How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1861-03-04...1865-04-14 · 4.1 years json
19 files changed, 400 insertions(+), 306 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+26
major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
5 of 10
seats changed hands
Agencies
+5 −0
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$1.8B
$65M → $1.8B

The presidency passed from James Buchanan to Abraham Lincoln. 25 senators and 0 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 5 new justices joined the Supreme Court.

Executive5 files+16−7

executive/presidentThe presidency
+1−1National Archives ↗
James Buchanan D
15th president
Abraham Lincoln R
16th president · took office Mar 4, 1861
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
+1−1Senate Historical Office ↗
John Cabell Breckinridge D
Andrew Johnson D
took office Mar 4, 1865
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+9−5Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State
Jeremiah S. Black D
William H. Seward R
Secretary of the Treasury · 3 people took this office in between
John Adams Dix R
Hugh McCulloch R
Secretary of War · 2 people took this office in between
Edwin M. Stanton D
Attorney General · 2 people took this office in between
Edwin M. Stanton D
James Speed R
Postmaster General · 2 people took this office in between
William Dennison Jr. R
Secretary of the Navy
Isaac Toucey D
Gideon Welles D
Show 1 more cabinet offices
Secretary of the Interior
John Palmer Usher R
Other senior officials (2 changed)
Postmaster General · 2 people took this office in between
William Dennison Jr. R
Secretary of the Navy
Isaac Toucey D
Gideon Welles D
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+5Wikidata ↗
28 → 33 tracked organizations · 6 → 7 executive departments
United States Department of Agriculture department
established May 15, 1862 · department of the US government
United States National Agricultural Library
established Jan 1, 1862 · agricultural research library serving as a national library of the United States, and the library of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Internal Revenue Service
established Jul 1, 1862 · revenue service of the United States federal government
National Agricultural Statistics Service
established Jan 1, 1863 · statistical branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
established Jan 1, 1863 · American federal government organization
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military2 files±0

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
±0UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window (conflict records start in 1946).
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.
military/spendingCost of war
2 warsDoD Cost of War reports · CRS ↗
Lifetime cost of wars fought in this window · constant FY2011 dollars (CRS)
Civil War (Union) $59.6B
11.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1861–1865
Civil War (Confederacy) $20.1B
1861–1865
Operation spending is what the Defense Department obligated to each named operation in each fiscal year, from its Cost of War reports; it excludes State Department and USAID programs, veterans' care, interest, and base budgets. Lifetime costs are the Congressional Research Service's estimates of direct military spending for each war, in FY2011 dollars.

Legislative4 files+51−295

legislative/controlControl of Congress
3 changesHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublicanOther
36th Congress → 39th Congress · 3 new Congresses elected
3 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Republican majority
114 R · 87 D
House: null majority
Senate: Democrat majority
36 D · 26 R
Senate: Republican majority
27 R · 8 D
legislative/senateSenate
+25−53congress-legislators ↗
Mar 4, 1861 · 36 D · 26 R · 1 A · 1 U
Benjamin Fitzpatrick (Democrat, AL)Clement Claiborne Clay Jr. (Democrat, AL)Robert Ward Johnson (Democrat, AR)William King Sebastian (Democrat, AR)William McKendree Gwin (Democrat, CA)Milton Slocum Latham (Democrat, CA)James Asheton Bayard Jr. (Democrat, DE)Willard Saulsbury Sr. (Democrat, DE)David Levy Yulee (Democrat, FL)Alfred Iverson Sr. (Democrat, GA)Robert Augustus Toombs (Democrat, GA)Stephen Arnold Douglas (Democrat, IL)Graham Newell Fitch (Democrat, IN)Jesse David Bright (Democrat, IN)Lazarus Whitehead Powell (Democrat, KY)John Slidell (Democrat, LA)Judah Philip Benjamin (Democrat, LA)James Alfred Pearce (Democrat, MD)Henry Mower Rice (Democrat, MN)James Stephen Green (Democrat, MO)Trusten Polk (Democrat, MO)Jefferson Davis (Democrat, MS)Albert Gallatin Brown (Democrat, MS)Thomas Lanier Clingman (Democrat, NC)Thomas Bragg (Democrat, NC)John Renshaw Thomson (Democrat, NJ)George Ellis Pugh (Democrat, OH)Joseph Lane (Democrat, OR)William Bigler (Democrat, PA)James Henry Hammond (Democrat, SC)Andrew Johnson (Democrat, TN)Alfred Osborn Pope Nicholson (Democrat, TN)John Hemphill (Democrat, TX)Louis Trezevant Wigfall (Democrat, TX)James Murray Mason (Democrat, VA)Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter (Democrat, VA)John Jordan Crittenden (American, KY)Anthony Kennedy (Unionist, MD)Lafayette Sabine Foster (Republican, CT)James Dixon (Republican, CT)James Harlan (Republican, IA)James Wilson Grimes (Republican, IA)Lyman Trumbull (Republican, IL)Charles Sumner (Republican, MA)Henry Wilson (Republican, MA)Hannibal Hamlin (Republican, ME)William Pitt Fessenden (Republican, ME)Zachariah Chandler (Republican, MI)Kinsley Scott Bingham (Republican, MI)Morton Smith Wilkinson (Republican, MN)Daniel Clark (Republican, NH)John Parker Hale (Republican, NH)John Conover Ten Eyck (Republican, NJ)William Henry Seward (Republican, NY)Preston King (Republican, NY)Benjamin Franklin Wade (Republican, OH)Edward Dickinson Baker (Republican, OR)Simon Cameron (Republican, PA)James Fowler Simmons (Republican, RI)Henry Bowen Anthony (Republican, RI)Jacob Collamer (Republican, VT)Solomon Foot (Republican, VT)Charles Durkee (Republican, WI)James Rood Doolittle (Republican, WI)
Apr 14, 1865 · 27 R · 8 D · 1 UU
James Alexander McDougall (Democrat, CA)George Read Riddle (Democrat, DE)Thomas Andrews Hendricks (Democrat, IN)Garrett Davis (Democrat, KY)Reverdy Johnson (Democrat, MD)William Wright (Democrat, NJ)James Willis Nesmith (Democrat, OR)Charles Rollin Buckalew (Democrat, PA)Thomas Holliday Hicks (Unconditional Unionist, MD)John Conness (Republican, CA)Lafayette Sabine Foster (Republican, CT)James Dixon (Republican, CT)James Harlan (Republican, IA)Lyman Trumbull (Republican, IL)Henry Smith Lane (Republican, IN)Samuel Clarke Pomeroy (Republican, KS)Charles Sumner (Republican, MA)Lot Myrick Morrill (Republican, ME)Zachariah Chandler (Republican, MI)Alexander Ramsey (Republican, MN)John Brooks Henderson (Republican, MO)Benjamin Gratz Brown (Republican, MO)Daniel Clark (Republican, NH)James Warren Nye (Republican, NV)William Morris Stewart (Republican, NV)Ira Harris (Republican, NY)Edwin Denison Morgan (Republican, NY)John Sherman (Republican, OH)Benjamin Franklin Wade (Republican, OH)Edgar Cowan (Republican, PA)William Sprague (Republican, RI)Jacob Collamer (Republican, VT)Solomon Foot (Republican, VT)Timothy Otis Howe (Republican, WI)James Rood Doolittle (Republican, WI)Peter Godwin Van Winkle (Republican, WV)
25 new members · 53 departed · 11 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 51 → 51
11 seats changed party
William Bigler D
Pennsylvania seat
Edgar Cowan R
Pennsylvania seat
Graham Newell Fitch D
Indiana seat
Henry Smith Lane R
Indiana seat
John Jordan Crittenden A
Kentucky seat
Garrett Davis D
Kentucky seat
George Ellis Pugh D
Ohio seat
John Sherman R
Ohio seat
Show 7 more seat flips
James Alfred Pearce D
Maryland seat
Thomas Holliday Hicks UU
Maryland seat
Trusten Polk D
Missouri seat
John Brooks Henderson R
Missouri seat
James Stephen Green D
Missouri seat
Benjamin Gratz Brown R
Missouri seat
Milton Slocum Latham D
California seat
John Conness R
California seat
Anthony Kennedy U
Maryland seat
Reverdy Johnson D
Maryland seat
Henry Mower Rice D
Minnesota seat
Alexander Ramsey R
Minnesota seat
Simon Cameron R
Pennsylvania seat
Charles Rollin Buckalew D
Pennsylvania seat
Who joined and who left (25 in · 53 out)
James Alexander McDougall D
California
John Conness R
California
George Read Riddle D
Delaware
Henry Smith Lane R
Indiana
Thomas Andrews Hendricks D
Indiana
Samuel Clarke Pomeroy R
Kansas
Garrett Davis D
Kentucky
Thomas Holliday Hicks UU
Maryland
Reverdy Johnson D
Maryland
Lot Myrick Morrill R
Maine
Alexander Ramsey R
Minnesota
John Brooks Henderson R
Missouri
Benjamin Gratz Brown R
Missouri
William Wright D
New Jersey
James Warren Nye R
Nevada
William Morris Stewart R
Nevada
Ira Harris R
New York
Edwin Denison Morgan R
New York
John Sherman R
Ohio
James Willis Nesmith D
Oregon
Edgar Cowan R
Pennsylvania
Charles Rollin Buckalew D
Pennsylvania
William Sprague R
Rhode Island
Timothy Otis Howe R
Wisconsin
Peter Godwin Van Winkle R
West Virginia
Benjamin Fitzpatrick D
Alabama
Clement Claiborne Clay Jr. D
Alabama
Robert Ward Johnson D
Arkansas
William King Sebastian D
Arkansas
William McKendree Gwin D
California
Milton Slocum Latham D
California
James Asheton Bayard Jr. D
Delaware
Willard Saulsbury Sr. D
Delaware
David Levy Yulee D
Florida
Alfred Iverson Sr. D
Georgia
Robert Augustus Toombs D
Georgia
James Wilson Grimes R
Iowa
Stephen Arnold Douglas D
Illinois
Graham Newell Fitch D
Indiana
Jesse David Bright D
Indiana
John Jordan Crittenden A
Kentucky
Lazarus Whitehead Powell D
Kentucky
John Slidell D
Louisiana
Judah Philip Benjamin D
Louisiana
Henry Wilson R
Massachusetts
James Alfred Pearce D
Maryland
Anthony Kennedy U
Maryland
Hannibal Hamlin R
Maine
William Pitt Fessenden R
Maine
Kinsley Scott Bingham R
Michigan
Henry Mower Rice D
Minnesota
Morton Smith Wilkinson R
Minnesota
James Stephen Green D
Missouri
Trusten Polk D
Missouri
Jefferson Davis D
Mississippi
Albert Gallatin Brown D
Mississippi
Thomas Lanier Clingman D
North Carolina
Thomas Bragg D
North Carolina
John Parker Hale R
New Hampshire
John Renshaw Thomson D
New Jersey
John Conover Ten Eyck R
New Jersey
William Henry Seward R
New York
Preston King R
New York
George Ellis Pugh D
Ohio
Joseph Lane D
Oregon
Edward Dickinson Baker R
Oregon
William Bigler D
Pennsylvania
Simon Cameron R
Pennsylvania
James Fowler Simmons R
Rhode Island
Henry Bowen Anthony R
Rhode Island
James Henry Hammond D
South Carolina
Andrew Johnson D
Tennessee
Alfred Osborn Pope Nicholson D
Tennessee
John Hemphill D
Texas
Louis Trezevant Wigfall D
Texas
James Murray Mason D
Virginia
Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter D
Virginia
Charles Durkee R
Wisconsin
legislative/houseHouse
−242congress-legislators ↗
Mar 4, 1861 · 114 R · 87 D · 19 IRD · 7 ALD · 7 ID · 5 A · 2 U · 1 W
David Clopton (Democrat, AL-3)Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb (Democrat, AL-6)Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry (Democrat, AL-7)Sydenham Moore (Democrat, AL-4)James Adams Stallworth (Democrat, AL-1)George Smith Houston (Democrat, AL-5)James Lawrence Pugh (Democrat, AL-2)Thomas Carmichael Hindman (Democrat, AR-1)Albert Rust (Democrat, AR-2)John Chilton Burch (Democrat, CA-AL)William Gustavus Whiteley (Democrat, DE-AL)George Sydney Hawkins (Democrat, FL-1)Martin Jenkins Crawford (Democrat, GA-2)Lucius Jeremiah Gartrell (Democrat, GA-4)James Jackson (Democrat, GA-6)John James Jones (Democrat, GA-8)Peter Early Love (Democrat, GA-1)John William Henderson Underwood (Democrat, GA-5)Isaac Newton Morris (Democrat, IL-5)Philip Bond Fouke (Democrat, IL-8)John Alexander McClernand (Democrat, IL-6)James Carroll Robinson (Democrat, IL-7)John Alexander Logan (Democrat, IL-9)William Hayden English (Democrat, IN-2)William Ellis Niblack (Democrat, IN-1)William Steele Holman (Democrat, IN-4)Samuel Oldham Peyton (Democrat, KY-2)William Emmett Simms (Democrat, KY-8)Henry Cornelius Burnett (Democrat, KY-1)John White Stevenson (Democrat, KY-10)John Young Brown (Democrat, KY-5)Thomas Green Davidson (Democrat, LA-3)John Morgan Landrum (Democrat, LA-4)Miles Taylor (Democrat, LA-2)George Wurtz Hughes (Democrat, MD-6)Jacob Michael Kunkel (Democrat, MD-5)James Augustus Stewart (Democrat, MD-1)George Byran Cooper (Democrat, MI-1)John Richard Barret (Democrat, MO-1)James Craig (Democrat, MO-4)John Bullock Clark (Democrat, MO-3)John Smith Phelps (Democrat, MO-6)John William Noell (Democrat, MO-7)William Barksdale (Democrat, MS-3)Reuben Davis (Democrat, MS-2)John Jones McRae (Democrat, MS-5)Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (Democrat, MS-1)Otho Robards Singleton (Democrat, MS-4)Lawrence O’Bryan Branch (Democrat, NC-4)Francis Burton Craige (Democrat, NC-7)Thomas Ruffin (Democrat, NC-2)Warren Winslow (Democrat, NC-3)John Cochrane (Democrat, NY-6)William Brown Maclay (Democrat, NY-5)Daniel Edgar Sickles (Democrat, NY-3)William Howard (Democrat, OH-6)Charles Drake Martin (Democrat, OH-11)William Allen (Democrat, OH-4)Clement Laird Vallandigham (Democrat, OH-3)George Hunt Pendleton (Democrat, OH-1)Samuel Sullivan Cox (Democrat, OH-12)Lansing Stout (Democrat, OR-1)William Harrison Dimmick (Democrat, PA-13)Thomas Birch Florence (Democrat, PA-1)Jacob Kerlin McKenty (Democrat, PA-8)William Montgomery (Democrat, PA-20)John Durant Ashmore (Democrat, SC-5)Milledge Luke Bonham (Democrat, SC-4)William Waters Boyce (Democrat, SC-6)Laurence Massillon Keitt (Democrat, SC-3)John McQueen (Democrat, SC-1)William Porcher Miles (Democrat, SC-2)William Tecumsah Avery (Democrat, TN-10)James Houston Thomas (Democrat, TN-6)John Vines Wright (Democrat, TN-7)John Henninger Reagan (Democrat, TX-1)William Henry Hooper (Democrat, UT-AL)Thomas Stanley Bocock (Democrat, VA-5)Sherrard Clemens (Democrat, VA-10)Henry Alonzo Edmundson (Democrat, VA-12)Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett (Democrat, VA-1)William Osborne Goode (Democrat, VA-4)Albert Gallatin Jenkins (Democrat, VA-11)John Singleton Millson (Democrat, VA-2)William Smith (Democrat, VA-7)Isaac Ingalls Stevens (Democrat, WA-AL)Charles Hathaway Larrabee (Democrat, WI-3)Joshua Hill (Ind. Republican-Democrat, GA-7)Thomas Hardeman Jr. (Ind. Republican-Democrat, GA-3)John Givan Davis (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, IN-7)Green Adams (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-6)William Clayton Anderson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-4)Francis Marion Bristow (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-3)Laban Theodore Moore (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-9)Robert Mallory (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-7)John Edward Bouligny (American, LA-1)James Morrison Harris (American, MD-3)Henry Winter Davis (American, MD-4)Edwin Hanson Webster (American, MD-2)Thomas Lilbourne Anderson (Ind. Democrat, MO-2)Samuel Hughes Woodson (American, MO-5)John Adams Gilmer (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NC-5)William Nathan Harrell Smith (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NC-1)James Madison Leach (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NC-6)Zebulon Baird Vance (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NC-8)Experience Estabrook (?, NE-AL)Garnett Bowditch Adrain (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NJ-3)Jetur Rose Riggs (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NJ-4)Miguel Antonio Otero (?, NM-AL)Thomas Jefferson Barr (Ind. Democrat, NY-4)Horace Francis Clark (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NY-8)John Bussing Haskin (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NY-9)John Hazard Reynolds (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NY-14)John Hickman (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, PA-6)Reese Bowen Brabson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-3)Emerson Etheridge (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-9)Robert Hopkins Hatton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-5)James Minor Quarles (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-8)Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-1)William Brickly Stokes (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-4)Horace Maynard (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-2)Andrew Jackson Hamilton (Ind. Democrat, TX-2)Alexander Robinson Boteler (Ind. Republican-Democrat, VA-8)Shelton Farrar Leake (Ind. Democrat, VA-6)Elbert Sevier Martin (Ind. Democrat, VA-13)Daniel Coleman De Jarnette (Ind. Democrat, VA-3)John Thomas Harris (Ind. Democrat, VA-9)John Dick (Whig, PA-AL)John Woodruff (Republican, CT-2)Alfred Avery Burnham (Republican, CT-3)Dwight Loomis (Republican, CT-1)Orris Sanford Ferry (Republican, CT-4)Samuel Ryan Curtis (Republican, IA-1)William Vandever (Republican, IA-2)William Kellogg (Republican, IL-4)Owen Lovejoy (Republican, IL-3)Elihu Benjamin Washburne (Republican, IL-1)John Franklin Farnsworth (Republican, IL-2)Charles Case (Republican, IN-10)David Kilgore (Republican, IN-5)John Upfold Pettit (Republican, IN-11)James Wilson (Republican, IN-8)William McKee Dunn (Republican, IN-3)Albert Gallatin Porter (Republican, IN-6)Schuyler Colfax (Republican, IN-9)Marcus Junius Parrott (Republican, KS-AL)Martin Franklin Conway (Republican, KS-1)Anson Burlingame (Republican, MA-5)Eli Thayer (Republican, MA-9)Charles Francis Adams (Republican, MA-3)Charles Delano (Republican, MA-10)Charles Russell Train (Republican, MA-8)John Bassett Alley (Republican, MA-6)Alexander Hamilton Rice (Republican, MA-4)Thomas Dawes Eliot (Republican, MA-1)Daniel Wheelwright Gooch (Republican, MA-7)James Buffinton (Republican, MA-2)Henry Laurens Dawes (Republican, MA-11)Stephen Coburn (Republican, ME-5)Stephen Clark Foster (Republican, ME-6)Ezra Bartlett French (Republican, ME-3)Freeman Harlow Morse (Republican, ME-4)John Jasiel Perry (Republican, ME-2)Daniel Eton Somes (Republican, ME-1)De Witt Clinton Leach (Republican, MI-4)Francis William Kellogg (Republican, MI-3)Henry Waldron (Republican, MI-2)Cyrus Aldrich (Republican, MN-AL)Mason Weare Tappan (Republican, NH-2)Thomas McKey Edwards (Republican, NH-3)Gilman Marston (Republican, NH-1)William Pennington (Republican, NJ-5)John Thompson Nixon (Republican, NJ-1)John Leake Newbold Stratton (Republican, NJ-2)Charles Lewis Beale (Republican, NY-12)George Briggs (Republican, NY-7)Silas Mainville Burroughs (Republican, NY-31)Martin Butterfield (Republican, NY-25)Luther Cullen Carter (Republican, NY-1)Clark Betton Cochrane (Republican, NY-18)James Harper Graham (Republican, NY-19)Charles Brooks Hoard (Republican, NY-23)William Irvine (Republican, NY-28)William Scheuneman Kenyon (Republican, NY-11)Moses Lindley Lee (Republican, NY-22)George William Palmer (Republican, NY-16)Emory Bemsley Pottle (Republican, NY-26)Francis Elias Spinner (Republican, NY-17)Alfred Wells (Republican, NY-27)Alfred Ely (Republican, NY-29)James Bedell McKean (Republican, NY-15)Abram Baldwin Olin (Republican, NY-13)Charles Baldwin Sedgwick (Republican, NY-24)Elbridge Gerry Spaulding (Republican, NY-32)Augustus Frank (Republican, NY-30)James Humphrey (Republican, NY-2)Reuben Eaton Fenton (Republican, NY-33)Rodolphus Holland Duell (Republican, NY-21)Roscoe Conkling (Republican, NY-20)Charles Henry Van Wyck (Republican, NY-10)John Carey (Republican, OH-9)William Helmick (Republican, OH-15)Cyrus Spink (Republican, OH-14)Benjamin Stanton (Republican, OH-8)Thomas Clarke Theaker (Republican, OH-17)Cydnor Bailey Tompkins (Republican, OH-16)Edward Wade (Republican, OH-19)Thomas Corwin (Republican, OH-7)Sidney Edgerton (Republican, OH-18)John Addison Gurley (Republican, OH-2)John Hutchins (Republican, OH-20)Carey Allen Trimble (Republican, OH-10)James Mitchell Ashley (Republican, OH-5)John Armor Bingham (Republican, OH-21)John Sherman (Republican, OH-13)Chapin Hall (Republican, PA-24)Benjamin Franklin Junkin (Republican, PA-16)Henry Clay Longnecker (Republican, PA-7)William Millward (Republican, PA-4)William Stewart (Republican, PA-23)John Wood (Republican, PA-5)Elijah Babbitt (Republican, PA-25)Samuel Steel Blair (Republican, PA-18)James Hepburn Campbell (Republican, PA-11)Robert McKnight (Republican, PA-22)Edward McPherson (Republican, PA-17)Edward Joy Morris (Republican, PA-2)George Whitfield Scranton (Republican, PA-12)John Paul Verree (Republican, PA-3)James Tracy Hale (Republican, PA-15)James Kennedy Moorhead (Republican, PA-21)Thaddeus Stevens (Republican, PA-9)John Covode (Republican, PA-19)John Weinland Killinger (Republican, PA-10)Galusha Aaron Grow (Republican, PA-14)William Daniel Brayton (Republican, RI-2)Christopher Robinson (Republican, RI-1)Homer Elihu Royce (Republican, VT-3)Eliakim Persons Walton (Republican, VT-1)Justin Smith Morrill (Republican, VT-2)John Fox Potter (Republican, WI-1)Cadwallader Colden Washburn (Republican, WI-2)
Apr 14, 1865 ·
No data
0 new members · 242 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 44 → 0
38 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alabama 7 D · 0 R
Alabama 0 D · 0 R
Arkansas 2 D · 0 R
Arkansas 0 D · 0 R
California 1 D · 0 R
California 0 D · 0 R
Connecticut 0 D · 4 R
Connecticut 0 D · 0 R
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 0 R
Florida 1 D · 0 R
Florida 0 D · 0 R
Georgia 6 D · 0 R · 2 other
Georgia 0 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 2 R
Iowa 0 D · 0 R
Illinois 5 D · 4 R
Illinois 0 D · 0 R
Indiana 3 D · 7 R · 1 other
Indiana 0 D · 0 R
Kansas 0 D · 2 R
Kansas 0 D · 0 R
Kentucky 5 D · 0 R · 5 other
Kentucky 0 D · 0 R
Louisiana 3 D · 0 R · 1 other
Louisiana 0 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 11 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 0 R
Maryland 3 D · 0 R · 3 other
Maryland 0 D · 0 R
Maine 0 D · 6 R
Maine 0 D · 0 R
Michigan 1 D · 3 R
Michigan 0 D · 0 R
Minnesota 0 D · 1 R
Minnesota 0 D · 0 R
Missouri 5 D · 0 R · 2 other
Missouri 0 D · 0 R
Mississippi 5 D · 0 R
Mississippi 0 D · 0 R
North Carolina 4 D · 0 R · 4 other
North Carolina 0 D · 0 R
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 3 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 0 R
New Jersey 0 D · 3 R · 2 other
New Jersey 0 D · 0 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R
New York 3 D · 26 R · 4 other
New York 0 D · 0 R
Ohio 6 D · 15 R
Ohio 0 D · 0 R
Oregon 1 D · 0 R
Oregon 0 D · 0 R
Pennsylvania 4 D · 20 R · 2 other
Pennsylvania 0 D · 0 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 2 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 0 R
South Carolina 6 D · 0 R
South Carolina 0 D · 0 R
Tennessee 3 D · 0 R · 7 other
Tennessee 0 D · 0 R
Texas 1 D · 0 R · 1 other
Texas 0 D · 0 R
Utah 1 D · 0 R
Utah 0 D · 0 R
Virginia 8 D · 0 R · 5 other
Virginia 0 D · 0 R
Vermont 0 D · 3 R
Vermont 0 D · 0 R
Washington 1 D · 0 R
Washington 0 D · 0 R
Wisconsin 1 D · 2 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 0 R
Who joined and who left (0 in · 242 out)
David Clopton D
Alabama-3
Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb D
Alabama-6
Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry D
Alabama-7
Sydenham Moore D
Alabama-4
James Adams Stallworth D
Alabama-1
George Smith Houston D
Alabama-5
James Lawrence Pugh D
Alabama-2
Thomas Carmichael Hindman D
Arkansas-1
Albert Rust D
Arkansas-2
John Chilton Burch D
California-AL
John Woodruff R
Connecticut-2
Alfred Avery Burnham R
Connecticut-3
Dwight Loomis R
Connecticut-1
Orris Sanford Ferry R
Connecticut-4
William Gustavus Whiteley D
Delaware-AL
George Sydney Hawkins D
Florida-1
Martin Jenkins Crawford D
Georgia-2
Lucius Jeremiah Gartrell D
Georgia-4
James Jackson D
Georgia-6
John James Jones D
Georgia-8
Peter Early Love D
Georgia-1
John William Henderson Underwood D
Georgia-5
Joshua Hill IRD
Georgia-7
Thomas Hardeman Jr. IRD
Georgia-3
Samuel Ryan Curtis R
Iowa-1
William Vandever R
Iowa-2
Isaac Newton Morris D
Illinois-5
Philip Bond Fouke D
Illinois-8
William Kellogg R
Illinois-4
John Alexander McClernand D
Illinois-6
Owen Lovejoy R
Illinois-3
Elihu Benjamin Washburne R
Illinois-1
John Franklin Farnsworth R
Illinois-2
James Carroll Robinson D
Illinois-7
John Alexander Logan D
Illinois-9
Charles Case R
Indiana-10
John Givan Davis ALD
Indiana-7
William Hayden English D
Indiana-2
David Kilgore R
Indiana-5
John Upfold Pettit R
Indiana-11
James Wilson R
Indiana-8
William McKee Dunn R
Indiana-3
Albert Gallatin Porter R
Indiana-6
Schuyler Colfax R
Indiana-9
William Ellis Niblack D
Indiana-1
William Steele Holman D
Indiana-4
Marcus Junius Parrott R
Kansas-AL
Martin Franklin Conway R
Kansas-1
Green Adams IRD
Kentucky-6
William Clayton Anderson IRD
Kentucky-4
Francis Marion Bristow IRD
Kentucky-3
Laban Theodore Moore IRD
Kentucky-9
Samuel Oldham Peyton D
Kentucky-2
William Emmett Simms D
Kentucky-8
Henry Cornelius Burnett D
Kentucky-1
Robert Mallory IRD
Kentucky-7
John White Stevenson D
Kentucky-10
John Young Brown D
Kentucky-5
John Edward Bouligny A
Louisiana-1
Thomas Green Davidson D
Louisiana-3
John Morgan Landrum D
Louisiana-4
Miles Taylor D
Louisiana-2
Anson Burlingame R
Massachusetts-5
Eli Thayer R
Massachusetts-9
Charles Francis Adams R
Massachusetts-3
Charles Delano R
Massachusetts-10
Charles Russell Train R
Massachusetts-8
John Bassett Alley R
Massachusetts-6
Alexander Hamilton Rice R
Massachusetts-4
Thomas Dawes Eliot R
Massachusetts-1
Daniel Wheelwright Gooch R
Massachusetts-7
James Buffinton R
Massachusetts-2
Henry Laurens Dawes R
Massachusetts-11
James Morrison Harris A
Maryland-3
George Wurtz Hughes D
Maryland-6
Jacob Michael Kunkel D
Maryland-5
James Augustus Stewart D
Maryland-1
Henry Winter Davis A
Maryland-4
Edwin Hanson Webster A
Maryland-2
Stephen Coburn R
Maine-5
Stephen Clark Foster R
Maine-6
Ezra Bartlett French R
Maine-3
Freeman Harlow Morse R
Maine-4
John Jasiel Perry R
Maine-2
Daniel Eton Somes R
Maine-1
George Byran Cooper D
Michigan-1
De Witt Clinton Leach R
Michigan-4
Francis William Kellogg R
Michigan-3
Henry Waldron R
Michigan-2
Cyrus Aldrich R
Minnesota-AL
Thomas Lilbourne Anderson ID
Missouri-2
John Richard Barret D
Missouri-1
James Craig D
Missouri-4
Samuel Hughes Woodson A
Missouri-5
John Bullock Clark D
Missouri-3
John Smith Phelps D
Missouri-6
John William Noell D
Missouri-7
William Barksdale D
Mississippi-3
Reuben Davis D
Mississippi-2
John Jones McRae D
Mississippi-5
Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar D
Mississippi-1
Otho Robards Singleton D
Mississippi-4
Lawrence O’Bryan Branch D
North Carolina-4
Francis Burton Craige D
North Carolina-7
John Adams Gilmer IRD
North Carolina-5
Thomas Ruffin D
North Carolina-2
William Nathan Harrell Smith IRD
North Carolina-1
Warren Winslow D
North Carolina-3
James Madison Leach IRD
North Carolina-6
Zebulon Baird Vance IRD
North Carolina-8
Experience Estabrook
Nebraska-AL
Mason Weare Tappan R
New Hampshire-2
Thomas McKey Edwards R
New Hampshire-3
Gilman Marston R
New Hampshire-1
Garnett Bowditch Adrain ALD
New Jersey-3
William Pennington R
New Jersey-5
Jetur Rose Riggs ALD
New Jersey-4
John Thompson Nixon R
New Jersey-1
John Leake Newbold Stratton R
New Jersey-2
Miguel Antonio Otero
New Mexico-AL
Thomas Jefferson Barr ID
New York-4
Charles Lewis Beale R
New York-12
George Briggs R
New York-7
Silas Mainville Burroughs R
New York-31
Martin Butterfield R
New York-25
Luther Cullen Carter R
New York-1
Horace Francis Clark ALD
New York-8
Clark Betton Cochrane R
New York-18
John Cochrane D
New York-6
James Harper Graham R
New York-19
John Bussing Haskin ALD
New York-9
Charles Brooks Hoard R
New York-23
William Irvine R
New York-28
William Scheuneman Kenyon R
New York-11
Moses Lindley Lee R
New York-22
William Brown Maclay D
New York-5
George William Palmer R
New York-16
Emory Bemsley Pottle R
New York-26
John Hazard Reynolds ALD
New York-14
Francis Elias Spinner R
New York-17
Alfred Wells R
New York-27
Alfred Ely R
New York-29
James Bedell McKean R
New York-15
Abram Baldwin Olin R
New York-13
Charles Baldwin Sedgwick R
New York-24
Elbridge Gerry Spaulding R
New York-32
Augustus Frank R
New York-30
James Humphrey R
New York-2
Reuben Eaton Fenton R
New York-33
Rodolphus Holland Duell R
New York-21
Roscoe Conkling R
New York-20
Charles Henry Van Wyck R
New York-10
Daniel Edgar Sickles D
New York-3
John Carey R
Ohio-9
William Helmick R
Ohio-15
William Howard D
Ohio-6
Charles Drake Martin D
Ohio-11
Cyrus Spink R
Ohio-14
Benjamin Stanton R
Ohio-8
Thomas Clarke Theaker R
Ohio-17
Cydnor Bailey Tompkins R
Ohio-16
Edward Wade R
Ohio-19
William Allen D
Ohio-4
Thomas Corwin R
Ohio-7
Sidney Edgerton R
Ohio-18
John Addison Gurley R
Ohio-2
John Hutchins R
Ohio-20
Carey Allen Trimble R
Ohio-10
Clement Laird Vallandigham D
Ohio-3
James Mitchell Ashley R
Ohio-5
John Armor Bingham R
Ohio-21
George Hunt Pendleton D
Ohio-1
Samuel Sullivan Cox D
Ohio-12
John Sherman R
Ohio-13
Lansing Stout D
Oregon-1
John Dick W
Pennsylvania-AL
William Harrison Dimmick D
Pennsylvania-13
Thomas Birch Florence D
Pennsylvania-1
Chapin Hall R
Pennsylvania-24
Benjamin Franklin Junkin R
Pennsylvania-16
Henry Clay Longnecker R
Pennsylvania-7
Jacob Kerlin McKenty D
Pennsylvania-8
William Millward R
Pennsylvania-4
William Montgomery D
Pennsylvania-20
William Stewart R
Pennsylvania-23
John Wood R
Pennsylvania-5
Elijah Babbitt R
Pennsylvania-25
Samuel Steel Blair R
Pennsylvania-18
James Hepburn Campbell R
Pennsylvania-11
John Hickman ALD
Pennsylvania-6
Robert McKnight R
Pennsylvania-22
Edward McPherson R
Pennsylvania-17
Edward Joy Morris R
Pennsylvania-2
George Whitfield Scranton R
Pennsylvania-12
John Paul Verree R
Pennsylvania-3
James Tracy Hale R
Pennsylvania-15
James Kennedy Moorhead R
Pennsylvania-21
Thaddeus Stevens R
Pennsylvania-9
John Covode R
Pennsylvania-19
John Weinland Killinger R
Pennsylvania-10
Galusha Aaron Grow R
Pennsylvania-14
William Daniel Brayton R
Rhode Island-2
Christopher Robinson R
Rhode Island-1
John Durant Ashmore D
South Carolina-5
Milledge Luke Bonham D
South Carolina-4
William Waters Boyce D
South Carolina-6
Laurence Massillon Keitt D
South Carolina-3
John McQueen D
South Carolina-1
William Porcher Miles D
South Carolina-2
William Tecumsah Avery D
Tennessee-10
Reese Bowen Brabson IRD
Tennessee-3
Emerson Etheridge IRD
Tennessee-9
Robert Hopkins Hatton IRD
Tennessee-5
James Minor Quarles IRD
Tennessee-8
James Houston Thomas D
Tennessee-6
John Vines Wright D
Tennessee-7
Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson IRD
Tennessee-1
William Brickly Stokes IRD
Tennessee-4
Horace Maynard IRD
Tennessee-2
Andrew Jackson Hamilton ID
Texas-2
John Henninger Reagan D
Texas-1
William Henry Hooper D
Utah-AL
Thomas Stanley Bocock D
Virginia-5
Alexander Robinson Boteler IRD
Virginia-8
Sherrard Clemens D
Virginia-10
Henry Alonzo Edmundson D
Virginia-12
Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett D
Virginia-1
William Osborne Goode D
Virginia-4
Albert Gallatin Jenkins D
Virginia-11
Shelton Farrar Leake ID
Virginia-6
Elbert Sevier Martin ID
Virginia-13
John Singleton Millson D
Virginia-2
William Smith D
Virginia-7
Daniel Coleman De Jarnette ID
Virginia-3
John Thomas Harris ID
Virginia-9
Homer Elihu Royce R
Vermont-3
Eliakim Persons Walton R
Vermont-1
Justin Smith Morrill R
Vermont-2
Isaac Ingalls Stevens D
Washington-AL
Charles Hathaway Larrabee D
Wisconsin-3
John Fox Potter R
Wisconsin-1
Cadwallader Colden Washburn R
Wisconsin-2
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+26Congress.gov ↗
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
26 laws recorded · 2 landmark · 24 notable
Homestead Act of 1862 landmark
Ch. 75, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · May 20, 1862
Morrill Act of 1862 landmark
Ch. 130, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · Jul 2, 1862
Revenue Act of 1861
Ch. 45, Sess. 1, 37th Cong. · Aug 5, 1861
Confiscation Act of 1861
Ch. 60, Sess. 1, 37th Cong. · Aug 6, 1861
Anti-Coolie Act
Ch. 24, Sess. 1, 37th Cong. · Feb 19, 1862
Legal Tender Act of 1862
Ch. 33, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · Feb 25, 1862
An Act for the Release of certain Persons held to Service or Labor within the District of Columbia
Ch. 54, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · Apr 16, 1862
Department of Agriculture Act
Ch. 72, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · May 15, 1862
Washington County Public Primary Schools Act ("An Act to provide for the Public Instruction of Youth in Primary Schools throughout the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, without the Limits of the Cities of Washington and Georgetown")
Ch. 77, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · May 20, 1862
Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Education Act ("An Act providing for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, District of Columbia, and for other Purposes")
Ch. 83, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · May 21, 1862
Show 16 more notable laws
An Act to secure Freedom to all persons within the Territories of the United States
Ch. 111, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · Jun 19, 1862
Pacific Railroad Act of 1862
Ch. 120, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · Jul 1, 1862
Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act
Ch. 126, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · Jul 1, 1862
Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Schools Act ("An Act relating to Schools for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, in the District of Columbia")
Ch. 151, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · Jul 11, 1862
Militia Act of 1862
Ch. 201, Sess. 2, 37th Cong. · Jul 17, 1862
Arizona Organic Act
Ch. 56, Sess. 3, 37th Cong. · Feb 24, 1863
National Bank Act of 1863
Ch. 58, Sess. 3, 37th Cong. · Feb 25, 1863
False Claims Act
Ch. 67, Sess. 3, 37th Cong. · Mar 2, 1863
Enrollment Act
Ch. 75, Sess. 3, 37th Cong. · Mar 3, 1863
Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)
Ch. 81, Sess. 3, 37th Cong. · Mar 3, 1863
Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
Ch. 100, Sess. 3, 37th Cong. · Mar 3, 1863
Coinage Act of 1864
Ch. 66, Sess. 1, 38th Cong. · Apr 22, 1864
Washington County Public Schools Act ("An Act to provide for the Public Instruction of Youth in the County of Washington, District of Columbia, and for other Purposes")
Ch. 156, Sess. 1, 38th Cong. · Jun 25, 1864
Yosemite Valley Grant Act
16 Stat. 48 · Jun 30, 1864
Revenue Act of 1864
Ch. 178, Sess. 1, 38th Cong. · Jun 30, 1864
Freedmen's Bureau
Ch. 90, Sess. 2, 38th Cong. · Mar 3, 1865

Judicial3 files+331−3

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
+5−3Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 7 D · 1 W → 5 R · 4 D · 1 W · every justice ↗
John McLean D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1829
Roger Brooke Taney D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1836
John Archibald Campbell D
appointed by Franklin Pierce · 1853
Noah Haynes Swayne R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
Samuel Freeman Miller R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
David Davis R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1862
Stephen Johnson Field R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1863
Salmon Portland Chase R
appointed by Abraham Lincoln · 1864
5 justices served on both dates
James Moore Wayne D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1835
John Catron D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1837
Samuel Nelson W
appointed by John Tyler · 1845
Robert Cooper Grier D
appointed by James K. Polk · 1846
Nathan Clifford D
appointed by James Buchanan · 1858
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+47Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): →
District courts (active judges): 24 D · 6 N( · 5 W · 4 JR → 26 R · 14 D · 6 N( · 3 JR · 2 W
Abraham Lincoln R appointed 44 judges
5 Supreme Court · 34 district · 5 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 3 judges
3 district
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+279Supreme Court Database ↗
279 argued decisions · 0 landmark
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
OMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year undefined → fiscal year undefined · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$1.8BTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$65M
as of Jul 1, 1860
$1.8B
as of Jul 1, 1864

Constitution & Union1 file+2

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
+2National Archives ↗
12 → 12 amendments in force · 34 → 36 states
West Virginia joins the Union
admitted Jun 20, 1863
Nevada joins the Union
admitted Oct 31, 1864

Reverts1 file−1

revert/undoneWhat was undone
−1Federal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 1 Supreme Court precedent overruled
1 decision that overruled precedent
Suydam v. Williamson
Mar 14, 1861 · 8-0 · Judicial Power
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
36 events
Abraham Lincoln takes office · 1861-03-04Revenue Act of 1861 · 1861-08-05Confiscation Act of 1861 · 1861-08-06Noah Haynes Swayne — Associate Justice · 1862-01-24Anti-Coolie Act · 1862-02-19Legal Tender Act of 1862 · 1862-02-25An Act for the Release of certain Persons held to Service or Labor within the District of Columbia · 1862-04-16United States Department of Agriculture · 1862-05-15Department of Agriculture Act · 1862-05-15Homestead Act of 1862 · 1862-05-20Washington County Public Primary Schools Act ("An Act to provide for the Public Instruction of Youth in Primary Schools throughout the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, without the Limits of the Cities of Washington and Georgetown") · 1862-05-20Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Education Act ("An Act providing for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, District of Columbia, and for other Purposes") · 1862-05-21An Act to secure Freedom to all persons within the Territories of the United States · 1862-06-19Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 · 1862-07-01Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act · 1862-07-01Morrill Act of 1862 · 1862-07-02Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Schools Act ("An Act relating to Schools for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, in the District of Columbia") · 1862-07-11Samuel Freeman Miller — Associate Justice · 1862-07-16Militia Act of 1862 · 1862-07-17David Davis — Associate Justice · 1862-12-08Arizona Organic Act · 1863-02-24National Bank Act of 1863 · 1863-02-25False Claims Act · 1863-03-02Enrollment Act · 1863-03-03Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863) · 1863-03-03Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 · 1863-03-03Stephen Johnson Field — Associate Justice · 1863-03-10West Virginia · 1863-06-20Coinage Act of 1864 · 1864-04-22Washington County Public Schools Act ("An Act to provide for the Public Instruction of Youth in the County of Washington, District of Columbia, and for other Purposes") · 1864-06-25Yosemite Valley Grant Act · 1864-06-30Revenue Act of 1864 · 1864-06-30Nevada · 1864-10-31Salmon Portland Chase — Chief Justice · 1864-12-06Freedmen's Bureau · 1865-03-03Abraham Lincoln takes office · 1865-03-041862186318641865
  1. presidentAbraham Lincoln takes office
  2. lawRevenue Act of 1861
  3. lawConfiscation Act of 1861
  4. justiceNoah Haynes Swayne — Associate Justice
  5. lawAnti-Coolie Act
  6. lawLegal Tender Act of 1862
  7. lawAn Act for the Release of certain Persons held to Service or Labor within the District of Columbia
  8. agency+United States Department of Agriculture
  9. lawDepartment of Agriculture Act
  10. lawHomestead Act of 1862
  11. lawWashington County Public Primary Schools Act ("An Act to provide for the Public Instruction of Youth in Primary Schools throughout the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, without the Limits of the Cities of Washington and Georgetown")
  12. lawGeorgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Education Act ("An Act providing for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, District of Columbia, and for other Purposes")
  13. lawAn Act to secure Freedom to all persons within the Territories of the United States
  14. lawPacific Railroad Act of 1862
  15. lawMorrill Anti-Bigamy Act
  16. lawMorrill Act of 1862
  17. lawGeorgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Schools Act ("An Act relating to Schools for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, in the District of Columbia")
  18. justiceSamuel Freeman Miller — Associate Justice
  19. lawMilitia Act of 1862
  20. justiceDavid Davis — Associate Justice
  21. lawArizona Organic Act
  22. lawNational Bank Act of 1863
  23. lawFalse Claims Act
  24. lawEnrollment Act
  25. lawHabeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)
  26. lawTenth Circuit Act of 1863
  27. justiceStephen Johnson Field — Associate Justice
  28. stateWest Virginia
  29. lawCoinage Act of 1864
  30. lawWashington County Public Schools Act ("An Act to provide for the Public Instruction of Youth in the County of Washington, District of Columbia, and for other Purposes")
  31. lawYosemite Valley Grant Act
  32. lawRevenue Act of 1864
  33. stateNevada
  34. justiceSalmon Portland Chase — Chief Justice
  35. lawFreedmen's Bureau
  36. presidentAbraham Lincoln takes office