How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1877-03-04...1881-03-03 · 4 years json
18 files changed, 1,294 insertions(+), 276 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+5
major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
2 of 8
seats changed hands
Agencies
+5 −0
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
−$60M
$2.2B → $2.1B

The presidency passed from Ulysses Simpson Grant to Rutherford Birchard Hayes. 39 senators and 226 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 2 new justices joined the Supreme Court.

Executive5 files+11−5

executive/presidentThe presidency
+1−1National Archives ↗
Ulysses Simpson Grant R
18th president
Rutherford Birchard Hayes R
19th president · took office Mar 4, 1877
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
+1−1Senate Historical Office ↗
vacant
William Almon Wheeler R
took office Mar 4, 1877
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+4−3Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State
Hamilton Fish R
William M. Evarts W
Secretary of the Treasury
Lot M. Morrill R
vacant on Mar 3, 1881
next: William Windom R · Mar 8, 1881
Secretary of War · 2 people took this office in between
Alexander Ramsey W
Attorney General
Alphonso Taft R
Charles Devens W
Secretary of the Interior
Carl Schurz LRP
1 offices unchanged
Solicitor General: Samuel F. Phillips R
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+5Wikidata ↗
41 → 46 tracked organizations · 8 → 8 executive departments
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
established Jan 1, 1878 · former U.S. agency responsible for providing accurate maps and charts of the United States and its coastline (1878 - 1970)
Bureau of American Ethnology
established Jan 1, 1879 · anthropological research organization based in Washington, DC focusing primarily on the Indians of North America
United States Geological Survey Library
established Jan 1, 1879 · library
United States Geological Survey
established Mar 3, 1879 · scientific agency of the United States government
United States Indian Police
established Jan 1, 1880 · United States Indian Protection Organization
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military1 file±0

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
±0UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window (conflict records start in 1946).
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.

Legislative4 files+270−264

legislative/controlControl of Congress
3 changesHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublicanOther
44th Congress → 46th Congress · 2 new Congresses elected
3 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority on both dates
182 D · 110 R → 146 D · 136 R
Senate: Republican majority
46 R · 30 D
Senate: Democrat majority
42 D · 33 R
legislative/senateSenate
+39−39congress-legislators ↗
Mar 4, 1877 · 46 R · 30 D
George Goldthwaite (Democrat, AL)William Henry Barnum (Democrat, CT)William Wallace Eaton (Democrat, CT)Eli Saulsbury (Democrat, DE)Thomas Francis Bayard Sr. (Democrat, DE)Charles William Jones (Democrat, FL)Thomas Manson Norwood (Democrat, GA)John Brown Gordon (Democrat, GA)Joseph Ewing McDonald (Democrat, IN)John White Stevenson (Democrat, KY)Thomas Clay McCreery (Democrat, KY)James Biddle Eustis (Democrat, LA)George Robertson Dennis (Democrat, MD)William Pinkney Whyte (Democrat, MD)Lewis Vital Bogy (Democrat, MO)Francis Marion Cockrell (Democrat, MO)Matt Whitaker Ransom (Democrat, NC)Augustus Summerfield Merrimon (Democrat, NC)Theodore Fitz Randolph (Democrat, NJ)Francis Kernan (Democrat, NY)Allen Granberry Thurman (Democrat, OH)James Kerr Kelly (Democrat, OR)William Andrew Wallace (Democrat, PA)Henry Cooper (Democrat, TN)David McKendree Key (Democrat, TN)Samuel Bell Maxey (Democrat, TX)John Warfield Johnston (Democrat, VA)Robert Enoch Withers (Democrat, VA)Henry Gassaway Davis (Democrat, WV)Samuel Price (Democrat, WV)George Eliphaz Spencer (Republican, AL)Powell Clayton (Republican, AR)Stephen Wallace Dorsey (Republican, AR)Aaron Augustus Sargent (Republican, CA)Newton Booth (Republican, CA)Jerome Bunty Chaffee (Republican, CO)Henry Moore Teller (Republican, CO)Simon Barclay Conover (Republican, FL)George Grover Wright (Republican, IA)William Boyd Allison (Republican, IA)John Alexander Logan (Republican, IL)Richard James Oglesby (Republican, IL)Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton (Republican, IN)John James Ingalls (Republican, KS)James Madison Harvey (Republican, KS)Joseph Rodman West (Republican, LA)George Sewel Boutwell (Republican, MA)Henry Laurens Dawes (Republican, MA)James Gillespie Blaine (Republican, ME)Hannibal Hamlin (Republican, ME)Thomas White Ferry (Republican, MI)Isaac Peckham Christiancy (Republican, MI)William Windom (Republican, MN)Samuel James Renwick McMillan (Republican, MN)James Lusk Alcorn (Republican, MS)Blanche Kelso Bruce (Republican, MS)Phineas Warren Hitchcock (Republican, NE)Algernon Sidney Paddock (Republican, NE)Aaron Harrison Cragin (Republican, NH)Bainbridge Wadleigh (Republican, NH)Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen (Republican, NJ)John Percival Jones (Republican, NV)William Sharon (Republican, NV)Roscoe Conkling (Republican, NY)John Sherman (Republican, OH)John Hipple Mitchell (Republican, OR)Simon Cameron (Republican, PA)Henry Bowen Anthony (Republican, RI)Ambrose Everett Burnside (Republican, RI)Thomas James Robertson (Republican, SC)John James Patterson (Republican, SC)Morgan Calvin Hamilton (Republican, TX)Justin Smith Morrill (Republican, VT)George Franklin Edmunds (Republican, VT)Timothy Otis Howe (Republican, WI)Angus Cameron (Republican, WI)
Mar 3, 1881 · 42 D · 33 R · 1 I
John Tyler Morgan (Democrat, AL)James Lawrence Pugh (Democrat, AL)Augustus Hill Garland (Democrat, AR)James David Walker (Democrat, AR)James Thompson Farley (Democrat, CA)William Wallace Eaton (Democrat, CT)Thomas Francis Bayard Sr. (Democrat, DE)Eli Saulsbury (Democrat, DE)Charles William Jones (Democrat, FL)Wilkinson Call (Democrat, FL)Benjamin Harvey Hill (Democrat, GA)Joseph Emerson Brown (Democrat, GA)Joseph Ewing McDonald (Democrat, IN)Daniel Wolsey Voorhees (Democrat, IN)James Burnie Beck (Democrat, KY)John Stuart Williams (Democrat, KY)Benjamin Franklin Jonas (Democrat, LA)William Pinkney Whyte (Democrat, MD)James Black Groome (Democrat, MD)Francis Marion Cockrell (Democrat, MO)George Graham Vest (Democrat, MO)Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (Democrat, MS)Matt Whitaker Ransom (Democrat, NC)Zebulon Baird Vance (Democrat, NC)Theodore Fitz Randolph (Democrat, NJ)John Rhoderic McPherson (Democrat, NJ)Francis Kernan (Democrat, NY)Allen Granberry Thurman (Democrat, OH)George Hunt Pendleton (Democrat, OH)La Fayette Grover (Democrat, OR)James Harvey Slater (Democrat, OR)William Andrew Wallace (Democrat, PA)Matthew Calbraith Butler (Democrat, SC)Wade Hampton (Democrat, SC)James Edmund Bailey (Democrat, TN)Isham Green Harris (Democrat, TN)Samuel Bell Maxey (Democrat, TX)Richard Coke (Democrat, TX)Robert Enoch Withers (Democrat, VA)John Warfield Johnston (Democrat, VA)Frank Hereford (Democrat, WV)Henry Gassaway Davis (Democrat, WV)David Davis (Independent, IL)Newton Booth (Republican, CA)Henry Moore Teller (Republican, CO)Nathaniel Peter Hill (Republican, CO)Orville Hitchcock Platt (Republican, CT)Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (Republican, IA)William Boyd Allison (Republican, IA)John Alexander Logan (Republican, IL)Preston B. Plumb (Republican, KS)John James Ingalls (Republican, KS)William Pitt Kellogg (Republican, LA)Henry Laurens Dawes (Republican, MA)George Frisbie Hoar (Republican, MA)Hannibal Hamlin (Republican, ME)James Gillespie Blaine (Republican, ME)Thomas White Ferry (Republican, MI)Henry Porter Baldwin (Republican, MI)Samuel James Renwick McMillan (Republican, MN)William Windom (Republican, MN)Blanche Kelso Bruce (Republican, MS)Algernon Sidney Paddock (Republican, NE)Alvin Saunders (Republican, NE)Edward Henry Rollins (Republican, NH)Henry William Blair (Republican, NH)William Sharon (Republican, NV)John Percival Jones (Republican, NV)Roscoe Conkling (Republican, NY)James Donald Cameron (Republican, PA)Ambrose Everett Burnside (Republican, RI)Henry Bowen Anthony (Republican, RI)George Franklin Edmunds (Republican, VT)Justin Smith Morrill (Republican, VT)Angus Cameron (Republican, WI)Matthew Hale Carpenter (Republican, WI)
39 new members · 39 departed · 37 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 53 → 55
15 seats changed party
John Alexander Logan R
Illinois seat
David Davis I
Illinois seat
Powell Clayton R
Arkansas seat
Augustus Hill Garland D
Arkansas seat
James Lusk Alcorn R
Mississippi seat
Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar D
Mississippi seat
Thomas James Robertson R
South Carolina seat
Matthew Calbraith Butler D
South Carolina seat
Show 11 more seat flips
Morgan Calvin Hamilton R
Texas seat
Richard Coke D
Texas seat
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen R
New Jersey seat
John Rhoderic McPherson D
New Jersey seat
Aaron Augustus Sargent R
California seat
James Thompson Farley D
California seat
John Sherman R
Ohio seat
George Hunt Pendleton D
Ohio seat
John Hipple Mitchell R
Oregon seat
James Harvey Slater D
Oregon seat
Stephen Wallace Dorsey R
Arkansas seat
James David Walker D
Arkansas seat
John James Patterson R
South Carolina seat
Wade Hampton D
South Carolina seat
Simon Barclay Conover R
Florida seat
Wilkinson Call D
Florida seat
Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton R
Indiana seat
Daniel Wolsey Voorhees D
Indiana seat
William Henry Barnum D
Connecticut seat
Orville Hitchcock Platt R
Connecticut seat
George Eliphaz Spencer R
Alabama seat
James Lawrence Pugh D
Alabama seat
Who joined and who left (39 in · 39 out)
John Tyler Morgan D
Alabama
James Lawrence Pugh D
Alabama
Augustus Hill Garland D
Arkansas
James David Walker D
Arkansas
James Thompson Farley D
California
Nathaniel Peter Hill R
Colorado
Orville Hitchcock Platt R
Connecticut
Wilkinson Call D
Florida
Benjamin Harvey Hill D
Georgia
Joseph Emerson Brown D
Georgia
Samuel Jordan Kirkwood R
Iowa
David Davis I
Illinois
Daniel Wolsey Voorhees D
Indiana
Preston B. Plumb R
Kansas
James Burnie Beck D
Kentucky
John Stuart Williams D
Kentucky
William Pitt Kellogg R
Louisiana
Benjamin Franklin Jonas D
Louisiana
George Frisbie Hoar R
Massachusetts
James Black Groome D
Maryland
Henry Porter Baldwin R
Michigan
George Graham Vest D
Missouri
Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar D
Mississippi
Zebulon Baird Vance D
North Carolina
Alvin Saunders R
Nebraska
Edward Henry Rollins R
New Hampshire
Henry William Blair R
New Hampshire
John Rhoderic McPherson D
New Jersey
George Hunt Pendleton D
Ohio
La Fayette Grover D
Oregon
James Harvey Slater D
Oregon
James Donald Cameron R
Pennsylvania
Matthew Calbraith Butler D
South Carolina
Wade Hampton D
South Carolina
James Edmund Bailey D
Tennessee
Isham Green Harris D
Tennessee
Richard Coke D
Texas
Matthew Hale Carpenter R
Wisconsin
Frank Hereford D
West Virginia
George Goldthwaite D
Alabama
George Eliphaz Spencer R
Alabama
Powell Clayton R
Arkansas
Stephen Wallace Dorsey R
Arkansas
Aaron Augustus Sargent R
California
Jerome Bunty Chaffee R
Colorado
William Henry Barnum D
Connecticut
Simon Barclay Conover R
Florida
Thomas Manson Norwood D
Georgia
John Brown Gordon D
Georgia
George Grover Wright R
Iowa
Richard James Oglesby R
Illinois
Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton R
Indiana
James Madison Harvey R
Kansas
John White Stevenson D
Kentucky
Thomas Clay McCreery D
Kentucky
Joseph Rodman West R
Louisiana
James Biddle Eustis D
Louisiana
George Sewel Boutwell R
Massachusetts
George Robertson Dennis D
Maryland
Isaac Peckham Christiancy R
Michigan
Lewis Vital Bogy D
Missouri
James Lusk Alcorn R
Mississippi
Augustus Summerfield Merrimon D
North Carolina
Phineas Warren Hitchcock R
Nebraska
Aaron Harrison Cragin R
New Hampshire
Bainbridge Wadleigh R
New Hampshire
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen R
New Jersey
John Sherman R
Ohio
James Kerr Kelly D
Oregon
John Hipple Mitchell R
Oregon
Simon Cameron R
Pennsylvania
Thomas James Robertson R
South Carolina
John James Patterson R
South Carolina
Henry Cooper D
Tennessee
David McKendree Key D
Tennessee
Morgan Calvin Hamilton R
Texas
Timothy Otis Howe R
Wisconsin
Samuel Price D
West Virginia
legislative/houseHouse
+226−225congress-legislators ↗
Mar 4, 1877 · 182 D · 110 R · 5 I · 3 IR · 1 ID
Taul Bradford (Democrat, AL-3)John Henry Caldwell (Democrat, AL-5)Jeremiah Norman Williams (Democrat, AL-2)Burwell Boykin Lewis (Democrat, AL-AL)Goldsmith Whitehouse Hewitt (Democrat, AL-6)William Wallace Wilshire (Democrat, AR-3)Lucien Coatsworth Gause (Democrat, AR-1)William Ferguson Slemons (Democrat, AR-2)Thomas Montague Gunter (Democrat, AR-4)Hiram Sanford Stevens (Democrat, AZ-AL)William Adam Piper (Democrat, CA-1)John King Luttrell (Democrat, CA-3)Peter Dinwiddie Wigginton (Democrat, CA-4)Thomas MacDonald Patterson (Democrat, CO-AL)George Marcellus Landers (Democrat, CT-1)Levi Warner (Democrat, CT-4)James Phelps (Democrat, CT-2)James Williams (Democrat, DE-AL)Milton Anthony Candler (Democrat, GA-5)Julian Hartridge (Democrat, GA-1)Benjamin Harvey Hill (Democrat, GA-9)William Ephraim Smith (Democrat, GA-2)Philip Cook (Democrat, GA-3)Alexander Hamilton Stephens (Democrat, GA-8)Henry Richard Harris (Democrat, GA-4)James Henderson Blount (Democrat, GA-6)Lucien Lester Ainsworth (Democrat, IA-3)John Courts Bagby (Democrat, IL-10)Bernard Gregory Caulfield (Democrat, IL-1)John Valcoulon Le Moyne (Democrat, IL-3)Carter Henry Harrison (Democrat, IL-2)William Hartzell (Democrat, IL-18)Adlai Ewing Stevenson (Democrat, IL-13)William Andrew Jackson Sparks (Democrat, IL-16)John Rice Eden (Democrat, IL-15)William Ralls Morrison (Democrat, IL-17)Scott Wike (Democrat, IL-11)William McKendree Springer (Democrat, IL-12)Nathan Tracy Carr (Democrat, IN-3)William Summerville Haymond (Democrat, IN-10)Andrew Humphreys (Democrat, IN-2)Franklin Landers (Democrat, IN-7)Benoni Stinson Fuller (Democrat, IN-1)Andrew Holman Hamilton (Democrat, IN-12)Jeptha Dudley New (Democrat, IN-4)William Steele Holman (Democrat, IN-5)John Randolph Goodin (Democrat, KS-2)John Young Brown (Democrat, KY-2)Thomas Laurens Jones (Democrat, KY-6)Charles William Milliken (Democrat, KY-3)Edward Young Parsons (Democrat, KY-5)Andrew Rechmond Boone (Democrat, KY-1)John Blades Clarke (Democrat, KY-10)Milton Jameson Durham (Democrat, KY-8)James Proctor Knott (Democrat, KY-4)Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn (Democrat, KY-7)William Mallory Levy (Democrat, LA-4)Ezekiel John Ellis (Democrat, LA-2)Randall Lee Gibson (Democrat, LA-1)Josiah Gardner Abbott (Democrat, MA-4)Chester William Chapin (Democrat, MA-11)John Kemble Tarbox (Democrat, MA-7)Charles Perkins Thompson (Democrat, MA-6)William Wirt Warren (Democrat, MA-8)William James O’Brien (Democrat, MD-3)Phillip Francis Thomas (Democrat, MD-1)Charles Boyle Roberts (Democrat, MD-2)Thomas Swann (Democrat, MD-4)William Walsh (Democrat, MD-6)Eli Jones Henkle (Democrat, MD-5)George Harman Durand (Democrat, MI-6)Allen Potter (Democrat, MI-4)Alpheus Starkey Williams (Democrat, MI-1)Rezin A. De Bolt (Democrat, MO-10)Edward Charles Kehr (Democrat, MO-1)William Henry Stone (Democrat, MO-3)Benjamin Joseph Franklin (Democrat, MO-8)John Montgomery Glover (Democrat, MO-12)Robert Anthony Hatcher (Democrat, MO-4)David Rea (Democrat, MO-9)John Finis Philips (Democrat, MO-7)Erastus Wells (Democrat, MO-2)John Bullock Clark Jr. (Democrat, MO-11)Aylett Hawes Buckner (Democrat, MO-13)Richard Parks Bland (Democrat, MO-5)Charles Henry Morgan (Democrat, MO-6)Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (Democrat, MS-1)Otho Robards Singleton (Democrat, MS-4)Charles Edward Hooker (Democrat, MS-5)Hernando De Soto Money (Democrat, MS-3)Martin Maginnis (Democrat, MT-AL)Thomas Samuel Ashe (Democrat, NC-6)William McKendree Robbins (Democrat, NC-7)Alfred Moore Waddell (Democrat, NC-3)Joseph Jonathan Davis (Democrat, NC-4)Jesse Johnson Yeates (Democrat, NC-1)Alfred Moore Scales (Democrat, NC-5)Robert Brank Vance (Democrat, NC-8)Samuel Newell Bell (Democrat, NH-2)Frank Jones (Democrat, NH-1)Robert Hamilton (Democrat, NJ-4)Frederick Halstead Teese (Democrat, NJ-6)Augustus William Cutler (Democrat, NJ-5)Augustus Albert Hardenbergh (Democrat, NJ-7)Miles Ross (Democrat, NJ-3)Smith Ely Jr. (Democrat, NY-7)Scott Lord (Democrat, NY-23)Edwin Ruthven Meade (Democrat, NY-5)Henry Bleecker Metcalfe (Democrat, NY-1)Nathaniel Holmes Odell (Democrat, NY-12)John Godfrey Schumaker (Democrat, NY-2)Charles Christopher Brainerd Walker (Democrat, NY-29)Elijah Ward (Democrat, NY-8)John Osborne Whitehouse (Democrat, NY-13)George Monroe Beebe (Democrat, NY-14)Benjamin Albertson Willis (Democrat, NY-11)Fernando Wood (Democrat, NY-9)John Holroyd Bagley Jr. (Democrat, NY-15)Abram Stevens Hewitt (Democrat, NY-10)Archibald Meserole Bliss (Democrat, NY-4)Samuel Sullivan Cox (Democrat, NY-6)Jacob Pitzer Cowan (Democrat, OH-14)Lawrence Talbot Neal (Democrat, OH-7)Earley Franklin Poppleton (Democrat, OH-9)John Simpson Savage (Democrat, OH-3)John Luther Vance (Democrat, OH-11)Ansel Tracy Walling (Democrat, OH-12)Henry Blackstone Banning (Democrat, OH-2)Americus Vespucius Rice (Democrat, OH-5)Milton Sayler (Democrat, OH-1)Milton Isaiah Southard (Democrat, OH-13)John A. McMahon (Democrat, OH-4)Frank Hunt Hurd (Democrat, OH-6)Henry B. Payne (Democrat, OH-20)George Augustus La Dow (Democrat, OR-1)Alexander Gilmore Cochran (Democrat, PA-23)Albert Gallatin Egbert (Democrat, PA-27)George Augustus Jenks (Democrat, PA-25)Joseph Powell (Democrat, PA-15)John Reilly (Democrat, PA-17)John Robbins (Democrat, PA-5)James Sheakley (Democrat, PA-26)Francis Dolan Collins (Democrat, PA-11)Levi Augustus Mackey (Democrat, PA-20)William Shearer Stenger (Democrat, PA-18)Jacob Turney (Democrat, PA-21)Hiester Clymer (Democrat, PA-8)James Herron Hopkins (Democrat, PA-22)Levi Maish (Democrat, PA-19)Samuel Jackson Randall (Democrat, PA-3)William Mutchler (Democrat, PA-10)James Bernard Reilly (Democrat, PA-13)Samuel McClary Fite (Democrat, TN-4)William McFarland (Democrat, TN-1)William Parker Caldwell (Democrat, TN-9)John Morgan Bright (Democrat, TN-5)John DeWitt Clinton Atkins (Democrat, TN-8)John Ford House (Democrat, TN-6)George Gibbs Dibrell (Democrat, TN-3)Hiram Casey Young (Democrat, TN-10)Washington Curran Whitthorne (Democrat, TN-7)Gustave Schleicher (Democrat, TX-6)John Hancock (Democrat, TX-5)James Webb Throckmorton (Democrat, TX-3)John Henninger Reagan (Democrat, TX-1)Roger Quarles Mills (Democrat, TX-4)David Browning Culberson (Democrat, TX-2)Charles James Faulkner (Democrat, VA-AL)William Terry (Democrat, VA-9)Beverly Browne Douglas (Democrat, VA-1)Gilbert Carlton Walker (Democrat, VA-3)John Goode Jr. (Democrat, VA-2)John Thomas Harris (Democrat, VA-7)George Craighead Cabell (Democrat, VA-5)John Randolph Tucker (Democrat, VA-6)Eppa Hunton (Democrat, VA-8)Samuel Dickinson Burchard (Democrat, WI-5)George Washington Cate (Democrat, WI-8)William Pitt Lynde (Democrat, WI-4)Frank Hereford (Democrat, WV-3)Benjamin Wilson (Democrat, WV-1)William Randolph Steele (Democrat, WY-AL)Thomas Warren Bennett (Independent, ID-AL)William Black Anderson (Independent, IL-19)Alexander Campbell (Independent, IL-7)Julius Hawley Seelye (Independent, MA-10)Nathaniel Prentice Banks (Independent, MA-5)William Harrell Felton (Ind. Democrat, GA-7)Guilford Wiley Wells (Ind. Republican, MS-2)Simeon Baldwin Chittenden (Ind. Republican, NY-3)Dudley Chase Denison (Ind. Republican, VT-2)Jeremiah Haralson (Republican, AL-1)Charles Hays (Republican, AL-4)Horace Francis Page (Republican, CA-2)James Burns Belford (Republican, CO-1)Henry Howard Starkweather (Republican, CT-3)William James Purman (Republican, FL-1)Josiah Thomas Walls (Republican, FL-2)George Washington McCrary (Republican, IA-1)Henry Otis Pratt (Republican, IA-4)John Quincy Tufts (Republican, IA-2)Samuel Addison Oliver (Republican, IA-9)Ezekiel Silas Sampson (Republican, IA-6)James Wilson McDill (Republican, IA-8)John Adam Kasson (Republican, IA-7)James Wilson (Republican, IA-5)Stephen Augustus Hurlbut (Republican, IL-4)Richard Henry Whiting (Republican, IL-9)Horatio Chapin Burchard (Republican, IL-5)Greenbury Lafayette Fort (Republican, IL-8)Thomas Jefferson Henderson (Republican, IL-6)Joseph Gurney Cannon (Republican, IL-14)Thomas Jefferson Cason (Republican, IN-9)James La Fayette Evans (Republican, IN-11)Morton Craig Hunter (Republican, IN-8)Milton Stapp Robinson (Republican, IN-6)John Harris Baker (Republican, IN-13)William Ripley Brown (Republican, KS-3)William Addison Phillips (Republican, KS-1)John Daugherty White (Republican, KY-9)Frank Morey (Republican, LA-5)Charles Edmund Nash (Republican, LA-6)Chester Bidwell Darrall (Republican, LA-3)James Buffinton (Republican, MA-1)Henry Lillie Pierce (Republican, MA-3)Benjamin Winslow Harris (Republican, MA-2)George Frisbie Hoar (Republican, MA-9)John Holmes Burleigh (Republican, ME-1)Samuel Freeman Hersey (Republican, ME-AL)Harris Merrill Plaisted (Republican, ME-4)Eugene Hale (Republican, ME-5)William Pierce Frye (Republican, ME-2)Edwin Flye (Republican, ME-3)Nathan Ball Bradley (Republican, MI-8)Henry Waldron (Republican, MI-2)George Willard (Republican, MI-3)William Brewster Williams (Republican, MI-5)Omar Dwight Conger (Republican, MI-7)Jay Abel Hubbell (Republican, MI-9)William Smith King (Republican, MN-3)Horace Burton Strait (Republican, MN-2)Mark Hill Dunnell (Republican, MN-1)John Roy Lynch (Republican, MS-6)John Adams Hyman (Republican, NC-2)Lorenzo Crounse (Republican, NE-1)Henry William Blair (Republican, NH-3)Samuel Atkinson Dobbins (Republican, NJ-2)Clement Hall Sinnickson (Republican, NJ-1)Stephen Benton Elkins (Republican, NM-AL)William Woodburn (Republican, NV-AL)Charles Henry Adams (Republican, NY-16)Lyman Kidder Bass (Republican, NY-32)John Madison Davy (Republican, NY-30)Henry Harrison Hathorn (Republican, NY-20)George Gilbert Hoskins (Republican, NY-31)Elias Warner Leavenworth (Republican, NY-25)Clinton Dugald MacDougall (Republican, NY-26)Samuel Franklin Miller (Republican, NY-21)Nelson Ira Norton (Republican, NY-33)William Almon Wheeler (Republican, NY-19)George Augustus Bagley (Republican, NY-22)William Henry Baker (Republican, NY-24)Martin Ingham Townsend (Republican, NY-17)Andrew Williams (Republican, NY-18)Elbridge Gerry Lapham (Republican, NY-27)Thomas Collier Platt (Republican, NY-28)William Lawrence (Republican, OH-8)Laurin Dewey Woodworth (Republican, OH-17)Charles Foster (Republican, OH-10)Nelson Holmes Van Vorhes (Republican, OH-15)James Monroe (Republican, OH-18)James Abram Garfield (Republican, OH-19)Lorenzo Danford (Republican, OH-16)Winthrop Welles Ketchum (Republican, PA-12)John Black Packer (Republican, PA-14)Sobieski Ross (Republican, PA-16)Washington Townsend (Republican, PA-6)John Winfield Wallace (Republican, PA-24)Alan Wood Jr. (Republican, PA-7)Chapman Freeman (Republican, PA-1)Abraham Herr Smith (Republican, PA-9)William Darrah Kelley (Republican, PA-4)Charles O’Neill (Republican, PA-2)Benjamin Tucker Eames (Republican, RI-1)Latimer Whipple Ballou (Republican, RI-2)Charles Wilson Buttz (Republican, SC-2)Solomon Lafayette Hoge (Republican, SC-3)Alexander Stuart Wallace (Republican, SC-4)Joseph Hayne Rainey (Republican, SC-1)Robert Smalls (Republican, SC-5)Jacob Montgomery Thornburgh (Republican, TN-2)George Quayle Cannon (Republican, UT-AL)William Henry Harrison Stowell (Republican, VA-4)George Whitman Hendee (Republican, VT-3)Charles Herbert Joyce (Republican, VT-1)Orange Jacobs (Republican, WA-AL)Alanson Mellen Kimball (Republican, WI-6)Henry Sterling Magoon (Republican, WI-3)Jeremiah McLain Rusk (Republican, WI-7)Charles Grandison Williams (Republican, WI-1)Lucien Bonaparte Caswell (Republican, WI-2)
Mar 3, 1881 · 146 D · 136 R · 13 NG · 7 ID
Newton Nash Clements (Democrat, AL-6)William James Samford (Democrat, AL-3)Thomas Hord Herndon (Democrat, AL-1)Charles Miller Shelley (Democrat, AL-4)Thomas Williams (Democrat, AL-5)William Henry Forney (Democrat, AL-7)Hilary Abner Herbert (Democrat, AL-2)William Ferguson Slemons (Democrat, AR-2)Jordan Edgar Cravens (Democrat, AR-3)Thomas Montague Gunter (Democrat, AR-4)Poindexter Dunn (Democrat, AR-1)John Goulder Campbell (Democrat, AZ-AL)Campbell Polson Berry (Democrat, CA-3)James Phelps (Democrat, CT-2)Edward Livingston Martin (Democrat, DE-AL)Noble Andrew Hull (Democrat, FL-2)Robert Hamilton McWhorta Davidson (Democrat, FL-1)William Ephraim Smith (Democrat, GA-2)Philip Cook (Democrat, GA-3)Alexander Hamilton Stephens (Democrat, GA-8)John Calhoun Nicholls (Democrat, GA-1)Nathaniel Job Hammond (Democrat, GA-5)James Henderson Blount (Democrat, GA-6)George Ainslie (Democrat, ID-AL)Adlai Ewing Stevenson (Democrat, IL-13)James Washington Singleton (Democrat, IL-11)William Andrew Jackson Sparks (Democrat, IL-16)William Ralls Morrison (Democrat, IL-17)Richard Wellington Townshend (Democrat, IL-19)William McKendree Springer (Democrat, IL-12)George Augustus Bicknell (Democrat, IN-3)Abraham Jonathan Hostetler (Democrat, IN-8)William Ralph Myers (Democrat, IN-6)Jeptha Dudley New (Democrat, IN-4)Walpole Gillespie Colerick (Democrat, IN-12)Thomas Reed Cobb (Democrat, IN-2)Thomas Turner (Democrat, KY-9)John William Caldwell (Democrat, KY-3)James Proctor Knott (Democrat, KY-4)James Andrew McKenzie (Democrat, KY-2)Elijah Conner Phister (Democrat, KY-10)Philip Burton Thompson Jr. (Democrat, KY-8)Albert Shelby Willis (Democrat, KY-5)John Griffin Carlisle (Democrat, KY-6)Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn (Democrat, KY-7)Joseph Hayes Acklen (Democrat, LA-3)Joseph Barton Elam (Democrat, LA-4)Ezekiel John Ellis (Democrat, LA-2)John Floyd King (Democrat, LA-5)Edward White Robertson (Democrat, LA-6)Randall Lee Gibson (Democrat, LA-1)Leopold Morse (Democrat, MA-4)Eli Jones Henkle (Democrat, MD-5)Daniel Maynadier Henry (Democrat, MD-1)William Kimmel (Democrat, MD-3)Robert Milligan McLane (Democrat, MD-4)Joshua Frederick Cockey Talbott (Democrat, MD-2)Henry Poehler (Democrat, MN-2)Alfred Morrison Lay (Democrat, MO-7)Gideon Frank Rothwell (Democrat, MO-10)James Richard Waddill (Democrat, MO-6)Erastus Wells (Democrat, MO-2)John Bullock Clark Jr. (Democrat, MO-11)Richard Graham Frost (Democrat, MO-3)Aylett Hawes Buckner (Democrat, MO-13)Lowndes Henry Davis (Democrat, MO-4)Martin Linn Clardy (Democrat, MO-1)William Henry Hatch (Democrat, MO-12)Richard Parks Bland (Democrat, MO-5)James Ronald Chalmers (Democrat, MS-6)Vannoy Hartrog Manning (Democrat, MS-2)Henry Lowndes Muldrow (Democrat, MS-1)Otho Robards Singleton (Democrat, MS-4)Charles Edward Hooker (Democrat, MS-5)Hernando De Soto Money (Democrat, MS-3)Martin Maginnis (Democrat, MT-AL)Joseph Jonathan Davis (Democrat, NC-4)William Hodges Kitchin (Democrat, NC-2)Walter Leak Steele (Democrat, NC-6)Robert Franklin Armfield (Democrat, NC-7)Alfred Moore Scales (Democrat, NC-5)Robert Brank Vance (Democrat, NC-8)Alvah Augustus Clark (Democrat, NJ-4)Hezekiah Bradley Smith (Democrat, NJ-2)Miles Ross (Democrat, NJ-3)William Lounsbery (Democrat, NY-15)Fernando Wood (Democrat, NY-9)Waldo Hutchins (Democrat, NY-12)Archibald Meserole Bliss (Democrat, NY-4)Samuel Sullivan Cox (Democrat, NY-6)James Way Covert (Democrat, NY-1)Nicholas Muller (Democrat, NY-5)Henry Luther Dickey (Democrat, OH-11)Thomas Ewing (Democrat, OH-10)Ebenezer Byron Finley (Democrat, OH-8)John A. McMahon (Democrat, OH-3)Gibson Atherton (Democrat, OH-14)George Leroy Converse (Democrat, OH-9)Frank Hunt Hurd (Democrat, OH-7)George Washington Geddes (Democrat, OH-15)William David Hill (Democrat, OH-6)Benjamin Le Fevre (Democrat, OH-5)Adoniram Judson Warner (Democrat, OH-13)John Whiteaker (Democrat, OR-1)Reuben Knecht Bachman (Democrat, PA-10)Hiester Clymer (Democrat, PA-8)Alexander Hamilton Coffroth (Democrat, PA-17)John Walker Ryon (Democrat, PA-13)Robert Klotz (Democrat, PA-11)Morgan Ringland Wise (Democrat, PA-21)Samuel Jackson Randall (Democrat, PA-3)Frank Eckels Beltzhoover (Democrat, PA-19)Michael Patrick O’Connor (Democrat, SC-2)John Smythe Richardson (Democrat, SC-1)John Hamilton Evins (Democrat, SC-4)David Wyatt Aiken (Democrat, SC-3)George Dionysius Tillman (Democrat, SC-5)John Morgan Bright (Democrat, TN-5)John DeWitt Clinton Atkins (Democrat, TN-8)John Ford House (Democrat, TN-6)Charles Bryson Simonton (Democrat, TN-9)George Gibbs Dibrell (Democrat, TN-3)Hiram Casey Young (Democrat, TN-10)Washington Curran Whitthorne (Democrat, TN-7)Benton McMillin (Democrat, TN-4)Robert Love Taylor (Democrat, TN-1)Gustave Schleicher (Democrat, TX-AL)Christopher Columbus Upson (Democrat, TX-6)Olin Wellborn (Democrat, TX-3)John Henninger Reagan (Democrat, TX-1)Roger Quarles Mills (Democrat, TX-4)David Browning Culberson (Democrat, TX-2)Richard Lee Turberville Beale (Democrat, VA-1)John Goode Jr. (Democrat, VA-2)John Thomas Harris (Democrat, VA-7)Joseph Eggleston Johnston (Democrat, VA-3)James Buchanan Richmond (Democrat, VA-9)George Craighead Cabell (Democrat, VA-5)John Randolph Tucker (Democrat, VA-6)Eppa Hunton (Democrat, VA-8)Gabriel Bouck (Democrat, WI-6)Peter Victor Deuster (Democrat, WI-4)Edward Stuyvesant Bragg (Democrat, WI-5)Benjamin Franklin Martin (Democrat, WV-2)Benjamin Wilson (Democrat, WV-1)John Edward Kenna (Democrat, WV-3)William Manning Lowe (National Greenbacker, AL-8)William Harrell Felton (Ind. Democrat, GA-7)Henry Persons (Ind. Democrat, GA-4)Emory Speer (Ind. Democrat, GA-9)Edward Hooker Gillette (National Greenbacker, IA-7)James Baird Weaver (National Greenbacker, IA-6)Albert Palaska Forsythe (National Greenbacker, IL-15)Gilbert De La Matyr (National Greenbacker, IN-7)Oscar Turner (Ind. Democrat, KY-1)George Washington Ladd (National Greenbacker, ME-4)Thompson Henry Murch (National Greenbacker, ME-5)Samuel Locke Sawyer (Ind. Democrat, MO-8)Nicholas Ford (National Greenbacker, MO-9)Daniel Lindsay Russell (National Greenbacker, NC-3)James O’Brien (Ind. Democrat, NY-10)Daniel O’Reilly (Ind. Democrat, NY-2)Hendrick Bradley Wright (National Greenbacker, PA-12)Seth Hartman Yocum (National Greenbacker, PA-20)George Washington Jones (National Greenbacker, TX-5)Bradley Barlow (National Greenbacker, VT-3)Horace Davis (Republican, CA-1)Romualdo Pacheco (Republican, CA-4)Horace Francis Page (Republican, CA-2)James Burns Belford (Republican, CO-1)John Turner Wait (Republican, CT-3)Frederick Miles (Republican, CT-4)Joseph Roswell Hawley (Republican, CT-1)Rush Clark (Republican, IA-5)Hiram Price (Republican, IA-2)William Fletcher Sapp (Republican, IA-8)Cyrus Clay Carpenter (Republican, IA-9)Nathaniel Cobb Deering (Republican, IA-4)Moses Ayers McCoid (Republican, IA-1)Thomas Updegraff (Republican, IA-3)Hiram Barber Jr. (Republican, IL-3)Thomas Alexander Boyd (Republican, IL-9)Greenbury Lafayette Fort (Republican, IL-8)Philip Cornelius Hayes (Republican, IL-7)William Aldrich (Republican, IL-1)Robert Moffett Allison Hawk (Republican, IL-5)John Crocker Sherwin (Republican, IL-4)George Royal Davis (Republican, IL-2)John Robert Thomas (Republican, IL-18)Thomas Jefferson Henderson (Republican, IL-6)Benjamin Franklin Marsh (Republican, IL-10)Joseph Gurney Cannon (Republican, IL-14)John Harris Baker (Republican, IN-13)Calvin Cowgill (Republican, IN-11)William Heilman (Republican, IN-1)Godlove Stein Orth (Republican, IN-9)William Henry Calkins (Republican, IN-10)Thomas McLelland Browne (Republican, IN-5)Dudley Chase Haskell (Republican, KS-2)John Alexander Anderson (Republican, KS-1)Thomas Ryan (Republican, KS-3)William Claflin (Republican, MA-8)Walbridge Abner Field (Republican, MA-3)George Bailey Loring (Republican, MA-6)Selwyn Zadock Bowman (Republican, MA-5)William Wallace Crapo (Republican, MA-1)Benjamin Winslow Harris (Republican, MA-2)Amasa Norcross (Republican, MA-10)George Dexter Robinson (Republican, MA-11)William Augustus Russell (Republican, MA-7)William Whitney Rice (Republican, MA-9)Milton George Urner (Republican, MD-6)Stephen Decatur Lindsey (Republican, ME-3)Thomas Brackett Reed (Republican, ME-1)William Pierce Frye (Republican, ME-2)Jonas Hartzell McGowan (Republican, MI-3)John Stoughton Newberry (Republican, MI-1)John Wesley Stone (Republican, MI-5)Omar Dwight Conger (Republican, MI-7)Jay Abel Hubbell (Republican, MI-9)Edwin Willits (Republican, MI-2)Roswell Gilbert Horr (Republican, MI-8)Mark Spencer Brewer (Republican, MI-6)Julius Caesar Burrows (Republican, MI-4)Mark Hill Dunnell (Republican, MN-1)William Drew Washburn (Republican, MN-3)Joseph John Martin (Republican, NC-1)Thomas Jefferson Majors (Republican, NE-AL)Edward Kimble Valentine (Republican, NE-1)Evarts Worcester Farr (Republican, NH-3)James Frankland Briggs (Republican, NH-2)Joshua Gilman Hall (Republican, NH-1)John Lauris Blake (Republican, NJ-6)Lewis Alexander Brigham (Republican, NJ-7)Charles Henry Voorhis (Republican, NJ-5)George Maxwell Robeson (Republican, NJ-1)Mariano Sabino Otero (Republican, NM-AL)Rollin Mallory Daggett (Republican, NV-AL)John Mosher Bailey (Republican, NY-16)Simeon Baldwin Chittenden (Republican, NY-3)Edwin Einstein (Republican, NY-7)John William Ferdon (Republican, NY-14)Amaziah Bailey James (Republican, NY-19)Ray Vaughn Pierce (Republican, NY-32)John Henry Starin (Republican, NY-20)John Henry Camp (Republican, NY-26)Richard Crowley (Republican, NY-31)Jeremiah Wilbur Dwight (Republican, NY-28)John Hammond (Republican, NY-18)Elbridge Gerry Lapham (Republican, NY-27)Joseph Mason (Republican, NY-24)Anson George McCook (Republican, NY-8)Warner Miller (Republican, NY-22)Levi Parsons Morton (Republican, NY-11)Cyrus Dan Prescott (Republican, NY-23)David Plunket Richardson (Republican, NY-29)Henry Van Aernam (Republican, NY-33)Walter Abbott Wood (Republican, NY-17)Frank Hiscock (Republican, NY-25)David Wilber (Republican, NY-21)John Van Voorhis (Republican, NY-30)John Henry Ketcham (Republican, NY-13)James Monroe (Republican, OH-17)James Abram Garfield (Republican, OH-19)Henry Safford Neal (Republican, OH-12)Amos Townsend (Republican, OH-20)Jonathan Taylor Updegraff (Republican, OH-18)Thomas Lowry Young (Republican, OH-2)Benjamin Butterworth (Republican, OH-1)William McKinley Jr. (Republican, OH-16)Joseph Warren Keifer (Republican, OH-4)Samuel Bernard Dick (Republican, PA-26)John Weinland Killinger (Republican, PA-14)James H. Osmer (Republican, PA-27)Edward Overton Jr. (Republican, PA-15)Harry White (Republican, PA-25)Russell Errett (Republican, PA-22)Horatio Gates Fisher (Republican, PA-18)William Godshalk (Republican, PA-7)John Inscho Mitchell (Republican, PA-16)William Shadrack Shallenberger (Republican, PA-24)William Ward (Republican, PA-6)Abraham Herr Smith (Republican, PA-9)Thomas McKee Bayne (Republican, PA-23)William Darrah Kelley (Republican, PA-4)Charles O’Neill (Republican, PA-2)Alfred Crout Harmer (Republican, PA-5)Henry Harrison Bingham (Republican, PA-1)Latimer Whipple Ballou (Republican, RI-2)Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich (Republican, RI-1)Leonidas Campbell Houk (Republican, TN-2)George Quayle Cannon (Republican, UT-AL)Joseph Jorgensen (Republican, VA-4)Charles Herbert Joyce (Republican, VT-1)James Manning Tyler (Republican, VT-2)Thomas Hurley Brents (Republican, WA-AL)George Cochrane Hazelton (Republican, WI-3)Herman Leon Humphrey (Republican, WI-7)Thaddeus Coleman Pound (Republican, WI-8)Charles Grandison Williams (Republican, WI-1)Lucien Bonaparte Caswell (Republican, WI-2)Stephen Wheeler Downey (Republican, WY-AL)
226 new members · 225 departed · 76 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 48 → 50
32 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alabama 5 D · 2 R
Alabama 7 D · 0 R · 1 other
California 3 D · 1 R
California 1 D · 3 R
Colorado 1 D · 1 R
Colorado 0 D · 1 R
Connecticut 3 D · 1 R
Connecticut 1 D · 3 R
Florida 0 D · 2 R
Florida 2 D · 0 R
Georgia 8 D · 0 R · 1 other
Georgia 6 D · 0 R · 3 other
Iowa 1 D · 8 R
Iowa 0 D · 7 R · 2 other
Idaho 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Idaho 1 D · 0 R
Illinois 11 D · 6 R · 2 other
Illinois 6 D · 12 R · 1 other
Indiana 8 D · 5 R
Indiana 6 D · 6 R · 1 other
Kansas 1 D · 2 R
Kansas 0 D · 3 R
Kentucky 9 D · 1 R
Kentucky 9 D · 0 R · 1 other
Louisiana 3 D · 3 R
Louisiana 6 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 5 D · 4 R · 2 other
Massachusetts 1 D · 10 R
Maryland 6 D · 0 R
Maryland 5 D · 1 R
Maine 0 D · 6 R
Maine 0 D · 3 R · 2 other
Michigan 3 D · 6 R
Michigan 0 D · 9 R
Minnesota 0 D · 3 R
Minnesota 1 D · 2 R
Missouri 13 D · 0 R
Missouri 11 D · 0 R · 2 other
Mississippi 4 D · 1 R · 1 other
Mississippi 6 D · 0 R
North Carolina 7 D · 1 R
North Carolina 6 D · 1 R · 1 other
Nebraska 0 D · 1 R
Nebraska 0 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 2 D · 1 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 3 R
New Jersey 5 D · 2 R
New Jersey 3 D · 4 R
New York 16 D · 16 R · 1 other
New York 7 D · 24 R · 2 other
Ohio 13 D · 7 R
Ohio 11 D · 9 R
Pennsylvania 17 D · 10 R
Pennsylvania 8 D · 17 R · 2 other
South Carolina 0 D · 5 R
South Carolina 5 D · 0 R
Texas 6 D · 0 R
Texas 6 D · 0 R · 1 other
Virginia 9 D · 1 R
Virginia 8 D · 1 R
West Virginia 2 D · 0 R
West Virginia 3 D · 0 R
Wyoming 1 D · 0 R
Wyoming 0 D · 1 R
Who joined and who left (226 in · 225 out)
Newton Nash Clements D
Alabama-6
William James Samford D
Alabama-3
William Manning Lowe NG
Alabama-8
Thomas Hord Herndon D
Alabama-1
Charles Miller Shelley D
Alabama-4
Thomas Williams D
Alabama-5
William Henry Forney D
Alabama-7
Hilary Abner Herbert D
Alabama-2
Jordan Edgar Cravens D
Arkansas-3
Poindexter Dunn D
Arkansas-1
John Goulder Campbell D
Arizona-AL
Horace Davis R
California-1
Campbell Polson Berry D
California-3
Romualdo Pacheco R
California-4
John Turner Wait R
Connecticut-3
Frederick Miles R
Connecticut-4
Joseph Roswell Hawley R
Connecticut-1
Edward Livingston Martin D
Delaware-AL
Noble Andrew Hull D
Florida-2
Robert Hamilton McWhorta Davidson D
Florida-1
Henry Persons ID
Georgia-4
Emory Speer ID
Georgia-9
John Calhoun Nicholls D
Georgia-1
Nathaniel Job Hammond D
Georgia-5
Rush Clark R
Iowa-5
Edward Hooker Gillette NG
Iowa-7
Hiram Price R
Iowa-2
William Fletcher Sapp R
Iowa-8
Cyrus Clay Carpenter R
Iowa-9
Nathaniel Cobb Deering R
Iowa-4
Moses Ayers McCoid R
Iowa-1
James Baird Weaver NG
Iowa-6
Thomas Updegraff R
Iowa-3
George Ainslie D
Idaho-AL
Hiram Barber Jr. R
Illinois-3
Thomas Alexander Boyd R
Illinois-9
Albert Palaska Forsythe NG
Illinois-15
Philip Cornelius Hayes R
Illinois-7
William Aldrich R
Illinois-1
Robert Moffett Allison Hawk R
Illinois-5
John Crocker Sherwin R
Illinois-4
James Washington Singleton D
Illinois-11
George Royal Davis R
Illinois-2
John Robert Thomas R
Illinois-18
Richard Wellington Townshend D
Illinois-19
Benjamin Franklin Marsh R
Illinois-10
George Augustus Bicknell D
Indiana-3
Calvin Cowgill R
Indiana-11
Gilbert De La Matyr NG
Indiana-7
Abraham Jonathan Hostetler D
Indiana-8
William Ralph Myers D
Indiana-6
Walpole Gillespie Colerick D
Indiana-12
William Heilman R
Indiana-1
Godlove Stein Orth R
Indiana-9
William Henry Calkins R
Indiana-10
Thomas Reed Cobb D
Indiana-2
Thomas McLelland Browne R
Indiana-5
Dudley Chase Haskell R
Kansas-2
John Alexander Anderson R
Kansas-1
Thomas Ryan R
Kansas-3
Thomas Turner D
Kentucky-9
John William Caldwell D
Kentucky-3
James Andrew McKenzie D
Kentucky-2
Elijah Conner Phister D
Kentucky-10
Philip Burton Thompson Jr. D
Kentucky-8
Oscar Turner ID
Kentucky-1
Albert Shelby Willis D
Kentucky-5
John Griffin Carlisle D
Kentucky-6
Joseph Hayes Acklen D
Louisiana-3
Joseph Barton Elam D
Louisiana-4
John Floyd King D
Louisiana-5
Edward White Robertson D
Louisiana-6
William Claflin R
Massachusetts-8
Walbridge Abner Field R
Massachusetts-3
George Bailey Loring R
Massachusetts-6
Selwyn Zadock Bowman R
Massachusetts-5
William Wallace Crapo R
Massachusetts-1
Amasa Norcross R
Massachusetts-10
George Dexter Robinson R
Massachusetts-11
William Augustus Russell R
Massachusetts-7
William Whitney Rice R
Massachusetts-9
Leopold Morse D
Massachusetts-4
Daniel Maynadier Henry D
Maryland-1
William Kimmel D
Maryland-3
Robert Milligan McLane D
Maryland-4
Milton George Urner R
Maryland-6
Joshua Frederick Cockey Talbott D
Maryland-2
George Washington Ladd NG
Maine-4
Stephen Decatur Lindsey R
Maine-3
Thompson Henry Murch NG
Maine-5
Thomas Brackett Reed R
Maine-1
Jonas Hartzell McGowan R
Michigan-3
John Stoughton Newberry R
Michigan-1
John Wesley Stone R
Michigan-5
Edwin Willits R
Michigan-2
Roswell Gilbert Horr R
Michigan-8
Mark Spencer Brewer R
Michigan-6
Julius Caesar Burrows R
Michigan-4
Henry Poehler D
Minnesota-2
William Drew Washburn R
Minnesota-3
Alfred Morrison Lay D
Missouri-7
Gideon Frank Rothwell D
Missouri-10
Samuel Locke Sawyer ID
Missouri-8
James Richard Waddill D
Missouri-6
Nicholas Ford NG
Missouri-9
Richard Graham Frost D
Missouri-3
Lowndes Henry Davis D
Missouri-4
Martin Linn Clardy D
Missouri-1
William Henry Hatch D
Missouri-12
James Ronald Chalmers D
Mississippi-6
Vannoy Hartrog Manning D
Mississippi-2
Henry Lowndes Muldrow D
Mississippi-1
William Hodges Kitchin D
North Carolina-2
Joseph John Martin R
North Carolina-1
Daniel Lindsay Russell NG
North Carolina-3
Walter Leak Steele D
North Carolina-6
Robert Franklin Armfield D
North Carolina-7
Thomas Jefferson Majors R
Nebraska-AL
Edward Kimble Valentine R
Nebraska-1
Evarts Worcester Farr R
New Hampshire-3
James Frankland Briggs R
New Hampshire-2
Joshua Gilman Hall R
New Hampshire-1
John Lauris Blake R
New Jersey-6
Lewis Alexander Brigham R
New Jersey-7
Alvah Augustus Clark D
New Jersey-4
Hezekiah Bradley Smith D
New Jersey-2
Charles Henry Voorhis R
New Jersey-5
George Maxwell Robeson R
New Jersey-1
Mariano Sabino Otero R
New Mexico-AL
Rollin Mallory Daggett R
Nevada-AL
John Mosher Bailey R
New York-16
Edwin Einstein R
New York-7
John William Ferdon R
New York-14
Amaziah Bailey James R
New York-19
William Lounsbery D
New York-15
James O’Brien ID
New York-10
Daniel O’Reilly ID
New York-2
Ray Vaughn Pierce R
New York-32
John Henry Starin R
New York-20
John Henry Camp R
New York-26
Richard Crowley R
New York-31
Jeremiah Wilbur Dwight R
New York-28
John Hammond R
New York-18
Joseph Mason R
New York-24
Anson George McCook R
New York-8
Warner Miller R
New York-22
Levi Parsons Morton R
New York-11
Cyrus Dan Prescott R
New York-23
David Plunket Richardson R
New York-29
Henry Van Aernam R
New York-33
Walter Abbott Wood R
New York-17
Waldo Hutchins D
New York-12
Frank Hiscock R
New York-25
David Wilber R
New York-21
James Way Covert D
New York-1
John Van Voorhis R
New York-30
Nicholas Muller D
New York-5
John Henry Ketcham R
New York-13
Henry Luther Dickey D
Ohio-11
Thomas Ewing D
Ohio-10
Ebenezer Byron Finley D
Ohio-8
Gibson Atherton D
Ohio-14
Henry Safford Neal R
Ohio-12
Amos Townsend R
Ohio-20
Jonathan Taylor Updegraff R
Ohio-18
Thomas Lowry Young R
Ohio-2
George Leroy Converse D
Ohio-9
George Washington Geddes D
Ohio-15
William David Hill D
Ohio-6
Benjamin Le Fevre D
Ohio-5
Adoniram Judson Warner D
Ohio-13
Benjamin Butterworth R
Ohio-1
William McKinley Jr. R
Ohio-16
Joseph Warren Keifer R
Ohio-4
John Whiteaker D
Oregon-1
Reuben Knecht Bachman D
Pennsylvania-10
Alexander Hamilton Coffroth D
Pennsylvania-17
Samuel Bernard Dick R
Pennsylvania-26
John Weinland Killinger R
Pennsylvania-14
James H. Osmer R
Pennsylvania-27
Edward Overton Jr. R
Pennsylvania-15
John Walker Ryon D
Pennsylvania-13
Harry White R
Pennsylvania-25
Hendrick Bradley Wright NG
Pennsylvania-12
Seth Hartman Yocum NG
Pennsylvania-20
Russell Errett R
Pennsylvania-22
Horatio Gates Fisher R
Pennsylvania-18
William Godshalk R
Pennsylvania-7
Robert Klotz D
Pennsylvania-11
John Inscho Mitchell R
Pennsylvania-16
William Shadrack Shallenberger R
Pennsylvania-24
William Ward R
Pennsylvania-6
Morgan Ringland Wise D
Pennsylvania-21
Thomas McKee Bayne R
Pennsylvania-23
Frank Eckels Beltzhoover D
Pennsylvania-19
Alfred Crout Harmer R
Pennsylvania-5
Henry Harrison Bingham R
Pennsylvania-1
Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich R
Rhode Island-1
Michael Patrick O’Connor D
South Carolina-2
John Smythe Richardson D
South Carolina-1
John Hamilton Evins D
South Carolina-4
David Wyatt Aiken D
South Carolina-3
George Dionysius Tillman D
South Carolina-5
Charles Bryson Simonton D
Tennessee-9
Leonidas Campbell Houk R
Tennessee-2
Benton McMillin D
Tennessee-4
Robert Love Taylor D
Tennessee-1
George Washington Jones NG
Texas-5
Christopher Columbus Upson D
Texas-6
Olin Wellborn D
Texas-3
Richard Lee Turberville Beale D
Virginia-1
Joseph Eggleston Johnston D
Virginia-3
James Buchanan Richmond D
Virginia-9
Joseph Jorgensen R
Virginia-4
Bradley Barlow NG
Vermont-3
James Manning Tyler R
Vermont-2
Thomas Hurley Brents R
Washington-AL
Gabriel Bouck D
Wisconsin-6
George Cochrane Hazelton R
Wisconsin-3
Herman Leon Humphrey R
Wisconsin-7
Thaddeus Coleman Pound R
Wisconsin-8
Peter Victor Deuster D
Wisconsin-4
Edward Stuyvesant Bragg D
Wisconsin-5
Benjamin Franklin Martin D
West Virginia-2
John Edward Kenna D
West Virginia-3
Stephen Wheeler Downey R
Wyoming-AL
Taul Bradford D
Alabama-3
John Henry Caldwell D
Alabama-5
Jeremiah Haralson R
Alabama-1
Charles Hays R
Alabama-4
Jeremiah Norman Williams D
Alabama-2
Burwell Boykin Lewis D
Alabama-AL
Goldsmith Whitehouse Hewitt D
Alabama-6
William Wallace Wilshire D
Arkansas-3
Lucien Coatsworth Gause D
Arkansas-1
Hiram Sanford Stevens D
Arizona-AL
William Adam Piper D
California-1
John King Luttrell D
California-3
Peter Dinwiddie Wigginton D
California-4
Thomas MacDonald Patterson D
Colorado-AL
Henry Howard Starkweather R
Connecticut-3
George Marcellus Landers D
Connecticut-1
Levi Warner D
Connecticut-4
James Williams D
Delaware-AL
William James Purman R
Florida-1
Josiah Thomas Walls R
Florida-2
Milton Anthony Candler D
Georgia-5
Julian Hartridge D
Georgia-1
Benjamin Harvey Hill D
Georgia-9
Henry Richard Harris D
Georgia-4
Lucien Lester Ainsworth D
Iowa-3
George Washington McCrary R
Iowa-1
Henry Otis Pratt R
Iowa-4
John Quincy Tufts R
Iowa-2
Samuel Addison Oliver R
Iowa-9
Ezekiel Silas Sampson R
Iowa-6
James Wilson McDill R
Iowa-8
John Adam Kasson R
Iowa-7
James Wilson R
Iowa-5
Thomas Warren Bennett I
Idaho-AL
William Black Anderson I
Illinois-19
John Courts Bagby D
Illinois-10
Alexander Campbell I
Illinois-7
Bernard Gregory Caulfield D
Illinois-1
Stephen Augustus Hurlbut R
Illinois-4
John Valcoulon Le Moyne D
Illinois-3
Richard Henry Whiting R
Illinois-9
Horatio Chapin Burchard R
Illinois-5
Carter Henry Harrison D
Illinois-2
William Hartzell D
Illinois-18
John Rice Eden D
Illinois-15
Scott Wike D
Illinois-11
Nathan Tracy Carr D
Indiana-3
Thomas Jefferson Cason R
Indiana-9
William Summerville Haymond D
Indiana-10
Andrew Humphreys D
Indiana-2
Franklin Landers D
Indiana-7
James La Fayette Evans R
Indiana-11
Benoni Stinson Fuller D
Indiana-1
Andrew Holman Hamilton D
Indiana-12
Morton Craig Hunter R
Indiana-8
Milton Stapp Robinson R
Indiana-6
William Steele Holman D
Indiana-5
William Ripley Brown R
Kansas-3
John Randolph Goodin D
Kansas-2
William Addison Phillips R
Kansas-1
John Young Brown D
Kentucky-2
Thomas Laurens Jones D
Kentucky-6
Charles William Milliken D
Kentucky-3
Edward Young Parsons D
Kentucky-5
Andrew Rechmond Boone D
Kentucky-1
John Blades Clarke D
Kentucky-10
Milton Jameson Durham D
Kentucky-8
John Daugherty White R
Kentucky-9
William Mallory Levy D
Louisiana-4
Frank Morey R
Louisiana-5
Charles Edmund Nash R
Louisiana-6
Chester Bidwell Darrall R
Louisiana-3
Josiah Gardner Abbott D
Massachusetts-4
James Buffinton R
Massachusetts-1
Chester William Chapin D
Massachusetts-11
Henry Lillie Pierce R
Massachusetts-3
Julius Hawley Seelye I
Massachusetts-10
John Kemble Tarbox D
Massachusetts-7
Charles Perkins Thompson D
Massachusetts-6
William Wirt Warren D
Massachusetts-8
Nathaniel Prentice Banks I
Massachusetts-5
George Frisbie Hoar R
Massachusetts-9
William James O’Brien D
Maryland-3
Phillip Francis Thomas D
Maryland-1
Charles Boyle Roberts D
Maryland-2
Thomas Swann D
Maryland-4
William Walsh D
Maryland-6
John Holmes Burleigh R
Maine-1
Samuel Freeman Hersey R
Maine-AL
Harris Merrill Plaisted R
Maine-4
Eugene Hale R
Maine-5
Edwin Flye R
Maine-3
Nathan Ball Bradley R
Michigan-8
George Harman Durand D
Michigan-6
Allen Potter D
Michigan-4
Henry Waldron R
Michigan-2
George Willard R
Michigan-3
William Brewster Williams R
Michigan-5
Alpheus Starkey Williams D
Michigan-1
William Smith King R
Minnesota-3
Horace Burton Strait R
Minnesota-2
Rezin A. De Bolt D
Missouri-10
Edward Charles Kehr D
Missouri-1
William Henry Stone D
Missouri-3
Benjamin Joseph Franklin D
Missouri-8
John Montgomery Glover D
Missouri-12
Robert Anthony Hatcher D
Missouri-4
David Rea D
Missouri-9
John Finis Philips D
Missouri-7
Charles Henry Morgan D
Missouri-6
Guilford Wiley Wells IR
Mississippi-2
John Roy Lynch R
Mississippi-6
Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar D
Mississippi-1
Thomas Samuel Ashe D
North Carolina-6
John Adams Hyman R
North Carolina-2
William McKendree Robbins D
North Carolina-7
Alfred Moore Waddell D
North Carolina-3
Jesse Johnson Yeates D
North Carolina-1
Lorenzo Crounse R
Nebraska-1
Samuel Newell Bell D
New Hampshire-2
Frank Jones D
New Hampshire-1
Henry William Blair R
New Hampshire-3
Samuel Atkinson Dobbins R
New Jersey-2
Robert Hamilton D
New Jersey-4
Frederick Halstead Teese D
New Jersey-6
Augustus William Cutler D
New Jersey-5
Clement Hall Sinnickson R
New Jersey-1
Augustus Albert Hardenbergh D
New Jersey-7
Stephen Benton Elkins R
New Mexico-AL
William Woodburn R
Nevada-AL
Charles Henry Adams R
New York-16
Lyman Kidder Bass R
New York-32
John Madison Davy R
New York-30
Smith Ely Jr. D
New York-7
Henry Harrison Hathorn R
New York-20
George Gilbert Hoskins R
New York-31
Elias Warner Leavenworth R
New York-25
Scott Lord D
New York-23
Clinton Dugald MacDougall R
New York-26
Edwin Ruthven Meade D
New York-5
Henry Bleecker Metcalfe D
New York-1
Samuel Franklin Miller R
New York-21
Nelson Ira Norton R
New York-33
Nathaniel Holmes Odell D
New York-12
John Godfrey Schumaker D
New York-2
Charles Christopher Brainerd Walker D
New York-29
Elijah Ward D
New York-8
William Almon Wheeler R
New York-19
John Osborne Whitehouse D
New York-13
George Augustus Bagley R
New York-22
William Henry Baker R
New York-24
George Monroe Beebe D
New York-14
Martin Ingham Townsend R
New York-17
Andrew Williams R
New York-18
Benjamin Albertson Willis D
New York-11
John Holroyd Bagley Jr. D
New York-15
Abram Stevens Hewitt D
New York-10
Thomas Collier Platt R
New York-28
Jacob Pitzer Cowan D
Ohio-14
William Lawrence R
Ohio-8
Lawrence Talbot Neal D
Ohio-7
Earley Franklin Poppleton D
Ohio-9
John Simpson Savage D
Ohio-3
John Luther Vance D
Ohio-11
Ansel Tracy Walling D
Ohio-12
Laurin Dewey Woodworth R
Ohio-17
Henry Blackstone Banning D
Ohio-2
Charles Foster R
Ohio-10
Americus Vespucius Rice D
Ohio-5
Milton Sayler D
Ohio-1
Milton Isaiah Southard D
Ohio-13
Nelson Holmes Van Vorhes R
Ohio-15
Henry B. Payne D
Ohio-20
Lorenzo Danford R
Ohio-16
George Augustus La Dow D
Oregon-1
Alexander Gilmore Cochran D
Pennsylvania-23
Albert Gallatin Egbert D
Pennsylvania-27
George Augustus Jenks D
Pennsylvania-25
Winthrop Welles Ketchum R
Pennsylvania-12
John Black Packer R
Pennsylvania-14
Joseph Powell D
Pennsylvania-15
John Reilly D
Pennsylvania-17
John Robbins D
Pennsylvania-5
Sobieski Ross R
Pennsylvania-16
James Sheakley D
Pennsylvania-26
Washington Townsend R
Pennsylvania-6
John Winfield Wallace R
Pennsylvania-24
Alan Wood Jr. R
Pennsylvania-7
Francis Dolan Collins D
Pennsylvania-11
Chapman Freeman R
Pennsylvania-1
Levi Augustus Mackey D
Pennsylvania-20
William Shearer Stenger D
Pennsylvania-18
Jacob Turney D
Pennsylvania-21
James Herron Hopkins D
Pennsylvania-22
Levi Maish D
Pennsylvania-19
William Mutchler D
Pennsylvania-10
James Bernard Reilly D
Pennsylvania-13
Benjamin Tucker Eames R
Rhode Island-1
Charles Wilson Buttz R
South Carolina-2
Solomon Lafayette Hoge R
South Carolina-3
Alexander Stuart Wallace R
South Carolina-4
Joseph Hayne Rainey R
South Carolina-1
Robert Smalls R
South Carolina-5
Samuel McClary Fite D
Tennessee-4
William McFarland D
Tennessee-1
William Parker Caldwell D
Tennessee-9
Jacob Montgomery Thornburgh R
Tennessee-2
John Hancock D
Texas-5
James Webb Throckmorton D
Texas-3
Charles James Faulkner D
Virginia-AL
William Henry Harrison Stowell R
Virginia-4
William Terry D
Virginia-9
Beverly Browne Douglas D
Virginia-1
Gilbert Carlton Walker D
Virginia-3
Dudley Chase Denison IR
Vermont-2
George Whitman Hendee R
Vermont-3
Orange Jacobs R
Washington-AL
Samuel Dickinson Burchard D
Wisconsin-5
George Washington Cate D
Wisconsin-8
Alanson Mellen Kimball R
Wisconsin-6
Henry Sterling Magoon R
Wisconsin-3
Jeremiah McLain Rusk R
Wisconsin-7
William Pitt Lynde D
Wisconsin-4
Frank Hereford D
West Virginia-3
William Randolph Steele D
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+5Congress.gov ↗
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
5 laws recorded · 0 landmark · 5 notable
Bland–Allison Act (Coinage Act (Silver Dollar))
Ch. 20, Sess. 2, 45th Cong. · Feb 28, 1878
National Quarantine Act
Ch. 66, Sess. 2, 45th Cong. · Apr 29, 1878
Timber and Stone Act
Ch. 151, Sess. 2, 45th Cong. · Jun 3, 1878
Posse Comitatus Act
Ch. 263, Sess. 2, 45th Cong. · Jun 18, 1878
To Promote a Knowledge of Steam Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Act
Ch. 105, Sess. 3, 45th Cong. · Feb 26, 1879

Judicial3 files+1,013−3

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
+2−3Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 8 R · 1 D → 7 R · 1 D · every justice ↗
Noah Haynes Swayne R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
David Davis R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
William Strong R
appointed by Ulysses Grant · 1870
John Marshall Harlan R
appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes · 1877
William Burnham Woods R
appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes · 1880
6 justices served on both dates
Nathan Clifford D
appointed by James Buchanan · 1858
Samuel Freeman Miller R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
Stephen Johnson Field R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1863
Joseph P. Bradley R
appointed by Ulysses Grant · 1870
Ward Hunt R
appointed by Ulysses Grant · 1872
Morrison Remick Waite R
appointed by Ulysses Grant · 1874
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+26Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): →
District courts (active judges): 41 R · 18 D · 3 N( → 47 R · 13 D · 4 N(
Rutherford B. Hayes R appointed 25 judges
2 Supreme Court · 17 district · 6 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 1 judge
1 district
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+985Supreme Court Database ↗
985 argued decisions · 4 landmark
United States v. Fox
95 U.S. 670 · Jan 7, 1878 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Reynolds v. United States
98 U.S. 145 · Jan 6, 1879 · Decided 9–0 · First Amendment · Affirmed
Trade-Mark Cases
100 U.S. 82 · Nov 17, 1879 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Kilbourn v. Thompson
103 U.S. 168 · Feb 28, 1881 · Decided 7–0 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
OMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year undefined → fiscal year undefined · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
−$60MTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$2.2B
as of Jul 1, 1876
$2.1B
as of Jul 1, 1880

Constitution & Union1 file±0

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
±0National Archives ↗
15 → 15 amendments in force · 38 → 38 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.

Reverts1 file−4

revert/undoneWhat was undone
−4Federal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 4 Supreme Court precedents overruled
4 decisions that overruled precedent
County of Cass v. Johnston
Nov 12, 1877 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Fairfield v. County of Gallatin
Nov 10, 1879 · 9-0 · Federalism
Tilghman v. Proctor
Jan 24, 1881 · 7-0 · Economic Activity
Kilbourn v. Thompson
Feb 28, 1881 · 7-0 · Criminal Procedure
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
12 events
Rutherford Birchard Hayes takes office · 1877-03-04John Marshall Harlan — Associate Justice · 1877-11-29United States v. Fox · 1878-01-07Bland–Allison Act (Coinage Act (Silver Dollar)) · 1878-02-28National Quarantine Act · 1878-04-29Timber and Stone Act · 1878-06-03Posse Comitatus Act · 1878-06-18Reynolds v. United States · 1879-01-06To Promote a Knowledge of Steam Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Act · 1879-02-26Trade-Mark Cases · 1879-11-17William Burnham Woods — Associate Justice · 1880-12-21Kilbourn v. Thompson · 1881-02-281878187918801881
  1. presidentRutherford Birchard Hayes takes office
  2. justiceJohn Marshall Harlan — Associate Justice
  3. rulingUnited States v. Fox
  4. lawBland–Allison Act (Coinage Act (Silver Dollar))
  5. lawNational Quarantine Act
  6. lawTimber and Stone Act
  7. lawPosse Comitatus Act
  8. rulingReynolds v. United States
  9. lawTo Promote a Knowledge of Steam Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Act
  10. rulingTrade-Mark Cases
  11. justiceWilliam Burnham Woods — Associate Justice
  12. rulingKilbourn v. Thompson