How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1881-03-04...1881-09-18 · 7 months json
18 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 335 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
0
major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
1 of 8
seats changed hands
Agencies
+0 −0
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
−$51M
$2.1B → $2.1B

The presidency passed from Rutherford Birchard Hayes to James Abram Garfield. 1 senators and 0 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 1 new justice joined the Supreme Court.

Executive5 files+9−6

executive/presidentThe presidency
+1−1National Archives ↗
Rutherford Birchard Hayes R
19th president
James Abram Garfield R
20th president · took office Mar 4, 1881
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
+1−1Senate Historical Office ↗
William Almon Wheeler R
Chester Alan Arthur R
took office Mar 4, 1881
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+7−4Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State
William M. Evarts W
James G. Blaine R
Secretary of the Treasury
William Windom R
Secretary of War
Alexander Ramsey W
Robert Todd Lincoln R
Attorney General
Charles Devens W
Wayne MacVeagh D
Postmaster General
Thomas Lemuel James R
Secretary of the Interior
Carl Schurz LRP
Samuel J. Kirkwood R
Other senior officials (1 changed)
Postmaster General
Thomas Lemuel James R
1 offices unchanged
Solicitor General: Samuel F. Phillips R
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
±0Wikidata ↗
46 → 46 tracked organizations · 8 → 8 executive departments
No agencies created or abolished in this window.
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military1 file±0

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
±0UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window (conflict records start in 1946).
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.

Legislative4 files+1−328

legislative/controlControl of Congress
1 changeHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
46th Congress → 47th Congress · 1 new Congress elected
1 change of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority
146 D · 136 R
House: Republican majority
1 R
Senate: Democrat majority on both dates
42 D · 33 R → 28 D · 21 R
legislative/senateSenate
+1−27congress-legislators ↗
Mar 4, 1881 · 42 D · 33 R · 1 I
John Tyler Morgan (Democrat, AL)James Lawrence Pugh (Democrat, AL)Augustus Hill Garland (Democrat, AR)James David Walker (Democrat, AR)James Thompson Farley (Democrat, CA)William Wallace Eaton (Democrat, CT)Thomas Francis Bayard Sr. (Democrat, DE)Eli Saulsbury (Democrat, DE)Charles William Jones (Democrat, FL)Wilkinson Call (Democrat, FL)Benjamin Harvey Hill (Democrat, GA)Joseph Emerson Brown (Democrat, GA)Joseph Ewing McDonald (Democrat, IN)Daniel Wolsey Voorhees (Democrat, IN)James Burnie Beck (Democrat, KY)John Stuart Williams (Democrat, KY)Benjamin Franklin Jonas (Democrat, LA)William Pinkney Whyte (Democrat, MD)James Black Groome (Democrat, MD)Francis Marion Cockrell (Democrat, MO)George Graham Vest (Democrat, MO)Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (Democrat, MS)Matt Whitaker Ransom (Democrat, NC)Zebulon Baird Vance (Democrat, NC)Theodore Fitz Randolph (Democrat, NJ)John Rhoderic McPherson (Democrat, NJ)Francis Kernan (Democrat, NY)Allen Granberry Thurman (Democrat, OH)George Hunt Pendleton (Democrat, OH)La Fayette Grover (Democrat, OR)James Harvey Slater (Democrat, OR)William Andrew Wallace (Democrat, PA)Matthew Calbraith Butler (Democrat, SC)Wade Hampton (Democrat, SC)James Edmund Bailey (Democrat, TN)Isham Green Harris (Democrat, TN)Samuel Bell Maxey (Democrat, TX)Richard Coke (Democrat, TX)Robert Enoch Withers (Democrat, VA)John Warfield Johnston (Democrat, VA)Frank Hereford (Democrat, WV)Henry Gassaway Davis (Democrat, WV)David Davis (Independent, IL)Newton Booth (Republican, CA)Henry Moore Teller (Republican, CO)Nathaniel Peter Hill (Republican, CO)Orville Hitchcock Platt (Republican, CT)Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (Republican, IA)William Boyd Allison (Republican, IA)John Alexander Logan (Republican, IL)Preston B. Plumb (Republican, KS)John James Ingalls (Republican, KS)William Pitt Kellogg (Republican, LA)Henry Laurens Dawes (Republican, MA)George Frisbie Hoar (Republican, MA)Hannibal Hamlin (Republican, ME)James Gillespie Blaine (Republican, ME)Thomas White Ferry (Republican, MI)Henry Porter Baldwin (Republican, MI)Samuel James Renwick McMillan (Republican, MN)William Windom (Republican, MN)Blanche Kelso Bruce (Republican, MS)Algernon Sidney Paddock (Republican, NE)Alvin Saunders (Republican, NE)Edward Henry Rollins (Republican, NH)Henry William Blair (Republican, NH)William Sharon (Republican, NV)John Percival Jones (Republican, NV)Roscoe Conkling (Republican, NY)James Donald Cameron (Republican, PA)Ambrose Everett Burnside (Republican, RI)Henry Bowen Anthony (Republican, RI)George Franklin Edmunds (Republican, VT)Justin Smith Morrill (Republican, VT)Angus Cameron (Republican, WI)Matthew Hale Carpenter (Republican, WI)
Sep 18, 1881 · 28 D · 21 R · 1 I
John Tyler Morgan (Democrat, AL)James Lawrence Pugh (Democrat, AL)Augustus Hill Garland (Democrat, AR)James David Walker (Democrat, AR)James Thompson Farley (Democrat, CA)Eli Saulsbury (Democrat, DE)Wilkinson Call (Democrat, FL)Benjamin Harvey Hill (Democrat, GA)Joseph Emerson Brown (Democrat, GA)Daniel Wolsey Voorhees (Democrat, IN)James Burnie Beck (Democrat, KY)John Stuart Williams (Democrat, KY)Benjamin Franklin Jonas (Democrat, LA)James Black Groome (Democrat, MD)George Graham Vest (Democrat, MO)Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (Democrat, MS)Matt Whitaker Ransom (Democrat, NC)Zebulon Baird Vance (Democrat, NC)John Rhoderic McPherson (Democrat, NJ)George Hunt Pendleton (Democrat, OH)La Fayette Grover (Democrat, OR)James Harvey Slater (Democrat, OR)Matthew Calbraith Butler (Democrat, SC)Wade Hampton (Democrat, SC)Isham Green Harris (Democrat, TN)Richard Coke (Democrat, TX)John Warfield Johnston (Democrat, VA)Henry Gassaway Davis (Democrat, WV)David Davis (Independent, IL)John Franklin Miller (Republican, CA)Henry Moore Teller (Republican, CO)Nathaniel Peter Hill (Republican, CO)Orville Hitchcock Platt (Republican, CT)Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (Republican, IA)William Boyd Allison (Republican, IA)John Alexander Logan (Republican, IL)Preston B. Plumb (Republican, KS)John James Ingalls (Republican, KS)William Pitt Kellogg (Republican, LA)George Frisbie Hoar (Republican, MA)Thomas White Ferry (Republican, MI)Alvin Saunders (Republican, NE)Edward Henry Rollins (Republican, NH)Henry William Blair (Republican, NH)John Percival Jones (Republican, NV)Roscoe Conkling (Republican, NY)James Donald Cameron (Republican, PA)Henry Bowen Anthony (Republican, RI)Justin Smith Morrill (Republican, VT)Matthew Hale Carpenter (Republican, WI)
1 new member · 27 departed · 49 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 55 → 55
Who joined and who left (1 in · 27 out)
John Franklin Miller R
California
Newton Booth R
California
William Wallace Eaton D
Connecticut
Thomas Francis Bayard Sr. D
Delaware
Charles William Jones D
Florida
Joseph Ewing McDonald D
Indiana
Henry Laurens Dawes R
Massachusetts
William Pinkney Whyte D
Maryland
Hannibal Hamlin R
Maine
James Gillespie Blaine R
Maine
Henry Porter Baldwin R
Michigan
Samuel James Renwick McMillan R
Minnesota
William Windom R
Minnesota
Francis Marion Cockrell D
Missouri
Blanche Kelso Bruce R
Mississippi
Algernon Sidney Paddock R
Nebraska
Theodore Fitz Randolph D
New Jersey
William Sharon R
Nevada
Francis Kernan D
New York
Allen Granberry Thurman D
Ohio
William Andrew Wallace D
Pennsylvania
Ambrose Everett Burnside R
Rhode Island
James Edmund Bailey D
Tennessee
Samuel Bell Maxey D
Texas
Robert Enoch Withers D
Virginia
George Franklin Edmunds R
Vermont
Angus Cameron R
Wisconsin
Frank Hereford D
West Virginia
legislative/houseHouse
−301congress-legislators ↗
Mar 4, 1881 · 146 D · 136 R · 13 NG · 7 ID
Newton Nash Clements (Democrat, AL-6)William James Samford (Democrat, AL-3)Thomas Hord Herndon (Democrat, AL-1)Charles Miller Shelley (Democrat, AL-4)Thomas Williams (Democrat, AL-5)William Henry Forney (Democrat, AL-7)Hilary Abner Herbert (Democrat, AL-2)William Ferguson Slemons (Democrat, AR-2)Jordan Edgar Cravens (Democrat, AR-3)Thomas Montague Gunter (Democrat, AR-4)Poindexter Dunn (Democrat, AR-1)John Goulder Campbell (Democrat, AZ-AL)Campbell Polson Berry (Democrat, CA-3)James Phelps (Democrat, CT-2)Edward Livingston Martin (Democrat, DE-AL)Noble Andrew Hull (Democrat, FL-2)Robert Hamilton McWhorta Davidson (Democrat, FL-1)William Ephraim Smith (Democrat, GA-2)Philip Cook (Democrat, GA-3)Alexander Hamilton Stephens (Democrat, GA-8)John Calhoun Nicholls (Democrat, GA-1)Nathaniel Job Hammond (Democrat, GA-5)James Henderson Blount (Democrat, GA-6)George Ainslie (Democrat, ID-AL)Adlai Ewing Stevenson (Democrat, IL-13)James Washington Singleton (Democrat, IL-11)William Andrew Jackson Sparks (Democrat, IL-16)William Ralls Morrison (Democrat, IL-17)Richard Wellington Townshend (Democrat, IL-19)William McKendree Springer (Democrat, IL-12)George Augustus Bicknell (Democrat, IN-3)Abraham Jonathan Hostetler (Democrat, IN-8)William Ralph Myers (Democrat, IN-6)Jeptha Dudley New (Democrat, IN-4)Walpole Gillespie Colerick (Democrat, IN-12)Thomas Reed Cobb (Democrat, IN-2)Thomas Turner (Democrat, KY-9)John William Caldwell (Democrat, KY-3)James Proctor Knott (Democrat, KY-4)James Andrew McKenzie (Democrat, KY-2)Elijah Conner Phister (Democrat, KY-10)Philip Burton Thompson Jr. (Democrat, KY-8)Albert Shelby Willis (Democrat, KY-5)John Griffin Carlisle (Democrat, KY-6)Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn (Democrat, KY-7)Joseph Hayes Acklen (Democrat, LA-3)Joseph Barton Elam (Democrat, LA-4)Ezekiel John Ellis (Democrat, LA-2)John Floyd King (Democrat, LA-5)Edward White Robertson (Democrat, LA-6)Randall Lee Gibson (Democrat, LA-1)Leopold Morse (Democrat, MA-4)Eli Jones Henkle (Democrat, MD-5)Daniel Maynadier Henry (Democrat, MD-1)William Kimmel (Democrat, MD-3)Robert Milligan McLane (Democrat, MD-4)Joshua Frederick Cockey Talbott (Democrat, MD-2)Henry Poehler (Democrat, MN-2)Alfred Morrison Lay (Democrat, MO-7)Gideon Frank Rothwell (Democrat, MO-10)James Richard Waddill (Democrat, MO-6)Erastus Wells (Democrat, MO-2)John Bullock Clark Jr. (Democrat, MO-11)Richard Graham Frost (Democrat, MO-3)Aylett Hawes Buckner (Democrat, MO-13)Lowndes Henry Davis (Democrat, MO-4)Martin Linn Clardy (Democrat, MO-1)William Henry Hatch (Democrat, MO-12)Richard Parks Bland (Democrat, MO-5)James Ronald Chalmers (Democrat, MS-6)Vannoy Hartrog Manning (Democrat, MS-2)Henry Lowndes Muldrow (Democrat, MS-1)Otho Robards Singleton (Democrat, MS-4)Charles Edward Hooker (Democrat, MS-5)Hernando De Soto Money (Democrat, MS-3)Martin Maginnis (Democrat, MT-AL)Joseph Jonathan Davis (Democrat, NC-4)William Hodges Kitchin (Democrat, NC-2)Walter Leak Steele (Democrat, NC-6)Robert Franklin Armfield (Democrat, NC-7)Alfred Moore Scales (Democrat, NC-5)Robert Brank Vance (Democrat, NC-8)Alvah Augustus Clark (Democrat, NJ-4)Hezekiah Bradley Smith (Democrat, NJ-2)Miles Ross (Democrat, NJ-3)William Lounsbery (Democrat, NY-15)Fernando Wood (Democrat, NY-9)Waldo Hutchins (Democrat, NY-12)Archibald Meserole Bliss (Democrat, NY-4)Samuel Sullivan Cox (Democrat, NY-6)James Way Covert (Democrat, NY-1)Nicholas Muller (Democrat, NY-5)Henry Luther Dickey (Democrat, OH-11)Thomas Ewing (Democrat, OH-10)Ebenezer Byron Finley (Democrat, OH-8)John A. McMahon (Democrat, OH-3)Gibson Atherton (Democrat, OH-14)George Leroy Converse (Democrat, OH-9)Frank Hunt Hurd (Democrat, OH-7)George Washington Geddes (Democrat, OH-15)William David Hill (Democrat, OH-6)Benjamin Le Fevre (Democrat, OH-5)Adoniram Judson Warner (Democrat, OH-13)John Whiteaker (Democrat, OR-1)Reuben Knecht Bachman (Democrat, PA-10)Hiester Clymer (Democrat, PA-8)Alexander Hamilton Coffroth (Democrat, PA-17)John Walker Ryon (Democrat, PA-13)Robert Klotz (Democrat, PA-11)Morgan Ringland Wise (Democrat, PA-21)Samuel Jackson Randall (Democrat, PA-3)Frank Eckels Beltzhoover (Democrat, PA-19)Michael Patrick O’Connor (Democrat, SC-2)John Smythe Richardson (Democrat, SC-1)John Hamilton Evins (Democrat, SC-4)David Wyatt Aiken (Democrat, SC-3)George Dionysius Tillman (Democrat, SC-5)John Morgan Bright (Democrat, TN-5)John DeWitt Clinton Atkins (Democrat, TN-8)John Ford House (Democrat, TN-6)Charles Bryson Simonton (Democrat, TN-9)George Gibbs Dibrell (Democrat, TN-3)Hiram Casey Young (Democrat, TN-10)Washington Curran Whitthorne (Democrat, TN-7)Benton McMillin (Democrat, TN-4)Robert Love Taylor (Democrat, TN-1)Gustave Schleicher (Democrat, TX-AL)Christopher Columbus Upson (Democrat, TX-6)Olin Wellborn (Democrat, TX-3)John Henninger Reagan (Democrat, TX-1)Roger Quarles Mills (Democrat, TX-4)David Browning Culberson (Democrat, TX-2)Richard Lee Turberville Beale (Democrat, VA-1)John Goode Jr. (Democrat, VA-2)John Thomas Harris (Democrat, VA-7)Joseph Eggleston Johnston (Democrat, VA-3)James Buchanan Richmond (Democrat, VA-9)George Craighead Cabell (Democrat, VA-5)John Randolph Tucker (Democrat, VA-6)Eppa Hunton (Democrat, VA-8)Gabriel Bouck (Democrat, WI-6)Peter Victor Deuster (Democrat, WI-4)Edward Stuyvesant Bragg (Democrat, WI-5)Benjamin Franklin Martin (Democrat, WV-2)Benjamin Wilson (Democrat, WV-1)John Edward Kenna (Democrat, WV-3)William Manning Lowe (National Greenbacker, AL-8)William Harrell Felton (Ind. Democrat, GA-7)Henry Persons (Ind. Democrat, GA-4)Emory Speer (Ind. Democrat, GA-9)Edward Hooker Gillette (National Greenbacker, IA-7)James Baird Weaver (National Greenbacker, IA-6)Albert Palaska Forsythe (National Greenbacker, IL-15)Gilbert De La Matyr (National Greenbacker, IN-7)Oscar Turner (Ind. Democrat, KY-1)George Washington Ladd (National Greenbacker, ME-4)Thompson Henry Murch (National Greenbacker, ME-5)Samuel Locke Sawyer (Ind. Democrat, MO-8)Nicholas Ford (National Greenbacker, MO-9)Daniel Lindsay Russell (National Greenbacker, NC-3)James O’Brien (Ind. Democrat, NY-10)Daniel O’Reilly (Ind. Democrat, NY-2)Hendrick Bradley Wright (National Greenbacker, PA-12)Seth Hartman Yocum (National Greenbacker, PA-20)George Washington Jones (National Greenbacker, TX-5)Bradley Barlow (National Greenbacker, VT-3)Horace Davis (Republican, CA-1)Romualdo Pacheco (Republican, CA-4)Horace Francis Page (Republican, CA-2)James Burns Belford (Republican, CO-1)John Turner Wait (Republican, CT-3)Frederick Miles (Republican, CT-4)Joseph Roswell Hawley (Republican, CT-1)Rush Clark (Republican, IA-5)Hiram Price (Republican, IA-2)William Fletcher Sapp (Republican, IA-8)Cyrus Clay Carpenter (Republican, IA-9)Nathaniel Cobb Deering (Republican, IA-4)Moses Ayers McCoid (Republican, IA-1)Thomas Updegraff (Republican, IA-3)Hiram Barber Jr. (Republican, IL-3)Thomas Alexander Boyd (Republican, IL-9)Greenbury Lafayette Fort (Republican, IL-8)Philip Cornelius Hayes (Republican, IL-7)William Aldrich (Republican, IL-1)Robert Moffett Allison Hawk (Republican, IL-5)John Crocker Sherwin (Republican, IL-4)George Royal Davis (Republican, IL-2)John Robert Thomas (Republican, IL-18)Thomas Jefferson Henderson (Republican, IL-6)Benjamin Franklin Marsh (Republican, IL-10)Joseph Gurney Cannon (Republican, IL-14)John Harris Baker (Republican, IN-13)Calvin Cowgill (Republican, IN-11)William Heilman (Republican, IN-1)Godlove Stein Orth (Republican, IN-9)William Henry Calkins (Republican, IN-10)Thomas McLelland Browne (Republican, IN-5)Dudley Chase Haskell (Republican, KS-2)John Alexander Anderson (Republican, KS-1)Thomas Ryan (Republican, KS-3)William Claflin (Republican, MA-8)Walbridge Abner Field (Republican, MA-3)George Bailey Loring (Republican, MA-6)Selwyn Zadock Bowman (Republican, MA-5)William Wallace Crapo (Republican, MA-1)Benjamin Winslow Harris (Republican, MA-2)Amasa Norcross (Republican, MA-10)George Dexter Robinson (Republican, MA-11)William Augustus Russell (Republican, MA-7)William Whitney Rice (Republican, MA-9)Milton George Urner (Republican, MD-6)Stephen Decatur Lindsey (Republican, ME-3)Thomas Brackett Reed (Republican, ME-1)William Pierce Frye (Republican, ME-2)Jonas Hartzell McGowan (Republican, MI-3)John Stoughton Newberry (Republican, MI-1)John Wesley Stone (Republican, MI-5)Omar Dwight Conger (Republican, MI-7)Jay Abel Hubbell (Republican, MI-9)Edwin Willits (Republican, MI-2)Roswell Gilbert Horr (Republican, MI-8)Mark Spencer Brewer (Republican, MI-6)Julius Caesar Burrows (Republican, MI-4)Mark Hill Dunnell (Republican, MN-1)William Drew Washburn (Republican, MN-3)Joseph John Martin (Republican, NC-1)Thomas Jefferson Majors (Republican, NE-AL)Edward Kimble Valentine (Republican, NE-1)Evarts Worcester Farr (Republican, NH-3)James Frankland Briggs (Republican, NH-2)Joshua Gilman Hall (Republican, NH-1)John Lauris Blake (Republican, NJ-6)Lewis Alexander Brigham (Republican, NJ-7)Charles Henry Voorhis (Republican, NJ-5)George Maxwell Robeson (Republican, NJ-1)Mariano Sabino Otero (Republican, NM-AL)Rollin Mallory Daggett (Republican, NV-AL)John Mosher Bailey (Republican, NY-16)Simeon Baldwin Chittenden (Republican, NY-3)Edwin Einstein (Republican, NY-7)John William Ferdon (Republican, NY-14)Amaziah Bailey James (Republican, NY-19)Ray Vaughn Pierce (Republican, NY-32)John Henry Starin (Republican, NY-20)John Henry Camp (Republican, NY-26)Richard Crowley (Republican, NY-31)Jeremiah Wilbur Dwight (Republican, NY-28)John Hammond (Republican, NY-18)Elbridge Gerry Lapham (Republican, NY-27)Joseph Mason (Republican, NY-24)Anson George McCook (Republican, NY-8)Warner Miller (Republican, NY-22)Levi Parsons Morton (Republican, NY-11)Cyrus Dan Prescott (Republican, NY-23)David Plunket Richardson (Republican, NY-29)Henry Van Aernam (Republican, NY-33)Walter Abbott Wood (Republican, NY-17)Frank Hiscock (Republican, NY-25)David Wilber (Republican, NY-21)John Van Voorhis (Republican, NY-30)John Henry Ketcham (Republican, NY-13)James Monroe (Republican, OH-17)James Abram Garfield (Republican, OH-19)Henry Safford Neal (Republican, OH-12)Amos Townsend (Republican, OH-20)Jonathan Taylor Updegraff (Republican, OH-18)Thomas Lowry Young (Republican, OH-2)Benjamin Butterworth (Republican, OH-1)William McKinley Jr. (Republican, OH-16)Joseph Warren Keifer (Republican, OH-4)Samuel Bernard Dick (Republican, PA-26)John Weinland Killinger (Republican, PA-14)James H. Osmer (Republican, PA-27)Edward Overton Jr. (Republican, PA-15)Harry White (Republican, PA-25)Russell Errett (Republican, PA-22)Horatio Gates Fisher (Republican, PA-18)William Godshalk (Republican, PA-7)John Inscho Mitchell (Republican, PA-16)William Shadrack Shallenberger (Republican, PA-24)William Ward (Republican, PA-6)Abraham Herr Smith (Republican, PA-9)Thomas McKee Bayne (Republican, PA-23)William Darrah Kelley (Republican, PA-4)Charles O’Neill (Republican, PA-2)Alfred Crout Harmer (Republican, PA-5)Henry Harrison Bingham (Republican, PA-1)Latimer Whipple Ballou (Republican, RI-2)Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (Republican, RI-1)Leonidas Campbell Houk (Republican, TN-2)George Quayle Cannon (Republican, UT-AL)Joseph Jorgensen (Republican, VA-4)Charles Herbert Joyce (Republican, VT-1)James Manning Tyler (Republican, VT-2)Thomas Hurley Brents (Republican, WA-AL)George Cochrane Hazelton (Republican, WI-3)Herman Leon Humphrey (Republican, WI-7)Thaddeus Coleman Pound (Republican, WI-8)Charles Grandison Williams (Republican, WI-1)Lucien Bonaparte Caswell (Republican, WI-2)Stephen Wheeler Downey (Republican, WY-AL)
Sep 18, 1881 · 1 R
Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (Republican, RI-1)
0 new members · 301 departed · 1 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 50 → 40
45 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alabama 7 D · 0 R · 1 other
Alabama 0 D · 0 R
Arkansas 4 D · 0 R
Arkansas 0 D · 0 R
Arizona 1 D · 0 R
Arizona 0 D · 0 R
California 1 D · 3 R
California 0 D · 0 R
Colorado 0 D · 1 R
Colorado 0 D · 0 R
Connecticut 1 D · 3 R
Connecticut 0 D · 0 R
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 0 R
Florida 2 D · 0 R
Florida 0 D · 0 R
Georgia 6 D · 0 R · 3 other
Georgia 0 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 7 R · 2 other
Iowa 0 D · 0 R
Idaho 1 D · 0 R
Idaho 0 D · 0 R
Illinois 6 D · 12 R · 1 other
Illinois 0 D · 0 R
Indiana 6 D · 6 R · 1 other
Indiana 0 D · 0 R
Kansas 0 D · 3 R
Kansas 0 D · 0 R
Kentucky 9 D · 0 R · 1 other
Kentucky 0 D · 0 R
Louisiana 6 D · 0 R
Louisiana 0 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 1 D · 10 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 0 R
Maryland 5 D · 1 R
Maryland 0 D · 0 R
Maine 0 D · 3 R · 2 other
Maine 0 D · 0 R
Michigan 0 D · 9 R
Michigan 0 D · 0 R
Minnesota 1 D · 2 R
Minnesota 0 D · 0 R
Missouri 11 D · 0 R · 2 other
Missouri 0 D · 0 R
Mississippi 6 D · 0 R
Mississippi 0 D · 0 R
Montana 1 D · 0 R
Montana 0 D · 0 R
North Carolina 6 D · 1 R · 1 other
North Carolina 0 D · 0 R
Nebraska 0 D · 2 R
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 3 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 0 R
New Jersey 3 D · 4 R
New Jersey 0 D · 0 R
New Mexico 0 D · 1 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 1 R
Nevada 0 D · 0 R
New York 7 D · 24 R · 2 other
New York 0 D · 0 R
Ohio 11 D · 9 R
Ohio 0 D · 0 R
Oregon 1 D · 0 R
Oregon 0 D · 0 R
Pennsylvania 8 D · 17 R · 2 other
Pennsylvania 0 D · 0 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 2 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 1 R
South Carolina 5 D · 0 R
South Carolina 0 D · 0 R
Tennessee 9 D · 1 R
Tennessee 0 D · 0 R
Texas 6 D · 0 R · 1 other
Texas 0 D · 0 R
Utah 0 D · 1 R
Utah 0 D · 0 R
Virginia 8 D · 1 R
Virginia 0 D · 0 R
Vermont 0 D · 2 R · 1 other
Vermont 0 D · 0 R
Washington 0 D · 1 R
Washington 0 D · 0 R
Wisconsin 3 D · 5 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 0 R
West Virginia 3 D · 0 R
West Virginia 0 D · 0 R
Wyoming 0 D · 1 R
Wyoming 0 D · 0 R
Who joined and who left (0 in · 301 out)
Newton Nash Clements D
Alabama-6
William James Samford D
Alabama-3
William Manning Lowe NG
Alabama-8
Thomas Hord Herndon D
Alabama-1
Charles Miller Shelley D
Alabama-4
Thomas Williams D
Alabama-5
William Henry Forney D
Alabama-7
Hilary Abner Herbert D
Alabama-2
William Ferguson Slemons D
Arkansas-2
Jordan Edgar Cravens D
Arkansas-3
Thomas Montague Gunter D
Arkansas-4
Poindexter Dunn D
Arkansas-1
John Goulder Campbell D
Arizona-AL
Horace Davis R
California-1
Campbell Polson Berry D
California-3
Romualdo Pacheco R
California-4
Horace Francis Page R
California-2
James Burns Belford R
Colorado-1
James Phelps D
Connecticut-2
John Turner Wait R
Connecticut-3
Frederick Miles R
Connecticut-4
Joseph Roswell Hawley R
Connecticut-1
Edward Livingston Martin D
Delaware-AL
Noble Andrew Hull D
Florida-2
Robert Hamilton McWhorta Davidson D
Florida-1
William Harrell Felton ID
Georgia-7
Henry Persons ID
Georgia-4
William Ephraim Smith D
Georgia-2
Philip Cook D
Georgia-3
Emory Speer ID
Georgia-9
Alexander Hamilton Stephens D
Georgia-8
John Calhoun Nicholls D
Georgia-1
Nathaniel Job Hammond D
Georgia-5
James Henderson Blount D
Georgia-6
Rush Clark R
Iowa-5
Edward Hooker Gillette NG
Iowa-7
Hiram Price R
Iowa-2
William Fletcher Sapp R
Iowa-8
Cyrus Clay Carpenter R
Iowa-9
Nathaniel Cobb Deering R
Iowa-4
Moses Ayers McCoid R
Iowa-1
James Baird Weaver NG
Iowa-6
Thomas Updegraff R
Iowa-3
George Ainslie D
Idaho-AL
Hiram Barber Jr. R
Illinois-3
Thomas Alexander Boyd R
Illinois-9
Albert Palaska Forsythe NG
Illinois-15
Greenbury Lafayette Fort R
Illinois-8
Philip Cornelius Hayes R
Illinois-7
Adlai Ewing Stevenson D
Illinois-13
William Aldrich R
Illinois-1
Robert Moffett Allison Hawk R
Illinois-5
John Crocker Sherwin R
Illinois-4
James Washington Singleton D
Illinois-11
William Andrew Jackson Sparks D
Illinois-16
George Royal Davis R
Illinois-2
William Ralls Morrison D
Illinois-17
John Robert Thomas R
Illinois-18
Richard Wellington Townshend D
Illinois-19
Thomas Jefferson Henderson R
Illinois-6
William McKendree Springer D
Illinois-12
Benjamin Franklin Marsh R
Illinois-10
Joseph Gurney Cannon R
Illinois-14
John Harris Baker R
Indiana-13
George Augustus Bicknell D
Indiana-3
Calvin Cowgill R
Indiana-11
Gilbert De La Matyr NG
Indiana-7
Abraham Jonathan Hostetler D
Indiana-8
William Ralph Myers D
Indiana-6
Jeptha Dudley New D
Indiana-4
Walpole Gillespie Colerick D
Indiana-12
William Heilman R
Indiana-1
Godlove Stein Orth R
Indiana-9
William Henry Calkins R
Indiana-10
Thomas Reed Cobb D
Indiana-2
Thomas McLelland Browne R
Indiana-5
Dudley Chase Haskell R
Kansas-2
John Alexander Anderson R
Kansas-1
Thomas Ryan R
Kansas-3
Thomas Turner D
Kentucky-9
John William Caldwell D
Kentucky-3
James Proctor Knott D
Kentucky-4
James Andrew McKenzie D
Kentucky-2
Elijah Conner Phister D
Kentucky-10
Philip Burton Thompson Jr. D
Kentucky-8
Oscar Turner ID
Kentucky-1
Albert Shelby Willis D
Kentucky-5
John Griffin Carlisle D
Kentucky-6
Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn D
Kentucky-7
Joseph Hayes Acklen D
Louisiana-3
Joseph Barton Elam D
Louisiana-4
Ezekiel John Ellis D
Louisiana-2
John Floyd King D
Louisiana-5
Edward White Robertson D
Louisiana-6
Randall Lee Gibson D
Louisiana-1
William Claflin R
Massachusetts-8
Walbridge Abner Field R
Massachusetts-3
George Bailey Loring R
Massachusetts-6
Selwyn Zadock Bowman R
Massachusetts-5
William Wallace Crapo R
Massachusetts-1
Benjamin Winslow Harris R
Massachusetts-2
Amasa Norcross R
Massachusetts-10
George Dexter Robinson R
Massachusetts-11
William Augustus Russell R
Massachusetts-7
William Whitney Rice R
Massachusetts-9
Leopold Morse D
Massachusetts-4
Eli Jones Henkle D
Maryland-5
Daniel Maynadier Henry D
Maryland-1
William Kimmel D
Maryland-3
Robert Milligan McLane D
Maryland-4
Milton George Urner R
Maryland-6
Joshua Frederick Cockey Talbott D
Maryland-2
George Washington Ladd NG
Maine-4
Stephen Decatur Lindsey R
Maine-3
Thompson Henry Murch NG
Maine-5
Thomas Brackett Reed R
Maine-1
William Pierce Frye R
Maine-2
Jonas Hartzell McGowan R
Michigan-3
John Stoughton Newberry R
Michigan-1
John Wesley Stone R
Michigan-5
Omar Dwight Conger R
Michigan-7
Jay Abel Hubbell R
Michigan-9
Edwin Willits R
Michigan-2
Roswell Gilbert Horr R
Michigan-8
Mark Spencer Brewer R
Michigan-6
Julius Caesar Burrows R
Michigan-4
Henry Poehler D
Minnesota-2
Mark Hill Dunnell R
Minnesota-1
William Drew Washburn R
Minnesota-3
Alfred Morrison Lay D
Missouri-7
Gideon Frank Rothwell D
Missouri-10
Samuel Locke Sawyer ID
Missouri-8
James Richard Waddill D
Missouri-6
Erastus Wells D
Missouri-2
John Bullock Clark Jr. D
Missouri-11
Nicholas Ford NG
Missouri-9
Richard Graham Frost D
Missouri-3
Aylett Hawes Buckner D
Missouri-13
Lowndes Henry Davis D
Missouri-4
Martin Linn Clardy D
Missouri-1
William Henry Hatch D
Missouri-12
Richard Parks Bland D
Missouri-5
James Ronald Chalmers D
Mississippi-6
Vannoy Hartrog Manning D
Mississippi-2
Henry Lowndes Muldrow D
Mississippi-1
Otho Robards Singleton D
Mississippi-4
Charles Edward Hooker D
Mississippi-5
Hernando De Soto Money D
Mississippi-3
Martin Maginnis D
Montana-AL
Joseph Jonathan Davis D
North Carolina-4
William Hodges Kitchin D
North Carolina-2
Joseph John Martin R
North Carolina-1
Daniel Lindsay Russell NG
North Carolina-3
Walter Leak Steele D
North Carolina-6
Robert Franklin Armfield D
North Carolina-7
Alfred Moore Scales D
North Carolina-5
Robert Brank Vance D
North Carolina-8
Thomas Jefferson Majors R
Nebraska-AL
Edward Kimble Valentine R
Nebraska-1
Evarts Worcester Farr R
New Hampshire-3
James Frankland Briggs R
New Hampshire-2
Joshua Gilman Hall R
New Hampshire-1
John Lauris Blake R
New Jersey-6
Lewis Alexander Brigham R
New Jersey-7
Alvah Augustus Clark D
New Jersey-4
Hezekiah Bradley Smith D
New Jersey-2
Charles Henry Voorhis R
New Jersey-5
George Maxwell Robeson R
New Jersey-1
Miles Ross D
New Jersey-3
Mariano Sabino Otero R
New Mexico-AL
Rollin Mallory Daggett R
Nevada-AL
John Mosher Bailey R
New York-16
Simeon Baldwin Chittenden R
New York-3
Edwin Einstein R
New York-7
John William Ferdon R
New York-14
Amaziah Bailey James R
New York-19
William Lounsbery D
New York-15
James O’Brien ID
New York-10
Daniel O’Reilly ID
New York-2
Ray Vaughn Pierce R
New York-32
John Henry Starin R
New York-20
John Henry Camp R
New York-26
Richard Crowley R
New York-31
Jeremiah Wilbur Dwight R
New York-28
John Hammond R
New York-18
Elbridge Gerry Lapham R
New York-27
Joseph Mason R
New York-24
Anson George McCook R
New York-8
Warner Miller R
New York-22
Levi Parsons Morton R
New York-11
Cyrus Dan Prescott R
New York-23
David Plunket Richardson R
New York-29
Henry Van Aernam R
New York-33
Fernando Wood D
New York-9
Walter Abbott Wood R
New York-17
Waldo Hutchins D
New York-12
Archibald Meserole Bliss D
New York-4
Frank Hiscock R
New York-25
Samuel Sullivan Cox D
New York-6
David Wilber R
New York-21
James Way Covert D
New York-1
John Van Voorhis R
New York-30
Nicholas Muller D
New York-5
John Henry Ketcham R
New York-13
Henry Luther Dickey D
Ohio-11
Thomas Ewing D
Ohio-10
Ebenezer Byron Finley D
Ohio-8
John A. McMahon D
Ohio-3
James Monroe R
Ohio-17
James Abram Garfield R
Ohio-19
Gibson Atherton D
Ohio-14
Henry Safford Neal R
Ohio-12
Amos Townsend R
Ohio-20
Jonathan Taylor Updegraff R
Ohio-18
Thomas Lowry Young R
Ohio-2
George Leroy Converse D
Ohio-9
Frank Hunt Hurd D
Ohio-7
George Washington Geddes D
Ohio-15
William David Hill D
Ohio-6
Benjamin Le Fevre D
Ohio-5
Adoniram Judson Warner D
Ohio-13
Benjamin Butterworth R
Ohio-1
William McKinley Jr. R
Ohio-16
Joseph Warren Keifer R
Ohio-4
John Whiteaker D
Oregon-1
Reuben Knecht Bachman D
Pennsylvania-10
Hiester Clymer D
Pennsylvania-8
Alexander Hamilton Coffroth D
Pennsylvania-17
Samuel Bernard Dick R
Pennsylvania-26
John Weinland Killinger R
Pennsylvania-14
James H. Osmer R
Pennsylvania-27
Edward Overton Jr. R
Pennsylvania-15
John Walker Ryon D
Pennsylvania-13
Harry White R
Pennsylvania-25
Hendrick Bradley Wright NG
Pennsylvania-12
Seth Hartman Yocum NG
Pennsylvania-20
Russell Errett R
Pennsylvania-22
Horatio Gates Fisher R
Pennsylvania-18
William Godshalk R
Pennsylvania-7
Robert Klotz D
Pennsylvania-11
John Inscho Mitchell R
Pennsylvania-16
William Shadrack Shallenberger R
Pennsylvania-24
William Ward R
Pennsylvania-6
Morgan Ringland Wise D
Pennsylvania-21
Abraham Herr Smith R
Pennsylvania-9
Thomas McKee Bayne R
Pennsylvania-23
William Darrah Kelley R
Pennsylvania-4
Samuel Jackson Randall D
Pennsylvania-3
Frank Eckels Beltzhoover D
Pennsylvania-19
Charles O’Neill R
Pennsylvania-2
Alfred Crout Harmer R
Pennsylvania-5
Henry Harrison Bingham R
Pennsylvania-1
Latimer Whipple Ballou R
Rhode Island-2
Michael Patrick O’Connor D
South Carolina-2
John Smythe Richardson D
South Carolina-1
John Hamilton Evins D
South Carolina-4
David Wyatt Aiken D
South Carolina-3
George Dionysius Tillman D
South Carolina-5
John Morgan Bright D
Tennessee-5
John DeWitt Clinton Atkins D
Tennessee-8
John Ford House D
Tennessee-6
Charles Bryson Simonton D
Tennessee-9
George Gibbs Dibrell D
Tennessee-3
Hiram Casey Young D
Tennessee-10
Washington Curran Whitthorne D
Tennessee-7
Leonidas Campbell Houk R
Tennessee-2
Benton McMillin D
Tennessee-4
Robert Love Taylor D
Tennessee-1
Gustave Schleicher D
Texas-AL
George Washington Jones NG
Texas-5
Christopher Columbus Upson D
Texas-6
Olin Wellborn D
Texas-3
John Henninger Reagan D
Texas-1
Roger Quarles Mills D
Texas-4
David Browning Culberson D
Texas-2
George Quayle Cannon R
Utah-AL
Richard Lee Turberville Beale D
Virginia-1
John Goode Jr. D
Virginia-2
John Thomas Harris D
Virginia-7
Joseph Eggleston Johnston D
Virginia-3
James Buchanan Richmond D
Virginia-9
Joseph Jorgensen R
Virginia-4
George Craighead Cabell D
Virginia-5
John Randolph Tucker D
Virginia-6
Eppa Hunton D
Virginia-8
Bradley Barlow NG
Vermont-3
Charles Herbert Joyce R
Vermont-1
James Manning Tyler R
Vermont-2
Thomas Hurley Brents R
Washington-AL
Gabriel Bouck D
Wisconsin-6
George Cochrane Hazelton R
Wisconsin-3
Herman Leon Humphrey R
Wisconsin-7
Thaddeus Coleman Pound R
Wisconsin-8
Charles Grandison Williams R
Wisconsin-1
Peter Victor Deuster D
Wisconsin-4
Edward Stuyvesant Bragg D
Wisconsin-5
Lucien Bonaparte Caswell R
Wisconsin-2
Benjamin Franklin Martin D
West Virginia-2
Benjamin Wilson D
West Virginia-1
John Edward Kenna D
West Virginia-3
Stephen Wheeler Downey R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
±0Congress.gov ↗
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
0 laws recorded · 0 landmark · 0 notable
No laws in this window are flagged as notable.

Judicial3 files+102−1

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
+1−1Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 1 D → 8 R · every justice ↗
Nathan Clifford D
appointed by James Buchanan · 1858
Stanley Matthews R
appointed by James A. Garfield · 1881
7 justices served on both dates
Samuel Freeman Miller R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
Stephen Johnson Field R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1863
Joseph P. Bradley R
appointed by Ulysses Grant · 1870
Ward Hunt R
appointed by Ulysses Grant · 1872
Morrison Remick Waite R
appointed by Ulysses Grant · 1874
John Marshall Harlan R
appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes · 1877
William Burnham Woods R
appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes · 1880
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+5Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): →
District courts (active judges): 47 R · 13 D · 4 N( → 47 R · 13 D · 4 N(
James A. Garfield R appointed 5 judges
1 Supreme Court · 2 district · 2 other
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+96Supreme Court Database ↗
96 argued decisions · 0 landmark
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
OMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year undefined → fiscal year undefined · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
−$51MTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$2.1B
as of Jul 1, 1880
$2.1B
as of Jul 1, 1881

Constitution & Union1 file±0

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
±0National Archives ↗
15 → 15 amendments in force · 38 → 38 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.

Reverts1 file±0

revert/undoneWhat was undone
nothingFederal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
No executive orders revoked, no rules struck down by Congress, and no precedents overruled in this window (executive-order records begin in 1994).

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
2 events
James Abram Garfield takes office · 1881-03-04Stanley Matthews — Associate Justice · 1881-05-12
  1. presidentJames Abram Garfield takes office
  2. justiceStanley Matthews — Associate Justice