How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1865-04-15...1869-03-03 · 3.9 years json
18 files changed, 702 insertions(+), 25 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+11
major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
0 of 8
seats changed hands
Agencies
+4 −0
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$796M
$1.8B → $2.6B

The presidency passed from Abraham Lincoln to Andrew Johnson. 44 senators and 235 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 2 constitutional amendments were ratified.

Executive5 files+8−8

executive/presidentThe presidency
+1−1National Archives ↗
Abraham Lincoln R
16th president
Andrew Johnson D
17th president · took office Apr 15, 1865
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
+1−1Senate Historical Office ↗
Andrew Johnson D
vacant
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+2−6Wikidata ↗
Secretary of the Treasury
Hugh McCulloch R
vacant on Mar 3, 1869
next: George S. Boutwell D · Mar 12, 1869
Secretary of War
Edwin M. Stanton D
John Schofield R
Attorney General · 2 people took this office in between
James Speed R
William M. Evarts W
Postmaster General
William Dennison Jr. R
vacant on Mar 3, 1869
next: John Creswell R · Mar 5, 1869
Secretary of the Interior
John Palmer Usher R
vacant on Mar 3, 1869
next: Jacob Dolson Cox R · Mar 5, 1869
Other senior officials (1 changed)
Postmaster General
William Dennison Jr. R
vacant on Mar 3, 1869
next: John Creswell R · Mar 5, 1869
3 offices unchanged
Secretary of State: William H. Seward R
Secretary of the Navy: Gideon Welles D
Secretary of the Navy: Gideon Welles D
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+4Wikidata ↗
33 → 37 tracked organizations · 7 → 7 executive departments
United States Secret Service
established Jul 5, 1865 · U.S. federal law enforcement agency
National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers
established Jan 1, 1866 · American governmental institution for veterans
United States Hydrographic Office
established Jun 21, 1866 · U.S. agency that prepares and publishes maps, charts, and nautical books required in navigation
United States Office of Education
established Mar 2, 1867 · U.S. agency within the department of the Interior from 1867 to 1972
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military1 file±0

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
±0UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window (conflict records start in 1946).
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.

Legislative4 files+290−14

legislative/controlControl of Congress
1 changeHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublicanOther
39th Congress → 40th Congress · 1 new Congress elected
1 change of chamber control along the way
House: null majority
House: Republican majority
176 R · 51 D
Senate: Republican majority on both dates
27 R · 8 D → 56 R · 10 D
legislative/senateSenate
+44−14congress-legislators ↗
Apr 15, 1865 · 27 R · 8 D · 1 UU
James Alexander McDougall (Democrat, CA)George Read Riddle (Democrat, DE)Thomas Andrews Hendricks (Democrat, IN)Garrett Davis (Democrat, KY)Reverdy Johnson (Democrat, MD)William Wright (Democrat, NJ)James Willis Nesmith (Democrat, OR)Charles Rollin Buckalew (Democrat, PA)Thomas Holliday Hicks (Unconditional Unionist, MD)John Conness (Republican, CA)Lafayette Sabine Foster (Republican, CT)James Dixon (Republican, CT)James Harlan (Republican, IA)Lyman Trumbull (Republican, IL)Henry Smith Lane (Republican, IN)Samuel Clarke Pomeroy (Republican, KS)Charles Sumner (Republican, MA)Lot Myrick Morrill (Republican, ME)Zachariah Chandler (Republican, MI)Alexander Ramsey (Republican, MN)John Brooks Henderson (Republican, MO)Benjamin Gratz Brown (Republican, MO)Daniel Clark (Republican, NH)James Warren Nye (Republican, NV)William Morris Stewart (Republican, NV)Ira Harris (Republican, NY)Edwin Denison Morgan (Republican, NY)John Sherman (Republican, OH)Benjamin Franklin Wade (Republican, OH)Edgar Cowan (Republican, PA)William Sprague (Republican, RI)Jacob Collamer (Republican, VT)Solomon Foot (Republican, VT)Timothy Otis Howe (Republican, WI)James Rood Doolittle (Republican, WI)Peter Godwin Van Winkle (Republican, WV)
Mar 3, 1869 · 56 R · 10 D
Willard Saulsbury Sr. (Democrat, DE)James Asheton Bayard Jr. (Democrat, DE)Thomas Andrews Hendricks (Democrat, IN)Thomas Clay McCreery (Democrat, KY)Garrett Davis (Democrat, KY)William Pinkney Whyte (Democrat, MD)George Vickers (Democrat, MD)Daniel Sheldon Norton (Democrat, MN)Charles Rollin Buckalew (Democrat, PA)David Trotter Patterson (Democrat, TN)Willard Warner (Republican, AL)George Eliphaz Spencer (Republican, AL)Alexander McDonald (Republican, AR)Benjamin Franklin Rice (Republican, AR)John Conness (Republican, CA)Cornelius Cole (Republican, CA)James Dixon (Republican, CT)Orris Sanford Ferry (Republican, CT)Adonijah Strong Welch (Republican, FL)Thomas Ward Osborn (Republican, FL)James Wilson Grimes (Republican, IA)James Harlan (Republican, IA)Richard Yates (Republican, IL)Lyman Trumbull (Republican, IL)Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton (Republican, IN)Edmund Gibson Ross (Republican, KS)Samuel Clarke Pomeroy (Republican, KS)John Spafford Harris (Republican, LA)William Pitt Kellogg (Republican, LA)Charles Sumner (Republican, MA)Henry Wilson (Republican, MA)Lot Myrick Morrill (Republican, ME)William Pitt Fessenden (Republican, ME)Zachariah Chandler (Republican, MI)Jacob Merritt Howard (Republican, MI)Alexander Ramsey (Republican, MN)John Brooks Henderson (Republican, MO)Charles Daniel Drake (Republican, MO)Joseph Carter Abbott (Republican, NC)John Pool (Republican, NC)Thomas Weston Tipton (Republican, NE)John Milton Thayer (Republican, NE)Aaron Harrison Cragin (Republican, NH)James Willis Patterson (Republican, NH)Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen (Republican, NJ)Alexander Gilmore Cattell (Republican, NJ)William Morris Stewart (Republican, NV)James Warren Nye (Republican, NV)Edwin Denison Morgan (Republican, NY)Roscoe Conkling (Republican, NY)Benjamin Franklin Wade (Republican, OH)John Sherman (Republican, OH)George Henry Williams (Republican, OR)Henry Winslow Corbett (Republican, OR)Simon Cameron (Republican, PA)William Sprague (Republican, RI)Henry Bowen Anthony (Republican, RI)Thomas James Robertson (Republican, SC)Frederick Adolphus Sawyer (Republican, SC)Joseph Smith Fowler (Republican, TN)George Franklin Edmunds (Republican, VT)Justin Smith Morrill (Republican, VT)James Rood Doolittle (Republican, WI)Timothy Otis Howe (Republican, WI)Peter Godwin Van Winkle (Republican, WV)Waitman Thomas Willey (Republican, WV)
44 new members · 14 departed · 22 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 51 → 49
4 seats changed party
William Wright D
New Jersey seat
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen R
New Jersey seat
James Alexander McDougall D
California seat
Cornelius Cole R
California seat
James Willis Nesmith D
Oregon seat
Henry Winslow Corbett R
Oregon seat
Thomas Holliday Hicks UU
Maryland seat
George Vickers D
Maryland seat
Who joined and who left (44 in · 14 out)
Willard Warner R
Alabama
George Eliphaz Spencer R
Alabama
Alexander McDonald R
Arkansas
Benjamin Franklin Rice R
Arkansas
Cornelius Cole R
California
Orris Sanford Ferry R
Connecticut
Willard Saulsbury Sr. D
Delaware
James Asheton Bayard Jr. D
Delaware
Adonijah Strong Welch R
Florida
Thomas Ward Osborn R
Florida
James Wilson Grimes R
Iowa
Richard Yates R
Illinois
Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton R
Indiana
Edmund Gibson Ross R
Kansas
Thomas Clay McCreery D
Kentucky
John Spafford Harris R
Louisiana
William Pitt Kellogg R
Louisiana
Henry Wilson R
Massachusetts
William Pinkney Whyte D
Maryland
George Vickers D
Maryland
William Pitt Fessenden R
Maine
Jacob Merritt Howard R
Michigan
Daniel Sheldon Norton D
Minnesota
Charles Daniel Drake R
Missouri
Joseph Carter Abbott R
North Carolina
John Pool R
North Carolina
Thomas Weston Tipton R
Nebraska
John Milton Thayer R
Nebraska
Aaron Harrison Cragin R
New Hampshire
James Willis Patterson R
New Hampshire
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen R
New Jersey
Alexander Gilmore Cattell R
New Jersey
Roscoe Conkling R
New York
George Henry Williams R
Oregon
Henry Winslow Corbett R
Oregon
Simon Cameron R
Pennsylvania
Henry Bowen Anthony R
Rhode Island
Thomas James Robertson R
South Carolina
Frederick Adolphus Sawyer R
South Carolina
David Trotter Patterson D
Tennessee
Joseph Smith Fowler R
Tennessee
George Franklin Edmunds R
Vermont
Justin Smith Morrill R
Vermont
Waitman Thomas Willey R
West Virginia
James Alexander McDougall D
California
Lafayette Sabine Foster R
Connecticut
George Read Riddle D
Delaware
Henry Smith Lane R
Indiana
Thomas Holliday Hicks UU
Maryland
Reverdy Johnson D
Maryland
Benjamin Gratz Brown R
Missouri
Daniel Clark R
New Hampshire
William Wright D
New Jersey
Ira Harris R
New York
James Willis Nesmith D
Oregon
Edgar Cowan R
Pennsylvania
Jacob Collamer R
Vermont
Solomon Foot R
Vermont
legislative/houseHouse
+235congress-legislators ↗
Apr 15, 1865 ·
No data
Mar 3, 1869 · 176 R · 51 D · 2 C · 2 IR · 1 I · 1 U · 1 CR · 1 W
Samuel Beach Axtell (Democrat, CA-1)James Augustus Johnson (Democrat, CA-3)Julius Hotchkiss (Democrat, CT-2)Richard Dudley Hubbard (Democrat, CT-1)William Henry Barnum (Democrat, CT-4)John Anthony Nicholson (Democrat, DE-AL)Nelson Tift (Democrat, GA-2)Pierce Manning Butler Young (Democrat, GA-7)Edward Dexter Holbrook (Democrat, ID-AL)Lewis Winans Ross (Democrat, IL-9)Albert George Burr (Democrat, IL-10)Samuel Scott Marshall (Democrat, IL-11)William Ellis Niblack (Democrat, IN-1)Michael Crawford Kerr (Democrat, IN-2)William Steele Holman (Democrat, IN-4)Asa Porter Grover (Democrat, KY-5)Elijah Hise (Democrat, KY-3)Lawrence Strother Trimble (Democrat, KY-1)George Madison Adams (Democrat, KY-8)John Young Brown (Democrat, KY-AL)Thomas Laurens Jones (Democrat, KY-6)James Proctor Knott (Democrat, KY-4)James Burnie Beck (Democrat, KY-7)James Mann (Democrat, LA-2)Hiram McCullough (Democrat, MD-1)Frederick Stone (Democrat, MD-5)Stevenson Archer (Democrat, MD-2)Thomas Estes Noell (Democrat, MO-3)James Michael Cavanaugh (Democrat, MT-AL)Charles Sitgreaves (Democrat, NJ-3)Charles Haight (Democrat, NJ-2)Demas Barnes (Democrat, NY-2)John Winthrop Chanler (Democrat, NY-7)James Morgan Humphrey (Democrat, NY-30)John Van Schaick Lansing Pruyn (Democrat, NY-14)Stephen Taber (Democrat, NY-1)John Fox (Democrat, NY-4)John Morrissey (Democrat, NY-5)James Brooks (Democrat, NY-8)Fernando Wood (Democrat, NY-9)William Erigena Robinson (Democrat, NY-3)William Mungen (Democrat, OH-5)Philadelph Van Trump (Democrat, OH-12)Benjamin Markley Boyer (Democrat, PA-6)Charles Denison (Democrat, PA-12)Adam John Glossbrenner (Democrat, PA-15)Daniel Myers Van Auken (Democrat, PA-11)James Lawrence Getz (Democrat, PA-8)Samuel Jackson Randall (Democrat, PA-1)William Henry Hooper (Democrat, UT-AL)Charles Augustus Eldredge (Democrat, WI-4)Coles Bashford (Independent, AZ-AL)Charles Edward Phelps (Conservative, MD-3)Nathaniel Boyden (Conservative, NC-6)Charles P. Clever (?, NM-AL)Lewis Selye (Ind. Republican, NY-28)Thomas Elliott Stewart (Conservative Republican, NY-6)Samuel Fenton Cary (Ind. Republican, OH-2)Robert Ridgway (Whig, VA-AL)John Benton Callis (Republican, AL-5)Thomas Haughey (Republican, AL-6)Francis William Kellogg (Republican, AL-1)Benjamin White Norris (Republican, AL-3)Charles Wilson Pierce (Republican, AL-4)Charles Waldron Buckley (Republican, AL-2)James Thomas Elliott (Republican, AR-2)Logan Holt Roots (Republican, AR-1)Thomas Boles (Republican, AR-3)William Higby (Republican, CA-2)George Miles Chilcott (Republican, CO-AL)Henry Howard Starkweather (Republican, CT-3)Charles Memorial Hamilton (Republican, FL-1)Joseph Wales Clift (Republican, GA-1)William Posey Edwards (Republican, GA-3)Samuel Francis Gove (Republican, GA-4)Charles Henry Prince (Republican, GA-5)Grenville Mellen Dodge (Republican, IA-5)Asahel Wheeler Hubbard (Republican, IA-6)William Loughridge (Republican, IA-4)Hiram Price (Republican, IA-2)James Falconer Wilson (Republican, IA-1)William Boyd Allison (Republican, IA-3)Henry Pelham Holmes Bromwell (Republican, IL-7)Abner Clark Harding (Republican, IL-4)Green Berry Raum (Republican, IL-13)Ebon Clark Ingersoll (Republican, IL-5)Norman Buel Judd (Republican, IL-1)Elihu Benjamin Washburne (Republican, IL-3)Burton Chauncey Cook (Republican, IL-6)John Franklin Farnsworth (Republican, IL-2)John Alexander Logan (Republican, IL-AL)Jehu Baker (Republican, IL-12)Shelby Moore Cullom (Republican, IL-8)Schuyler Colfax (Republican, IN-9)Henry Dana Washburn (Republican, IN-7)George Washington Julian (Republican, IN-5)John Coburn (Republican, IN-6)John Peter Cleaver Shanks (Republican, IN-11)William Williams (Republican, IN-10)Morton Craig Hunter (Republican, IN-3)Godlove Stein Orth (Republican, IN-8)Sidney Clarke (Republican, KS-1)Samuel McKee (Republican, KY-9)William Jasper Blackburn (Republican, LA-5)Michel Vidal (Republican, LA-4)Joseph Parkinson Newsham (Republican, LA-3)Jacob Hale Sypher (Republican, LA-1)John Denison Baldwin (Republican, MA-8)Thomas Dawes Eliot (Republican, MA-1)Oakes Ames (Republican, MA-2)Ginery Twichell (Republican, MA-3)George Sewel Boutwell (Republican, MA-7)Samuel Hooper (Republican, MA-4)William Barrett Washburn (Republican, MA-9)Benjamin Franklin Butler (Republican, MA-5)Henry Laurens Dawes (Republican, MA-10)Nathaniel Prentice Banks (Republican, MA-6)Francis Thomas (Republican, MD-4)Sidney Perham (Republican, ME-2)Frederick Augustus Pike (Republican, ME-5)John Lynch (Republican, ME-1)John Andrew Peters (Republican, ME-4)James Gillespie Blaine (Republican, ME-3)John Fletcher Driggs (Republican, MI-6)Rowland Ebenezer Trowbridge (Republican, MI-5)Charles Upson (Republican, MI-2)Fernando Cortez Beaman (Republican, MI-1)Austin Blair (Republican, MI-3)Thomas White Ferry (Republican, MI-4)Ignatius Donnelly (Republican, MN-2)William Windom (Republican, MN-1)George Washington Anderson (Republican, MO-9)Joseph Jackson Gravely (Republican, MO-4)Benjamin Franklin Loan (Republican, MO-7)Joseph Washington McClurg (Republican, MO-5)Carman Adam Newcomb (Republican, MO-2)William Anderson Pile (Republican, MO-1)John Forbes Benjamin (Republican, MO-8)Robert Thompson Van Horn (Republican, MO-6)George Colin McKee (Republican, MS-AL)John Robert French (Republican, NC-1)John Thomas Deweese (Republican, NC-4)Oliver Hart Dockery (Republican, NC-3)David Heaton (Republican, NC-2)Alexander Hamilton Jones (Republican, NC-7)Israel George Lash (Republican, NC-5)Turner Mastin Marquette (Republican, NE-AL)John Taffe (Republican, NE-1)Jacob Benton (Republican, NH-3)Jacob Hart Ela (Republican, NH-1)Aaron Fletcher Stevens (Republican, NH-2)William Moore (Republican, NJ-1)George Armstrong Halsey (Republican, NJ-5)John Hill (Republican, NJ-4)Delos Rodeyn Ashley (Republican, NV-AL)William Craig Fields (Republican, NY-19)John Augustus Griswold (Republican, NY-15)Calvin Tilden Hulburd (Republican, NY-17)William Slosson Lincoln (Republican, NY-26)James Madison Marvin (Republican, NY-18)Theodore Medad Pomeroy (Republican, NY-24)William Henry Robertson (Republican, NY-10)Burt Van Horn (Republican, NY-29)Alexander Hamilton Bailey (Republican, NY-21)John Charles Churchill (Republican, NY-22)Orange Ferriss (Republican, NY-16)William Henry Kelsey (Republican, NY-25)Addison Henry Laflin (Republican, NY-20)Dennis McCarthy (Republican, NY-23)Hamilton Ward (Republican, NY-27)Thomas Cornell (Republican, NY-13)Henry Van Aernam (Republican, NY-31)Charles Henry Van Wyck (Republican, NY-11)John Henry Ketcham (Republican, NY-12)James Mitchell Ashley (Republican, OH-10)Ralph Pomeroy Buckland (Republican, OH-9)Reader Wright Clarke (Republican, OH-6)Columbus Delano (Republican, OH-13)Ephraim Ralph Eckley (Republican, OH-17)Benjamin Eggleston (Republican, OH-1)Cornelius Springer Hamilton (Republican, OH-8)Tobias Avery Plants (Republican, OH-15)Rufus Paine Spalding (Republican, OH-18)Robert Cumming Schenck (Republican, OH-3)Martin Welker (Republican, OH-14)John Armor Bingham (Republican, OH-16)Samuel Shellabarger (Republican, OH-7)John Thomas Wilson (Republican, OH-11)William Lawrence (Republican, OH-4)James Abram Garfield (Republican, OH-19)Rufus Mallory (Republican, OR-1)John Martin Broomall (Republican, PA-7)Darwin Asahel Finney (Republican, PA-20)William Henry Koontz (Republican, PA-16)George Funston Miller (Republican, PA-14)James Kennedy Moorhead (Republican, PA-22)Thaddeus Stevens (Republican, PA-9)Thomas Williams (Republican, PA-23)Stephen Fowler Wilson (Republican, PA-18)Henry Lutz Cake (Republican, PA-10)John Covode (Republican, PA-21)Daniel Johnson Morrell (Republican, PA-17)Caleb Newbold Taylor (Republican, PA-5)Ulysses Mercur (Republican, PA-13)Leonard Myers (Republican, PA-3)Glenni William Scofield (Republican, PA-19)George Van Eman Lawrence (Republican, PA-24)William Darrah Kelley (Republican, PA-4)Charles O’Neill (Republican, PA-2)Nathan Fellows Dixon (Republican, RI-2)Thomas Allen Jenckes (Republican, RI-1)Manuel Simeon Corley (Republican, SC-3)James Hamilton Goss (Republican, SC-4)Christopher Columbus Bowen (Republican, SC-2)Benjamin Franklin Whittemore (Republican, SC-1)James Mullins (Republican, TN-4)John Trimble (Republican, TN-5)Samuel Mayes Arnell (Republican, TN-6)Isaac Roberts Hawkins (Republican, TN-7)William Brickly Stokes (Republican, TN-3)Horace Maynard (Republican, TN-2)David Alexander Nunn (Republican, TN-8)Roderick Randum Butler (Republican, TN-1)Frederick Enoch Woodbridge (Republican, VT-1)Worthington Curtis Smith (Republican, VT-3)Luke Potter Poland (Republican, VT-2)Alvan Flanders (Republican, WA-AL)Amasa Cobb (Republican, WI-3)Benjamin Franklin Hopkins (Republican, WI-2)Halbert Eleazer Paine (Republican, WI-1)Cadwallader Colden Washburn (Republican, WI-6)Philetus Sawyer (Republican, WI-5)Chester Dorman Hubbard (Republican, WV-1)Bethuel Middleton Kitchen (Republican, WV-2)Daniel Haymond Polsley (Republican, WV-3)
235 new members · 0 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 0 → 0
43 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alabama 0 D · 0 R
Alabama 0 D · 6 R
Arkansas 0 D · 0 R
Arkansas 0 D · 3 R
Arizona 0 D · 0 R
Arizona 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
California 0 D · 0 R
California 2 D · 1 R
Colorado 0 D · 0 R
Colorado 0 D · 1 R
Connecticut 0 D · 0 R
Connecticut 3 D · 1 R
Delaware 0 D · 0 R
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Florida 0 D · 0 R
Florida 0 D · 1 R
Georgia 0 D · 0 R
Georgia 2 D · 4 R
Iowa 0 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 6 R
Idaho 0 D · 0 R
Idaho 1 D · 0 R
Illinois 0 D · 0 R
Illinois 3 D · 11 R
Indiana 0 D · 0 R
Indiana 3 D · 8 R
Kansas 0 D · 0 R
Kansas 0 D · 1 R
Kentucky 0 D · 0 R
Kentucky 8 D · 1 R
Louisiana 0 D · 0 R
Louisiana 1 D · 4 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 10 R
Maryland 0 D · 0 R
Maryland 3 D · 1 R · 1 other
Maine 0 D · 0 R
Maine 0 D · 5 R
Michigan 0 D · 0 R
Michigan 0 D · 6 R
Minnesota 0 D · 0 R
Minnesota 0 D · 2 R
Missouri 0 D · 0 R
Missouri 1 D · 8 R
Mississippi 0 D · 0 R
Mississippi 0 D · 1 R
Montana 0 D · 0 R
Montana 1 D · 0 R
North Carolina 0 D · 0 R
North Carolina 0 D · 6 R · 1 other
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R
Nebraska 0 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 0 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 3 R
New Jersey 0 D · 0 R
New Jersey 2 D · 3 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Nevada 0 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 1 R
New York 0 D · 0 R
New York 10 D · 19 R · 2 other
Ohio 0 D · 0 R
Ohio 2 D · 16 R · 1 other
Oregon 0 D · 0 R
Oregon 0 D · 1 R
Pennsylvania 0 D · 0 R
Pennsylvania 6 D · 18 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 0 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 2 R
South Carolina 0 D · 0 R
South Carolina 0 D · 4 R
Tennessee 0 D · 0 R
Tennessee 0 D · 8 R
Utah 0 D · 0 R
Utah 1 D · 0 R
Virginia 0 D · 0 R
Virginia 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Vermont 0 D · 0 R
Vermont 0 D · 3 R
Washington 0 D · 0 R
Washington 0 D · 1 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 0 R
Wisconsin 1 D · 5 R
West Virginia 0 D · 0 R
West Virginia 0 D · 3 R
Who joined and who left (235 in · 0 out)
John Benton Callis R
Alabama-5
Thomas Haughey R
Alabama-6
Francis William Kellogg R
Alabama-1
Benjamin White Norris R
Alabama-3
Charles Wilson Pierce R
Alabama-4
Charles Waldron Buckley R
Alabama-2
James Thomas Elliott R
Arkansas-2
Logan Holt Roots R
Arkansas-1
Thomas Boles R
Arkansas-3
Coles Bashford I
Arizona-AL
William Higby R
California-2
Samuel Beach Axtell D
California-1
James Augustus Johnson D
California-3
George Miles Chilcott R
Colorado-AL
Julius Hotchkiss D
Connecticut-2
Richard Dudley Hubbard D
Connecticut-1
Henry Howard Starkweather R
Connecticut-3
William Henry Barnum D
Connecticut-4
John Anthony Nicholson D
Delaware-AL
Charles Memorial Hamilton R
Florida-1
Joseph Wales Clift R
Georgia-1
William Posey Edwards R
Georgia-3
Samuel Francis Gove R
Georgia-4
Charles Henry Prince R
Georgia-5
Nelson Tift D
Georgia-2
Pierce Manning Butler Young D
Georgia-7
Grenville Mellen Dodge R
Iowa-5
Asahel Wheeler Hubbard R
Iowa-6
William Loughridge R
Iowa-4
Hiram Price R
Iowa-2
James Falconer Wilson R
Iowa-1
William Boyd Allison R
Iowa-3
Edward Dexter Holbrook D
Idaho-AL
Henry Pelham Holmes Bromwell R
Illinois-7
Abner Clark Harding R
Illinois-4
Green Berry Raum R
Illinois-13
Lewis Winans Ross D
Illinois-9
Albert George Burr D
Illinois-10
Ebon Clark Ingersoll R
Illinois-5
Norman Buel Judd R
Illinois-1
Elihu Benjamin Washburne R
Illinois-3
Burton Chauncey Cook R
Illinois-6
John Franklin Farnsworth R
Illinois-2
Samuel Scott Marshall D
Illinois-11
John Alexander Logan R
Illinois-AL
Jehu Baker R
Illinois-12
Shelby Moore Cullom R
Illinois-8
Schuyler Colfax R
Indiana-9
Henry Dana Washburn R
Indiana-7
George Washington Julian R
Indiana-5
John Coburn R
Indiana-6
William Ellis Niblack D
Indiana-1
John Peter Cleaver Shanks R
Indiana-11
William Williams R
Indiana-10
Michael Crawford Kerr D
Indiana-2
Morton Craig Hunter R
Indiana-3
Godlove Stein Orth R
Indiana-8
William Steele Holman D
Indiana-4
Sidney Clarke R
Kansas-1
Asa Porter Grover D
Kentucky-5
Elijah Hise D
Kentucky-3
Samuel McKee R
Kentucky-9
Lawrence Strother Trimble D
Kentucky-1
George Madison Adams D
Kentucky-8
John Young Brown D
Kentucky-AL
Thomas Laurens Jones D
Kentucky-6
James Proctor Knott D
Kentucky-4
James Burnie Beck D
Kentucky-7
William Jasper Blackburn R
Louisiana-5
James Mann D
Louisiana-2
Michel Vidal R
Louisiana-4
Joseph Parkinson Newsham R
Louisiana-3
Jacob Hale Sypher R
Louisiana-1
John Denison Baldwin R
Massachusetts-8
Thomas Dawes Eliot R
Massachusetts-1
Oakes Ames R
Massachusetts-2
Ginery Twichell R
Massachusetts-3
George Sewel Boutwell R
Massachusetts-7
Samuel Hooper R
Massachusetts-4
William Barrett Washburn R
Massachusetts-9
Benjamin Franklin Butler R
Massachusetts-5
Henry Laurens Dawes R
Massachusetts-10
Nathaniel Prentice Banks R
Massachusetts-6
Hiram McCullough D
Maryland-1
Charles Edward Phelps C
Maryland-3
Francis Thomas R
Maryland-4
Frederick Stone D
Maryland-5
Stevenson Archer D
Maryland-2
Sidney Perham R
Maine-2
Frederick Augustus Pike R
Maine-5
John Lynch R
Maine-1
John Andrew Peters R
Maine-4
James Gillespie Blaine R
Maine-3
John Fletcher Driggs R
Michigan-6
Rowland Ebenezer Trowbridge R
Michigan-5
Charles Upson R
Michigan-2
Fernando Cortez Beaman R
Michigan-1
Austin Blair R
Michigan-3
Thomas White Ferry R
Michigan-4
Ignatius Donnelly R
Minnesota-2
William Windom R
Minnesota-1
George Washington Anderson R
Missouri-9
Joseph Jackson Gravely R
Missouri-4
Benjamin Franklin Loan R
Missouri-7
Joseph Washington McClurg R
Missouri-5
Carman Adam Newcomb R
Missouri-2
Thomas Estes Noell D
Missouri-3
William Anderson Pile R
Missouri-1
John Forbes Benjamin R
Missouri-8
Robert Thompson Van Horn R
Missouri-6
George Colin McKee R
Mississippi-AL
James Michael Cavanaugh D
Montana-AL
Nathaniel Boyden C
North Carolina-6
John Robert French R
North Carolina-1
John Thomas Deweese R
North Carolina-4
Oliver Hart Dockery R
North Carolina-3
David Heaton R
North Carolina-2
Alexander Hamilton Jones R
North Carolina-7
Israel George Lash R
North Carolina-5
Turner Mastin Marquette R
Nebraska-AL
John Taffe R
Nebraska-1
Jacob Benton R
New Hampshire-3
Jacob Hart Ela R
New Hampshire-1
Aaron Fletcher Stevens R
New Hampshire-2
Charles Sitgreaves D
New Jersey-3
Charles Haight D
New Jersey-2
William Moore R
New Jersey-1
George Armstrong Halsey R
New Jersey-5
John Hill R
New Jersey-4
Charles P. Clever
New Mexico-AL
Delos Rodeyn Ashley R
Nevada-AL
Demas Barnes D
New York-2
John Winthrop Chanler D
New York-7
William Craig Fields R
New York-19
John Augustus Griswold R
New York-15
Calvin Tilden Hulburd R
New York-17
James Morgan Humphrey D
New York-30
William Slosson Lincoln R
New York-26
James Madison Marvin R
New York-18
Theodore Medad Pomeroy R
New York-24
John Van Schaick Lansing Pruyn D
New York-14
William Henry Robertson R
New York-10
Lewis Selye IR
New York-28
Thomas Elliott Stewart CR
New York-6
Stephen Taber D
New York-1
Burt Van Horn R
New York-29
Alexander Hamilton Bailey R
New York-21
John Charles Churchill R
New York-22
Orange Ferriss R
New York-16
John Fox D
New York-4
William Henry Kelsey R
New York-25
Addison Henry Laflin R
New York-20
Dennis McCarthy R
New York-23
John Morrissey D
New York-5
Hamilton Ward R
New York-27
James Brooks D
New York-8
Thomas Cornell R
New York-13
Henry Van Aernam R
New York-31
Charles Henry Van Wyck R
New York-11
Fernando Wood D
New York-9
William Erigena Robinson D
New York-3
John Henry Ketcham R
New York-12
James Mitchell Ashley R
Ohio-10
Ralph Pomeroy Buckland R
Ohio-9
Samuel Fenton Cary IR
Ohio-2
Reader Wright Clarke R
Ohio-6
Columbus Delano R
Ohio-13
Ephraim Ralph Eckley R
Ohio-17
Benjamin Eggleston R
Ohio-1
Cornelius Springer Hamilton R
Ohio-8
Tobias Avery Plants R
Ohio-15
Rufus Paine Spalding R
Ohio-18
William Mungen D
Ohio-5
Robert Cumming Schenck R
Ohio-3
Martin Welker R
Ohio-14
John Armor Bingham R
Ohio-16
Samuel Shellabarger R
Ohio-7
Philadelph Van Trump D
Ohio-12
John Thomas Wilson R
Ohio-11
William Lawrence R
Ohio-4
James Abram Garfield R
Ohio-19
Rufus Mallory R
Oregon-1
Benjamin Markley Boyer D
Pennsylvania-6
John Martin Broomall R
Pennsylvania-7
Charles Denison D
Pennsylvania-12
Darwin Asahel Finney R
Pennsylvania-20
Adam John Glossbrenner D
Pennsylvania-15
William Henry Koontz R
Pennsylvania-16
George Funston Miller R
Pennsylvania-14
James Kennedy Moorhead R
Pennsylvania-22
Thaddeus Stevens R
Pennsylvania-9
Thomas Williams R
Pennsylvania-23
Stephen Fowler Wilson R
Pennsylvania-18
Henry Lutz Cake R
Pennsylvania-10
John Covode R
Pennsylvania-21
Daniel Johnson Morrell R
Pennsylvania-17
Caleb Newbold Taylor R
Pennsylvania-5
Daniel Myers Van Auken D
Pennsylvania-11
James Lawrence Getz D
Pennsylvania-8
Ulysses Mercur R
Pennsylvania-13
Leonard Myers R
Pennsylvania-3
Glenni William Scofield R
Pennsylvania-19
George Van Eman Lawrence R
Pennsylvania-24
William Darrah Kelley R
Pennsylvania-4
Samuel Jackson Randall D
Pennsylvania-1
Charles O’Neill R
Pennsylvania-2
Nathan Fellows Dixon R
Rhode Island-2
Thomas Allen Jenckes R
Rhode Island-1
Manuel Simeon Corley R
South Carolina-3
James Hamilton Goss R
South Carolina-4
Christopher Columbus Bowen R
South Carolina-2
Benjamin Franklin Whittemore R
South Carolina-1
James Mullins R
Tennessee-4
John Trimble R
Tennessee-5
Samuel Mayes Arnell R
Tennessee-6
Isaac Roberts Hawkins R
Tennessee-7
William Brickly Stokes R
Tennessee-3
Horace Maynard R
Tennessee-2
David Alexander Nunn R
Tennessee-8
Roderick Randum Butler R
Tennessee-1
William Henry Hooper D
Utah-AL
Robert Ridgway W
Virginia-AL
Frederick Enoch Woodbridge R
Vermont-1
Worthington Curtis Smith R
Vermont-3
Luke Potter Poland R
Vermont-2
Alvan Flanders R
Washington-AL
Amasa Cobb R
Wisconsin-3
Benjamin Franklin Hopkins R
Wisconsin-2
Halbert Eleazer Paine R
Wisconsin-1
Cadwallader Colden Washburn R
Wisconsin-6
Charles Augustus Eldredge D
Wisconsin-4
Philetus Sawyer R
Wisconsin-5
Chester Dorman Hubbard R
West Virginia-1
Bethuel Middleton Kitchen R
West Virginia-2
Daniel Haymond Polsley R
West Virginia-3
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+11Congress.gov ↗
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
11 laws recorded · 1 landmark · 10 notable
Civil Rights Act of 1866 landmark
Ch. 31, Sess. 1, 39th Cong. · Apr 9, 1866
Contraction Act of 1866
Ch. 39, Sess. 1, 39th Cong. · Apr 12, 1866
Freedmen's Bureau Bill
Ch. 200, Sess. 1, 39th Cong. · Jul 16, 1866
Judicial Circuits Act
Ch. 210, Sess. 1, 39th Cong. · Jul 23, 1866
District of Columbia Public Schools Act ("An Act relating to Public Schools in the District of Columbia")
Ch. 217, Sess. 1, 39th Cong. · Jul 23, 1866
An Act to revive the grade of General in the United States Army
Ch. 232, Sess. 1, 39th Cong. · Jul 25, 1866
Metric Act of 1866
Ch. 301, Sess. 1, 39th Cong. · Jul 28, 1866
Washington City Colored Schools Lots Donation Act ("An Act donating certain Lots in the City of Washington for Schools for Colored Children in the District of Columbia")
Ch. 308, Sess. 1, 39th Cong. · Jul 28, 1866
Reconstruction Act
Ch. 153, Sess. 2, 39th Cong. · Mar 2, 1867
Tenure of Office Act (1867)
Ch. 154, Sess. 2, 39th Cong. · Mar 2, 1867
Show 1 more notable laws
Expatriation Act of 1868
Ch. 249, Sess. 2, 40th Cong. · Jul 27, 1868

Judicial3 files+401−2

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
−2Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 5 R · 4 D · 1 W → 5 R · 2 D · 1 W · every justice ↗
James Moore Wayne D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1835
John Catron D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1837
8 justices served on both dates
Samuel Nelson W
appointed by John Tyler · 1845
Robert Cooper Grier D
appointed by James K. Polk · 1846
Nathan Clifford D
appointed by James Buchanan · 1858
Noah Haynes Swayne R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
Samuel Freeman Miller R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
David Davis R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
Stephen Johnson Field R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1863
Salmon Portland Chase R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1864
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+14Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): →
District courts (active judges): 26 R · 14 D · 6 N( · 3 JR · 2 W → 24 R · 23 D · 8 N( · 1 JR · 1 W
Andrew Johnson D appointed 12 judges
11 district · 1 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 2 judges
2 district
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+387Supreme Court Database ↗
387 argued decisions · 4 landmark
Ex parte Milligan
71 U.S. 2 · Apr 3, 1866 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure
Ex parte Garland
71 U.S. 333 · Jan 14, 1867 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Reichart v. Felps
73 U.S. 160 · Mar 16, 1868 · Decided 8–0 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
The Alicia
74 U.S. 571 · Jan 25, 1869 · Decided 8–0 · Judicial Power · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
OMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year undefined → fiscal year undefined · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$796MTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$1.8B
as of Jul 1, 1864
$2.6B
as of Jul 1, 1868

Constitution & Union1 file+3

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
+3National Archives ↗
12 → 14 amendments in force · 36 → 37 states
Amendment XIII Abolition of slavery
ratified Dec 6, 1865 · Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
Amendment XIV Citizenship, equal protection, due process
ratified Jul 9, 1868 · Birthright citizenship; equal protection and due process applied to the states.
Nebraska joins the Union
admitted Mar 1, 1867

Reverts1 file−1

revert/undoneWhat was undone
−1Federal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 1 Supreme Court precedent overruled
1 decision that overruled precedent
Mason v. Eldred
Jan 13, 1868 · 8-0 · Private Action
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
19 events
Andrew Johnson takes office · 1865-04-15Abolition of slavery · 1865-12-06Ex parte Milligan · 1866-04-03Civil Rights Act of 1866 · 1866-04-09Contraction Act of 1866 · 1866-04-12Freedmen's Bureau Bill · 1866-07-16Judicial Circuits Act · 1866-07-23District of Columbia Public Schools Act ("An Act relating to Public Schools in the District of Columbia") · 1866-07-23An Act to revive the grade of General in the United States Army · 1866-07-25Metric Act of 1866 · 1866-07-28Washington City Colored Schools Lots Donation Act ("An Act donating certain Lots in the City of Washington for Schools for Colored Children in the District of Columbia") · 1866-07-28Ex parte Garland · 1867-01-14Nebraska · 1867-03-01Reconstruction Act · 1867-03-02Tenure of Office Act (1867) · 1867-03-02Reichart v. Felps · 1868-03-16Citizenship, equal protection, due process · 1868-07-09Expatriation Act of 1868 · 1868-07-27The Alicia · 1869-01-251866186718681869
  1. presidentAndrew Johnson takes office
  2. amendmentAbolition of slavery
  3. rulingEx parte Milligan
  4. lawCivil Rights Act of 1866
  5. lawContraction Act of 1866
  6. lawFreedmen's Bureau Bill
  7. lawJudicial Circuits Act
  8. lawDistrict of Columbia Public Schools Act ("An Act relating to Public Schools in the District of Columbia")
  9. lawAn Act to revive the grade of General in the United States Army
  10. lawMetric Act of 1866
  11. lawWashington City Colored Schools Lots Donation Act ("An Act donating certain Lots in the City of Washington for Schools for Colored Children in the District of Columbia")
  12. rulingEx parte Garland
  13. stateNebraska
  14. lawReconstruction Act
  15. lawTenure of Office Act (1867)
  16. rulingReichart v. Felps
  17. amendmentCitizenship, equal protection, due process
  18. lawExpatriation Act of 1868
  19. rulingThe Alicia