathaniel Hackett D
North Carolina-8
William Walton Kitchin D
North Carolina-5
Charles Randolph Thomas D
North Carolina-3
Thomas Frank Marshall R
North Dakota-AL
John Frank Boyd R
Nebraska-3
Ernest Mark Pollard R
Nebraska-1
Edmund Howard Hinshaw R
Nebraska-4
Gilbert Monell Hitchcock D
Nebraska-2
Eugene Walter Leake D
New Jersey-9
Le Gage Pratt D
New Jersey-8
Charles Newell Fowler R
New Jersey-5
Benjamin Franklin Howell R
New Jersey-3
Richard Wayne Parker R
New Jersey-7
George Arthur Bartlett D
Nevada-AL
Charles Tappan Dunwell R
New York-3
Samuel McMillan R
New York-21
Peter Augustus Porter IR
New York-34
William Henry Ryan D
New York-35
James Schoolcraft Sherman R
New York-27
George Ernest Waldo R
New York-5
De Alva Stanwood Alexander R
New York-36
William Willets Cocks R
New York-1
Cyrus Durey R
New York-25
Jacob Sloat Fassett R
New York-33
Charles Luman Knapp R
New York-28
Charles Blakeslee Law R
New York-4
Jacob Van Vechten Olcott R
New York-15
Herbert Parsons R
New York-13
James Breck Perkins R
New York-32
George Newell Southwick R
New York-23
William Forte Willett Jr. D
New York-14
William Stiles Bennet R
New York-17
Joseph Aloysius Goulden D
New York-18
William Bourke Cockran D
New York-12
Henry Towne Bannon R
Ohio-10
Beman Gates Dawes R
Ohio-15
John Eugene Harding R
Ohio-3
Jay Ford Laning R
Ohio-14
Grant Earl Mouser R
Ohio-13
Capell Lane Weems R
Ohio-16
Ralph Dayton Cole R
Ohio-8
Albert Douglas R
Ohio-11
Herman Philip Goebel R
Ohio-2
Joseph Warren Keifer R
Ohio-7
James Kennedy R
Ohio-18
William Aubrey Thomas R
Ohio-19
William Ellsworth Tou Velle D
Ohio-4
Theodore Elijah Burton R
Ohio-21
Elmer Lincoln Fulton D
Oklahoma-2
William Russell Ellis R
Oregon-2
Ernest Francis Acheson R
Pennsylvania-24
Joseph Grant Beale R
Pennsylvania-27
Joseph Davis Brodhead D
Pennsylvania-26
Charles Napoleon Brumm R
Pennsylvania-12
Henry Burd Cassel R
Pennsylvania-9
John Thomas Lenahan D
Pennsylvania-11
John Edgar Reyburn R
Pennsylvania-2
Charles Frederick Barclay R
Pennsylvania-21
Allen Foster Cooper R
Pennsylvania-23
William Walker Foulkrod R
Pennsylvania-5
William Harrison Graham R
Pennsylvania-29
George Franklin Huff R
Pennsylvania-22
Thomas David Nicholls D
Pennsylvania-10
John Merriman Reynolds R
Pennsylvania-19
Irving Price Wanger R
Pennsylvania-8
Nelson Platt Wheeler R
Pennsylvania-28
Daniel Larned Davis Granger D
Rhode Island-1
Adin Ballou Capron R
Rhode Island-2
James O’Hanlon Patterson D
South Carolina-2
Philo Hall R
South Dakota-AL
John Wesley Gaines D
Tennessee-6
Nathan Wesley Hale R
Tennessee-2
Walter Preston Brownlow R
Tennessee-1
Samuel Bronson Cooper D
Texas-2
Oscar William Gillespie D
Texas-12
Gordon James Russell D
Texas-3
John Franklin Rixey D
Virginia-AL
Campbell Slemp R
Virginia-9
Francis Rives Lassiter D
Virginia-4
Harry Lee Maynard D
Virginia-2
Kittredge Haskins R
Vermont-2
David Johnson Foster R
Vermont-1
Francis Wellington Cushman R
Washington-AL
John James Jenkins R
Wisconsin-11
James William Murphy D
Wisconsin-3
Gustav Küstermann R
Wisconsin-9
Charles Herman Weisse D
Wisconsin-6
William Henry Stafford R
Wisconsin-5
Joseph Holt Gaines R
West Virginia-3
William Pallister Hubbard R
West Virginia-1
George Cookman Sturgiss R
West Virginia-2
Harry Chapman Woodyard R
West Virginia-4
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
21 laws recorded · 0 landmark · 21 notable
Copyright Act of 1909
Pub. L. 60-349 · Mar 4, 1909
Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act
Pub. L. 61-5 · Aug 5, 1909
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Pub. L. 61-152 · Apr 26, 1910
Federal Mines Safety Act of 1910
Ch. 240, 61st Cong. · May 16, 1910
Height of Buildings Act of 1910
Ch. 263, 61st Cong. · Jun 1, 1910
Mann–Elkins Act
Pub. L. 61-218 · Jun 18, 1910
Federal Corrupt Practices Act
Pub. L. 61-274 · Jun 25, 1910
Mann Act
Pub. L. 61-277 · Jun 25, 1910
Judicial Code of 1911
Ch. 231, 61st Cong. · Mar 3, 1911
Defense Secrets Act of 1911
Pub. L. 61-470 · Mar 3, 1911
Show 11 more notable laws
Apportionment Act of 1911
Pub. L. 62-5 · Aug 8, 1911
Sherwood Act
Pub. L. 62-155 · May 11, 1912
Radio Act of 1912
Pub. L. 62-264 · Aug 13, 1912
Plant Quarantine Act
Pub. L. 62-275 · Aug 20, 1912
Lloyd–La Follette Act
Pub. L. 62-336 · Aug 24, 1912
Carlin Act
Feb 13, 1913
Webb–Kenyon Act
Mar 1, 1913
Railway Evaluation Act
Mar 1, 1913
Publicity In Taking Evidence Act
Mar 3, 1913
Virus-Serum-Toxin Act
Mar 3, 1913
Gould Amendment
Mar 3, 1913
Judicial3 files+857−5
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 6 R · 3 D → 9 R · every justice ↗
John Marshall Harlan R
appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes · 1877
Melville Weston Fuller D
appointed by Grover Cleveland · 1888
David Josiah Brewer R
appointed by Benjamin Harrison · 1889
Rufus Wheeler Peckham D
appointed by Grover Cleveland · 1895
William Henry Moody R
appointed by Theodore Roosevelt · 1906
Horace Harmon Lurton R
appointed by William H. Taft · 1909
Charles Evans Hughes R
appointed by William H. Taft · 1910
Willis Van Devanter R
appointed by William H. Taft · 1910
Joseph Rucker Lamar R
appointed by William H. Taft · 1910
Mahlon Pitney R
appointed by William H. Taft · 1912
4 justices served on both dates
Joseph McKenna R
appointed by William McKinley · 1898
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. R
appointed by Theodore Roosevelt · 1902
William Rufus Day R
appointed by Theodore Roosevelt · 1903
Edward Douglass White R
appointed by William H. Taft · 1910
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): 26 R · 3 N( · 2 D → 31 R · 2 N( · 1 D
District courts (active judges): 76 R · 12 D · 2 N( → 86 R · 8 D · 3 N(
William H. Taft R appointed 74 judges
6 Supreme Court · 13 appeals · 38 district · 17 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 2 judges
2 district
1 circuit flipped majority
Sixth Circuit 1 D · 1 R (tie majority)
Sixth Circuit 0 D · 3 R (R majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
776 argued decisions · 6 landmark
Keller v. United States
213 U.S. 138 · Apr 5, 1909 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Evans
213 U.S. 297 · Apr 19, 1909 · Decided 9–0 · Judicial Power · Dismissed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Muskrat v. United States
219 U.S. 346 · Jan 23, 1911 · Decided 7–0 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States
221 U.S. 1 · May 15, 1911 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Affirmed
Coyle v. Smith
221 U.S. 559 · May 29, 1911 · Decided 7–2 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Choate v. Trapp
224 U.S. 665 · May 13, 1912 · Decided 8–0 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal2 files±0
fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
Fiscal year 1909 → fiscal year 1913 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $694M
FY1909
Spending $715M
FY1913 · +3.0% nominal
Revenue $604M
FY1909
Revenue $714M
FY1913 · +18% nominal
Surplus / deficit −$89M
FY1909
Surplus / deficit $0
FY1913 · +$89M
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$242MTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$2.6B
as of Jul 1, 1908
$2.9B
as of Jul 1, 1912
Constitution & Union1 file+3
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
15 → 16 amendments in force · 46 → 48 states
Amendment XVI Federal income tax
ratified Feb 3, 1913 · Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportionment among the states.
New Mexico joins the Union
admitted Jan 6, 1912
Arizona joins the Union
admitted Feb 14, 1912
Reverts1 file±0
revert/undoneWhat was undone
No executive orders revoked, no rules struck down by Congress, and no precedents overruled in this window (executive-order records begin in 1994).
Log1 file±0
logEverything in between
39 events
- lawCopyright Act of 1909
- presidentWilliam Howard Taft takes office
- rulingKeller v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Evans
- lawPayne–Aldrich Tariff Act
- justiceHorace Harmon Lurton — Associate Justice
- lawFederal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
- justiceCharles Evans Hughes — Associate Justice
- lawFederal Mines Safety Act of 1910
- agency+United States Commission of Fine Arts
- lawHeight of Buildings Act of 1910
- lawMann–Elkins Act
- lawFederal Corrupt Practices Act
- lawMann Act
- justiceEdward Douglass White — Chief Justice
- justiceWillis Van Devanter — Associate Justice
- justiceJoseph Rucker Lamar — Associate Justice
- rulingMuskrat v. United States
- lawJudicial Code of 1911
- lawDefense Secrets Act of 1911
- rulingThe Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States
- rulingCoyle v. Smith
- lawApportionment Act of 1911
- stateNew Mexico
- stateArizona
- justiceMahlon Pitney — Associate Justice
- lawSherwood Act
- rulingChoate v. Trapp
- lawRadio Act of 1912
- lawPlant Quarantine Act
- lawLloyd–La Follette Act
- amendmentFederal income tax
- lawCarlin Act
- lawWebb–Kenyon Act
- lawRailway Evaluation Act
- agency−United States Department of Commerce and Labor
- lawPublicity In Taking Evidence Act
- lawVirus-Serum-Toxin Act
- lawGould Amendment