How did the United States change between and ?

Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.

Trump II so farBiden termTrump I termObama termSince 9/11Since ReaganPostwar → now
civicdiff.com/1857-03-04...1861-03-03 · 4 years json
18 files changed, 561 insertions(+), 227 deletions(−)
Laws enacted
+2
major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
—
records start in 1994
Final rules
—
records start in 1994
Supreme Court
1 of 8
seats changed hands
Agencies
+1 −0
departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$33M
$32M → $65M

The presidency passed from Franklin Pierce to James Buchanan. 31 senators and 191 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 1 new justice joined the Supreme Court.

Executive5 files+8−9

executive/presidentThe presidency
+1−1National Archives ↗
Franklin Pierce D
14th president
James Buchanan D
15th president · took office Mar 4, 1857
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
+1−1Senate Historical Office ↗
vacant
John Cabell Breckinridge D
took office Mar 4, 1857
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+5−7Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State · 2 people took this office in between
William L. Marcy D
Jeremiah S. Black D
Secretary of the Treasury · 3 people took this office in between
James Guthrie D
John Adams Dix R
Secretary of War
Jefferson Davis D
vacant on Mar 3, 1861
next: Simon Cameron R · Mar 5, 1861
Attorney General · 2 people took this office in between
Caleb Cushing W
Edwin M. Stanton D
Postmaster General
James Campbell D
vacant on Mar 3, 1861
next: Montgomery Blair R · Mar 5, 1861
Secretary of the Navy
Isaac Toucey D
Show 1 more cabinet offices
Secretary of the Interior
Robert McClelland D
vacant on Mar 3, 1861
next: John Palmer Usher R · Jan 1, 1863
Other senior officials (2 changed)
Postmaster General
James Campbell D
vacant on Mar 3, 1861
next: Montgomery Blair R · Mar 5, 1861
Secretary of the Navy
Isaac Toucey D
executive/ordersExecutive orders
no dataFederal Register API ↗
Federal Register records of executive orders begin in 1994.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+1Wikidata ↗
27 → 28 tracked organizations · 6 → 6 executive departments
United States Government Publishing Office
established Jan 1, 1861 · printing and binding agency of the U.S. federal government
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.

Military1 file±0

military/conflictsArmed conflicts
±0UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ↗
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 0
The U.S. was not a party to any armed conflict in this window (conflict records start in 1946).
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded.

Legislative4 files+224−215

legislative/controlControl of Congress
1 changeHouse History / Senate Historical Office ↗
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublicanOther
34th Congress → 36th Congress · 2 new Congresses elected
1 change of chamber control along the way
House: Democrat majority
98 IRD · 88 D
House: null majority
114 R · 87 D
Senate: Democrat majority on both dates
37 D · 10 R → 36 D · 26 R
legislative/senateSenate
+31−26congress-legislators ↗
Mar 4, 1857 · 37 D · 10 R · 8 IRD · 4 A
Clement Claiborne Clay Jr. (Democrat, AL)Benjamin Fitzpatrick (Democrat, AL)William King Sebastian (Democrat, AR)Robert Ward Johnson (Democrat, AR)John B. Weller (Democrat, CA)Isaac Toucey (Democrat, CT)James Asheton Bayard Jr. (Democrat, DE)Stephen Russell Mallory (Democrat, FL)David Levy Yulee (Democrat, FL)Robert Augustus Toombs (Democrat, GA)Alfred Iverson Sr. (Democrat, GA)George Wallace Jones (Democrat, IA)Stephen Arnold Douglas (Democrat, IL)Jesse David Bright (Democrat, IN)Judah Philip Benjamin (Democrat, LA)John Slidell (Democrat, LA)James Alfred Pearce (Democrat, MD)Hannibal Hamlin (Democrat, ME)Lewis Cass (Democrat, MI)Charles Edward Stuart (Democrat, MI)Stephen Adams (Democrat, MS)Albert Gallatin Brown (Democrat, MS)David Settle Reid (Democrat, NC)Asa Biggs (Democrat, NC)John Renshaw Thomson (Democrat, NJ)William Wright (Democrat, NJ)George Ellis Pugh (Democrat, OH)Richard Brodhead (Democrat, PA)William Bigler (Democrat, PA)Charles Tillinghast James (Democrat, RI)Philip Allen (Democrat, RI)Josiah James Evans (Democrat, SC)Andrew Pickens Butler (Democrat, SC)Thomas Jefferson Rusk (Democrat, TX)James Murray Mason (Democrat, VA)Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter (Democrat, VA)Henry Dodge (Democrat, WI)Joseph Parsons Comegys (Ind. Republican-Democrat, DE)John Burton Thompson (American, KY)John Jordan Crittenden (American, KY)Charles Sumner (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MA)Thomas George Pratt (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MD)Henry Sheffie Geyer (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MO)Hamilton Fish (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY)Benjamin Franklin Wade (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH)James Chamberlain Jones (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN)John Bell (American, TN)Samuel Houston (American, TX)Solomon Foot (Ind. Republican-Democrat, VT)Lafayette Sabine Foster (Republican, CT)James Harlan (Republican, IA)Lyman Trumbull (Republican, IL)Henry Wilson (Republican, MA)William Pitt Fessenden (Republican, ME)James Bell (Republican, NH)John Parker Hale (Republican, NH)William Henry Seward (Republican, NY)Jacob Collamer (Republican, VT)Charles Durkee (Republican, WI)
Mar 3, 1861 · 36 D · 26 R · 1 A · 1 U
Benjamin Fitzpatrick (Democrat, AL)Clement Claiborne Clay Jr. (Democrat, AL)Robert Ward Johnson (Democrat, AR)William King Sebastian (Democrat, AR)William McKendree Gwin (Democrat, CA)Milton Slocum Latham (Democrat, CA)James Asheton Bayard Jr. (Democrat, DE)Willard Saulsbury Sr. (Democrat, DE)David Levy Yulee (Democrat, FL)Alfred Iverson Sr. (Democrat, GA)Robert Augustus Toombs (Democrat, GA)Stephen Arnold Douglas (Democrat, IL)Graham Newell Fitch (Democrat, IN)Jesse David Bright (Democrat, IN)Lazarus Whitehead Powell (Democrat, KY)John Slidell (Democrat, LA)Judah Philip Benjamin (Democrat, LA)James Alfred Pearce (Democrat, MD)Henry Mower Rice (Democrat, MN)James Stephen Green (Democrat, MO)Trusten Polk (Democrat, MO)Jefferson Davis (Democrat, MS)Albert Gallatin Brown (Democrat, MS)Thomas Lanier Clingman (Democrat, NC)Thomas Bragg (Democrat, NC)John Renshaw Thomson (Democrat, NJ)George Ellis Pugh (Democrat, OH)Joseph Lane (Democrat, OR)William Bigler (Democrat, PA)James Henry Hammond (Democrat, SC)Andrew Johnson (Democrat, TN)Alfred Osborn Pope Nicholson (Democrat, TN)John Hemphill (Democrat, TX)Louis Trezevant Wigfall (Democrat, TX)James Murray Mason (Democrat, VA)Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter (Democrat, VA)John Jordan Crittenden (American, KY)Anthony Kennedy (Unionist, MD)Lafayette Sabine Foster (Republican, CT)James Dixon (Republican, CT)James Harlan (Republican, IA)James Wilson Grimes (Republican, IA)Lyman Trumbull (Republican, IL)Charles Sumner (Republican, MA)Henry Wilson (Republican, MA)Hannibal Hamlin (Republican, ME)William Pitt Fessenden (Republican, ME)Zachariah Chandler (Republican, MI)Kinsley Scott Bingham (Republican, MI)Morton Smith Wilkinson (Republican, MN)Daniel Clark (Republican, NH)John Parker Hale (Republican, NH)John Conover Ten Eyck (Republican, NJ)William Henry Seward (Republican, NY)Preston King (Republican, NY)Benjamin Franklin Wade (Republican, OH)Edward Dickinson Baker (Republican, OR)Simon Cameron (Republican, PA)James Fowler Simmons (Republican, RI)Henry Bowen Anthony (Republican, RI)Jacob Collamer (Republican, VT)Solomon Foot (Republican, VT)Charles Durkee (Republican, WI)James Rood Doolittle (Republican, WI)
31 new members · 26 departed · 33 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 51 → 51
21 seats changed party
Richard Brodhead D
Pennsylvania seat
Simon Cameron R
Pennsylvania seat
Hannibal Hamlin D
Maine seat
Hannibal Hamlin R
Maine seat
Thomas George Pratt IRD
Maryland seat
Anthony Kennedy U
Maryland seat
Hamilton Fish IRD
New York seat
Preston King R
New York seat
Show 17 more seat flips
Henry Sheffie Geyer IRD
Missouri seat
Trusten Polk D
Missouri seat
Charles Tillinghast James D
Rhode Island seat
James Fowler Simmons R
Rhode Island seat
Isaac Toucey D
Connecticut seat
James Dixon R
Connecticut seat
Henry Dodge D
Wisconsin seat
James Rood Doolittle R
Wisconsin seat
Solomon Foot IRD
Vermont seat
Solomon Foot R
Vermont seat
Benjamin Franklin Wade IRD
Ohio seat
Benjamin Franklin Wade R
Ohio seat
Charles Sumner IRD
Massachusetts seat
Charles Sumner R
Massachusetts seat
James Chamberlain Jones IRD
Tennessee seat
Andrew Johnson D
Tennessee seat
Lewis Cass D
Michigan seat
Zachariah Chandler R
Michigan seat
Charles Edward Stuart D
Michigan seat
Kinsley Scott Bingham R
Michigan seat
Samuel Houston A
Texas seat
John Hemphill D
Texas seat
John Bell A
Tennessee seat
Alfred Osborn Pope Nicholson D
Tennessee seat
John Burton Thompson A
Kentucky seat
Lazarus Whitehead Powell D
Kentucky seat
William Wright D
New Jersey seat
John Conover Ten Eyck R
New Jersey seat
George Wallace Jones D
Iowa seat
James Wilson Grimes R
Iowa seat
Joseph Parsons Comegys IRD
Delaware seat
Willard Saulsbury Sr. D
Delaware seat
Philip Allen D
Rhode Island seat
Henry Bowen Anthony R
Rhode Island seat
Who joined and who left (31 in · 26 out)
William McKendree Gwin D
California
Milton Slocum Latham D
California
James Dixon R
Connecticut
Willard Saulsbury Sr. D
Delaware
James Wilson Grimes R
Iowa
Graham Newell Fitch D
Indiana
Lazarus Whitehead Powell D
Kentucky
Anthony Kennedy U
Maryland
Zachariah Chandler R
Michigan
Kinsley Scott Bingham R
Michigan
Henry Mower Rice D
Minnesota
Morton Smith Wilkinson R
Minnesota
James Stephen Green D
Missouri
Trusten Polk D
Missouri
Jefferson Davis D
Mississippi
Thomas Lanier Clingman D
North Carolina
Thomas Bragg D
North Carolina
Daniel Clark R
New Hampshire
John Conover Ten Eyck R
New Jersey
Preston King R
New York
Joseph Lane D
Oregon
Edward Dickinson Baker R
Oregon
Simon Cameron R
Pennsylvania
James Fowler Simmons R
Rhode Island
Henry Bowen Anthony R
Rhode Island
James Henry Hammond D
South Carolina
Andrew Johnson D
Tennessee
Alfred Osborn Pope Nicholson D
Tennessee
John Hemphill D
Texas
Louis Trezevant Wigfall D
Texas
James Rood Doolittle R
Wisconsin
John B. Weller D
California
Isaac Toucey D
Connecticut
Joseph Parsons Comegys IRD
Delaware
Stephen Russell Mallory D
Florida
George Wallace Jones D
Iowa
John Burton Thompson A
Kentucky
Thomas George Pratt IRD
Maryland
Lewis Cass D
Michigan
Charles Edward Stuart D
Michigan
Henry Sheffie Geyer IRD
Missouri
Stephen Adams D
Mississippi
David Settle Reid D
North Carolina
Asa Biggs D
North Carolina
James Bell R
New Hampshire
William Wright D
New Jersey
Hamilton Fish IRD
New York
Richard Brodhead D
Pennsylvania
Charles Tillinghast James D
Rhode Island
Philip Allen D
Rhode Island
Josiah James Evans D
South Carolina
Andrew Pickens Butler D
South Carolina
James Chamberlain Jones IRD
Tennessee
John Bell A
Tennessee
Thomas Jefferson Rusk D
Texas
Samuel Houston A
Texas
Henry Dodge D
Wisconsin
legislative/houseHouse
+191−189congress-legislators ↗
Mar 4, 1857 · 98 IRD · 88 D · 52 A · 1 R · 1 W
Sampson Willis Harris (Democrat, AL-7)James Ferguson Dowdell (Democrat, AL-3)Eli Sims Shorter (Democrat, AL-2)Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb (Democrat, AL-6)George Smith Houston (Democrat, AL-5)Alfred Burton Greenwood (Democrat, AR-1)Albert Rust (Democrat, AR-2)James William Denver (Democrat, CA-AL)Augustus Emmett Maxwell (Democrat, FL-1)Howell Cobb (Democrat, GA-6)John Henry Lumpkin (Democrat, GA-5)Hiram Warner (Democrat, GA-4)James Lindsay Seward (Democrat, GA-1)Martin Jenkins Crawford (Democrat, GA-2)Alexander Hamilton Stephens (Democrat, GA-8)Augustus Hall (Democrat, IA-1)Jacob Cunningham Davis (Democrat, IL-5)Thomas Langrell Harris (Democrat, IL-6)James Lowery Donaldson Morrison (Democrat, IL-8)James Cameron Allen (Democrat, IL-7)Samuel Scott Marshall (Democrat, IL-9)Smith Miller (Democrat, IN-1)William Hayden English (Democrat, IN-2)John Wilkins Whitfield (Democrat, KS-AL)John Milton Elliott (Democrat, KY-6)Joshua Husband Jewett (Democrat, KY-5)Albert Gallatin Talbott (Democrat, KY-4)Henry Cornelius Burnett (Democrat, KY-1)John Milton Sandidge (Democrat, LA-4)Thomas Green Davidson (Democrat, LA-3)Miles Taylor (Democrat, LA-2)Thomas Fielder Bowie (Democrat, MD-6)James Augustus Stewart (Democrat, MD-1)Thomas James Duncan Fuller (Democrat, ME-6)George Washington Peck (Democrat, MI-4)Henry Mower Rice (Democrat, MN-AL)John Smith Phelps (Democrat, MO-6)Hendley Stone Bennett (Democrat, MS-2)Daniel Boone Wright (Democrat, MS-1)John Anthony Quitman (Democrat, MS-5)William Barksdale (Democrat, MS-3)Thomas Lanier Clingman (Democrat, NC-8)Lawrence O’Bryan Branch (Democrat, NC-4)Francis Burton Craige (Democrat, NC-7)Thomas Ruffin (Democrat, NC-2)Warren Winslow (Democrat, NC-3)Bird Beers Chapman (Democrat, NE-AL)George Vail (Democrat, NJ-4)Miguel Antonio Otero (Democrat, NM-AL)Andrew Oliver (Democrat, NY-26)John Wheeler (Democrat, NY-6)John Williams (Democrat, NY-29)John Kelly (Democrat, NY-4)Francis Elias Spinner (Democrat, NY-17)Joseph Lane (Democrat, OR-AL)David Barclay (Democrat, PA-24)John Cadwalader (Democrat, PA-5)Asa Packer (Democrat, PA-13)Jehu Glancy Jones (Democrat, PA-8)Thomas Birch Florence (Democrat, PA-1)John Hickman (Democrat, PA-6)Galusha Aaron Grow (Democrat, PA-14)William Aiken (Democrat, SC-2)Preston Smith Brooks (Democrat, SC-4)James Lawrence Orr (Democrat, SC-5)William Waters Boyce (Democrat, SC-6)Laurence Massillon Keitt (Democrat, SC-3)John McQueen (Democrat, SC-1)George Washington Jones (Democrat, TN-6)John Houston Savage (Democrat, TN-4)Samuel Axley Smith (Democrat, TN-3)Albert Galiton Watkins (Democrat, TN-1)John Vines Wright (Democrat, TN-7)Peter Hansbrough Bell (Democrat, TX-2)Thomas Henry Bayly (Democrat, VA-1)Zedekiah Kidwell (Democrat, VA-10)Fayette McMullen (Democrat, VA-13)John Samuels Caskie (Democrat, VA-3)John Letcher (Democrat, VA-9)Paulus Powell (Democrat, VA-6)Thomas Stanley Bocock (Democrat, VA-5)Henry Alonzo Edmundson (Democrat, VA-12)William Osborne Goode (Democrat, VA-4)John Singleton Millson (Democrat, VA-2)William Smith (Democrat, VA-7)Charles James Faulkner (Democrat, VA-8)James Patton Anderson (Democrat, WA-AL)Daniel Wells Jr. (Democrat, WI-1)William Russell Smith (American, AL-4)Percy Walker (American, AL-1)William Wickham Welch (American, CT-4)Ezra Clark Jr. (American, CT-1)Sidney Dean (American, CT-3)John Woodruff (American, CT-2)Elisha Dickerson Cullen (American, DE-AL)Nathaniel Greene Foster (American, GA-7)Robert Pleasant Trippe (American, GA-3)James Thorington (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IA-2)James Knox (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IL-4)James Hutchinson Woodworth (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IL-2)Jesse Olds Norton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IL-3)Elihu Benjamin Washburne (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IL-1)Lucien Barbour (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-6)William Cumback (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-4)George Grundy Dunn (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-3)David Pierson Holloway (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-5)Daniel Mace (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-8)Harvey David Scott (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-7)Samuel Brenton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-10)John Upfold Pettit (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-11)Schuyler Colfax (Ind. Republican-Democrat, IN-9)John Pierce Campbell Jr. (American, KY-2)Leander Martin Cox (American, KY-9)Alexander Keith Marshall (American, KY-8)Samuel Franklin Swope (American, KY-10)Humphrey Marshall (American, KY-7)Warner Lewis Underwood (American, KY-3)George Eustis Jr. (American, LA-1)Alexander De Witt (American, MA-9)Mark Trafton (American, MA-11)Calvin Clifford Chaffee (American, MA-10)Linus Bacon Comins (American, MA-4)William Shapleigh Damrell (American, MA-3)Timothy Davis (American, MA-6)Robert Bernard Hall (American, MA-1)Chauncey Langdon Knapp (American, MA-8)Anson Burlingame (American, MA-5)James Buffinton (American, MA-2)Nathaniel Prentice Banks (American, MA-7)Henry William Hoffman (American, MD-5)James Barroll Ricaud (American, MD-2)James Morrison Harris (American, MD-3)Henry Winter Davis (American, MD-4)Samuel Page Benson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, ME-4)Ebenezer Knowlton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, ME-3)John M. Wood (Ind. Republican-Democrat, ME-1)John Jasiel Perry (Ind. Republican-Democrat, ME-2)Israel Washburn Jr. (Ind. Republican-Democrat, ME-5)David Safford Walbridge (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MI-3)William Alanson Howard (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MI-1)Henry Waldron (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MI-2)Thomas Peter Akers (American, MO-5)Luther Martin Kennett (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MO-1)James Johnson Lindley (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MO-3)Mordecai Oliver (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MO-4)Gilchrist Porter (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MO-2)Samuel Caruthers (Ind. Republican-Democrat, MO-7)William Augustus Lake (American, MS-4)Robert Treat Paine (American, NC-1)Richard Clauselle Puryear (American, NC-6)Edwin Godwin Reade (American, NC-5)James Pike (American, NH-1)Mason Weare Tappan (American, NH-2)Aaron Harrison Cragin (American, NH-3)James Bishop (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NJ-3)Alexander Cumming McWhorter Pennington (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NJ-5)Isaiah Dunn Clawson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NJ-1)George Robbins Robbins (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NJ-2)Thomas Child Jr. (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-7)Bayard Clarke (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-9)Samuel Dickson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-14)Francis Smith Edwards (American, NY-33)Thomas Thorn Flagler (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-31)William Augustus Gilbert (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-23)Solomon George Haven (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-32)Thomas Raymond Horton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-18)Jonas Abbott Hughston (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-19)Rufus H. King (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-11)Andrew Zimmerman McCarty (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-22)Killian Miller (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-12)Guy Ray Pelton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-3)Benjamin Pringle (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-30)Russell Sage (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-13)George Abel Simmons (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-16)James Samuel Thomas Stranahan (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-2)William Weightman Valk (American, NY-1)Abram Wakeman (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-8)Thomas Richard Whitney (American, NY-5)Henry Bennett (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-21)Edward Dodd (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-15)Amos Phelps Granger (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-24)Orsamus Benajah Matteson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-20)Edwin Barber Morgan (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-25)Ambrose Spencer Murray (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-10)John Mason Parker (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-27)William Henry Kelsey (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NY-28)Charles Jefferson Albright (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-17)Edward Ball (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-16)Timothy Crane Day (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-1)Jonas Reece Emrie (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-6)Samuel Galloway (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-12)John Scott Harrison (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-2)Oscar Fitzallen Moore (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-10)William Robinson Sapp (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-15)Cooper Kinderdine Watson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-9)Philemon Bliss (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-14)Joshua Reed Giddings (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-20)Aaron Harlan (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-7)Benjamin Franklin Leiter (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-18)Richard Mott (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-5)Matthias H. Nichols (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-4)Benjamin Stanton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-8)Edward Wade (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-19)Valentine Baxter Horton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-11)John Armor Bingham (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-21)Lewis Davis Campbell (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-3)John Sherman (Ind. Republican-Democrat, OH-13)John Allison (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-23)Samuel Carey Bradshaw (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-7)Jacob Broom (American, PA-4)Henry Mills Fuller (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-12)Jonathan Knight (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-20)John Jamison Pearce (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-15)David Fullerton Robison (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-17)Job Roberts Tyson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-2)John Rufus Edie (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-18)John Christian Kunkel (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-10)Samuel Anderson Purviance (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-22)David Ritchie (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-21)Anthony Ellmaker Roberts (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-9)John Dick (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-25)William Millward (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-3)James Hepburn Campbell (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-11)John Covode (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-19)Lemuel Todd (Ind. Republican-Democrat, PA-16)Benjamin Babock Thurston (American, RI-2)Nathaniel Briggs Durfee (American, RI-1)Thomas Rivers (American, TN-10)William Henry Sneed (American, TN-2)Charles Ready (American, TN-5)Felix Kirk Zollicoffer (American, TN-8)Emerson Etheridge (American, TN-9)Lemuel Dale Evans (American, TX-1)John Snyder Carlile (American, VA-11)Alvah Sabin (Ind. Republican-Democrat, VT-3)Justin Smith Morrill (Ind. Republican-Democrat, VT-2)Charles Billinghurst (Ind. Republican-Democrat, WI-3)Cadwallader Colden Washburn (Ind. Republican-Democrat, WI-2)John Milton Bernhisel (Whig, UT-AL)George Tisdale Hodges (Republican, VT-1)
Mar 3, 1861 · 114 R · 87 D · 19 IRD · 7 ALD · 7 ID · 5 A · 2 U · 1 W
David Clopton (Democrat, AL-3)Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb (Democrat, AL-6)Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry (Democrat, AL-7)Sydenham Moore (Democrat, AL-4)James Adams Stallworth (Democrat, AL-1)George Smith Houston (Democrat, AL-5)James Lawrence Pugh (Democrat, AL-2)Thomas Carmichael Hindman (Democrat, AR-1)Albert Rust (Democrat, AR-2)John Chilton Burch (Democrat, CA-AL)William Gustavus Whiteley (Democrat, DE-AL)George Sydney Hawkins (Democrat, FL-1)Martin Jenkins Crawford (Democrat, GA-2)Lucius Jeremiah Gartrell (Democrat, GA-4)James Jackson (Democrat, GA-6)John James Jones (Democrat, GA-8)Peter Early Love (Democrat, GA-1)John William Henderson Underwood (Democrat, GA-5)Isaac Newton Morris (Democrat, IL-5)Philip Bond Fouke (Democrat, IL-8)John Alexander McClernand (Democrat, IL-6)James Carroll Robinson (Democrat, IL-7)John Alexander Logan (Democrat, IL-9)William Hayden English (Democrat, IN-2)William Ellis Niblack (Democrat, IN-1)William Steele Holman (Democrat, IN-4)Samuel Oldham Peyton (Democrat, KY-2)William Emmett Simms (Democrat, KY-8)Henry Cornelius Burnett (Democrat, KY-1)John White Stevenson (Democrat, KY-10)John Young Brown (Democrat, KY-5)Thomas Green Davidson (Democrat, LA-3)John Morgan Landrum (Democrat, LA-4)Miles Taylor (Democrat, LA-2)George Wurtz Hughes (Democrat, MD-6)Jacob Michael Kunkel (Democrat, MD-5)James Augustus Stewart (Democrat, MD-1)George Byran Cooper (Democrat, MI-1)John Richard Barret (Democrat, MO-1)James Craig (Democrat, MO-4)John Bullock Clark (Democrat, MO-3)John Smith Phelps (Democrat, MO-6)John William Noell (Democrat, MO-7)William Barksdale (Democrat, MS-3)Reuben Davis (Democrat, MS-2)John Jones McRae (Democrat, MS-5)Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (Democrat, MS-1)Otho Robards Singleton (Democrat, MS-4)Lawrence O’Bryan Branch (Democrat, NC-4)Francis Burton Craige (Democrat, NC-7)Thomas Ruffin (Democrat, NC-2)Warren Winslow (Democrat, NC-3)John Cochrane (Democrat, NY-6)William Brown Maclay (Democrat, NY-5)Daniel Edgar Sickles (Democrat, NY-3)William Howard (Democrat, OH-6)Charles Drake Martin (Democrat, OH-11)William Allen (Democrat, OH-4)Clement Laird Vallandigham (Democrat, OH-3)George Hunt Pendleton (Democrat, OH-1)Samuel Sullivan Cox (Democrat, OH-12)Lansing Stout (Democrat, OR-1)William Harrison Dimmick (Democrat, PA-13)Thomas Birch Florence (Democrat, PA-1)Jacob Kerlin McKenty (Democrat, PA-8)William Montgomery (Democrat, PA-20)John Durant Ashmore (Democrat, SC-5)Milledge Luke Bonham (Democrat, SC-4)William Waters Boyce (Democrat, SC-6)Laurence Massillon Keitt (Democrat, SC-3)John McQueen (Democrat, SC-1)William Porcher Miles (Democrat, SC-2)William Tecumsah Avery (Democrat, TN-10)James Houston Thomas (Democrat, TN-6)John Vines Wright (Democrat, TN-7)John Henninger Reagan (Democrat, TX-1)William Henry Hooper (Democrat, UT-AL)Thomas Stanley Bocock (Democrat, VA-5)Sherrard Clemens (Democrat, VA-10)Henry Alonzo Edmundson (Democrat, VA-12)Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett (Democrat, VA-1)William Osborne Goode (Democrat, VA-4)Albert Gallatin Jenkins (Democrat, VA-11)John Singleton Millson (Democrat, VA-2)William Smith (Democrat, VA-7)Isaac Ingalls Stevens (Democrat, WA-AL)Charles Hathaway Larrabee (Democrat, WI-3)Joshua Hill (Ind. Republican-Democrat, GA-7)Thomas Hardeman Jr. (Ind. Republican-Democrat, GA-3)John Givan Davis (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, IN-7)Green Adams (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-6)William Clayton Anderson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-4)Francis Marion Bristow (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-3)Laban Theodore Moore (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-9)Robert Mallory (Ind. Republican-Democrat, KY-7)John Edward Bouligny (American, LA-1)James Morrison Harris (American, MD-3)Henry Winter Davis (American, MD-4)Edwin Hanson Webster (American, MD-2)Thomas Lilbourne Anderson (Ind. Democrat, MO-2)Samuel Hughes Woodson (American, MO-5)John Adams Gilmer (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NC-5)William Nathan Harrell Smith (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NC-1)James Madison Leach (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NC-6)Zebulon Baird Vance (Ind. Republican-Democrat, NC-8)Experience Estabrook (?, NE-AL)Garnett Bowditch Adrain (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NJ-3)Jetur Rose Riggs (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NJ-4)Miguel Antonio Otero (?, NM-AL)Thomas Jefferson Barr (Ind. Democrat, NY-4)Horace Francis Clark (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NY-8)John Bussing Haskin (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NY-9)John Hazard Reynolds (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, NY-14)John Hickman (Anti-Lecompton Democrat, PA-6)Reese Bowen Brabson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-3)Emerson Etheridge (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-9)Robert Hopkins Hatton (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-5)James Minor Quarles (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-8)Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-1)William Brickly Stokes (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-4)Horace Maynard (Ind. Republican-Democrat, TN-2)Andrew Jackson Hamilton (Ind. Democrat, TX-2)Alexander Robinson Boteler (Ind. Republican-Democrat, VA-8)Shelton Farrar Leake (Ind. Democrat, VA-6)Elbert Sevier Martin (Ind. Democrat, VA-13)Daniel Coleman De Jarnette (Ind. Democrat, VA-3)John Thomas Harris (Ind. Democrat, VA-9)John Dick (Whig, PA-AL)John Woodruff (Republican, CT-2)Alfred Avery Burnham (Republican, CT-3)Dwight Loomis (Republican, CT-1)Orris Sanford Ferry (Republican, CT-4)Samuel Ryan Curtis (Republican, IA-1)William Vandever (Republican, IA-2)William Kellogg (Republican, IL-4)Owen Lovejoy (Republican, IL-3)Elihu Benjamin Washburne (Republican, IL-1)John Franklin Farnsworth (Republican, IL-2)Charles Case (Republican, IN-10)David Kilgore (Republican, IN-5)John Upfold Pettit (Republican, IN-11)James Wilson (Republican, IN-8)William McKee Dunn (Republican, IN-3)Albert Gallatin Porter (Republican, IN-6)Schuyler Colfax (Republican, IN-9)Marcus Junius Parrott (Republican, KS-AL)Martin Franklin Conway (Republican, KS-1)Anson Burlingame (Republican, MA-5)Eli Thayer (Republican, MA-9)Charles Francis Adams (Republican, MA-3)Charles Delano (Republican, MA-10)Charles Russell Train (Republican, MA-8)John Bassett Alley (Republican, MA-6)Alexander Hamilton Rice (Republican, MA-4)Thomas Dawes Eliot (Republican, MA-1)Daniel Wheelwright Gooch (Republican, MA-7)James Buffinton (Republican, MA-2)Henry Laurens Dawes (Republican, MA-11)Stephen Coburn (Republican, ME-5)Stephen Clark Foster (Republican, ME-6)Ezra Bartlett French (Republican, ME-3)Freeman Harlow Morse (Republican, ME-4)John Jasiel Perry (Republican, ME-2)Daniel Eton Somes (Republican, ME-1)De Witt Clinton Leach (Republican, MI-4)Francis William Kellogg (Republican, MI-3)Henry Waldron (Republican, MI-2)Cyrus Aldrich (Republican, MN-AL)Mason Weare Tappan (Republican, NH-2)Thomas McKey Edwards (Republican, NH-3)Gilman Marston (Republican, NH-1)William Pennington (Republican, NJ-5)John Thompson Nixon (Republican, NJ-1)John Leake Newbold Stratton (Republican, NJ-2)Charles Lewis Beale (Republican, NY-12)George Briggs (Republican, NY-7)Silas Mainville Burroughs (Republican, NY-31)Martin Butterfield (Republican, NY-25)Luther Cullen Carter (Republican, NY-1)Clark Betton Cochrane (Republican, NY-18)James Harper Graham (Republican, NY-19)Charles Brooks Hoard (Republican, NY-23)William Irvine (Republican, NY-28)William Scheuneman Kenyon (Republican, NY-11)Moses Lindley Lee (Republican, NY-22)George William Palmer (Republican, NY-16)Emory Bemsley Pottle (Republican, NY-26)Francis Elias Spinner (Republican, NY-17)Alfred Wells (Republican, NY-27)Alfred Ely (Republican, NY-29)James Bedell McKean (Republican, NY-15)Abram Baldwin Olin (Republican, NY-13)Charles Baldwin Sedgwick (Republican, NY-24)Elbridge Gerry Spaulding (Republican, NY-32)Augustus Frank (Republican, NY-30)James Humphrey (Republican, NY-2)Reuben Eaton Fenton (Republican, NY-33)Rodolphus Holland Duell (Republican, NY-21)Roscoe Conkling (Republican, NY-20)Charles Henry Van Wyck (Republican, NY-10)John Carey (Republican, OH-9)William Helmick (Republican, OH-15)Cyrus Spink (Republican, OH-14)Benjamin Stanton (Republican, OH-8)Thomas Clarke Theaker (Republican, OH-17)Cydnor Bailey Tompkins (Republican, OH-16)Edward Wade (Republican, OH-19)Thomas Corwin (Republican, OH-7)Sidney Edgerton (Republican, OH-18)John Addison Gurley (Republican, OH-2)John Hutchins (Republican, OH-20)Carey Allen Trimble (Republican, OH-10)James Mitchell Ashley (Republican, OH-5)John Armor Bingham (Republican, OH-21)John Sherman (Republican, OH-13)Chapin Hall (Republican, PA-24)Benjamin Franklin Junkin (Republican, PA-16)Henry Clay Longnecker (Republican, PA-7)William Millward (Republican, PA-4)William Stewart (Republican, PA-23)John Wood (Republican, PA-5)Elijah Babbitt (Republican, PA-25)Samuel Steel Blair (Republican, PA-18)James Hepburn Campbell (Republican, PA-11)Robert McKnight (Republican, PA-22)Edward McPherson (Republican, PA-17)Edward Joy Morris (Republican, PA-2)George Whitfield Scranton (Republican, PA-12)John Paul Verree (Republican, PA-3)James Tracy Hale (Republican, PA-15)James Kennedy Moorhead (Republican, PA-21)Thaddeus Stevens (Republican, PA-9)John Covode (Republican, PA-19)John Weinland Killinger (Republican, PA-10)Galusha Aaron Grow (Republican, PA-14)William Daniel Brayton (Republican, RI-2)Christopher Robinson (Republican, RI-1)Homer Elihu Royce (Republican, VT-3)Eliakim Persons Walton (Republican, VT-1)Justin Smith Morrill (Republican, VT-2)John Fox Potter (Republican, WI-1)Cadwallader Colden Washburn (Republican, WI-2)
191 new members · 189 departed · 51 served on both dates · women 0 → 0 · median age 45 → 44
29 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alabama 5 D · 0 R · 2 other
Alabama 7 D · 0 R
Connecticut 0 D · 0 R · 4 other
Connecticut 0 D · 4 R
Delaware 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Iowa 1 D · 0 R · 1 other
Iowa 0 D · 2 R
Illinois 5 D · 0 R · 4 other
Illinois 5 D · 4 R
Indiana 2 D · 0 R · 9 other
Indiana 3 D · 7 R · 1 other
Kansas 1 D · 0 R
Kansas 0 D · 2 R
Kentucky 4 D · 0 R · 6 other
Kentucky 5 D · 0 R · 5 other
Massachusetts 0 D · 0 R · 11 other
Massachusetts 0 D · 11 R
Maryland 2 D · 0 R · 4 other
Maryland 3 D · 0 R · 3 other
Maine 1 D · 0 R · 5 other
Maine 0 D · 6 R
Michigan 1 D · 0 R · 3 other
Michigan 1 D · 3 R
Minnesota 1 D · 0 R
Minnesota 0 D · 1 R
Missouri 1 D · 0 R · 6 other
Missouri 5 D · 0 R · 2 other
Mississippi 4 D · 0 R · 1 other
Mississippi 5 D · 0 R
North Carolina 5 D · 0 R · 3 other
North Carolina 4 D · 0 R · 4 other
Nebraska 1 D · 0 R
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
New Hampshire 0 D · 0 R · 3 other
New Hampshire 0 D · 3 R
New Jersey 1 D · 0 R · 4 other
New Jersey 0 D · 3 R · 2 other
New Mexico 1 D · 0 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
New York 5 D · 0 R · 28 other
New York 3 D · 26 R · 4 other
Ohio 0 D · 0 R · 21 other
Ohio 6 D · 15 R
Pennsylvania 7 D · 0 R · 18 other
Pennsylvania 4 D · 20 R · 2 other
Rhode Island 0 D · 0 R · 2 other
Rhode Island 0 D · 2 R
Tennessee 5 D · 0 R · 5 other
Tennessee 3 D · 0 R · 7 other
Utah 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Utah 1 D · 0 R
Virginia 12 D · 0 R · 1 other
Virginia 8 D · 0 R · 5 other
Vermont 0 D · 1 R · 2 other
Vermont 0 D · 3 R
Wisconsin 1 D · 0 R · 2 other
Wisconsin 1 D · 2 R
Who joined and who left (191 in · 189 out)
David Clopton D
Alabama-3
Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry D
Alabama-7
Sydenham Moore D
Alabama-4
James Adams Stallworth D
Alabama-1
James Lawrence Pugh D
Alabama-2
Thomas Carmichael Hindman D
Arkansas-1
John Chilton Burch D
California-AL
Alfred Avery Burnham R
Connecticut-3
Dwight Loomis R
Connecticut-1
Orris Sanford Ferry R
Connecticut-4
William Gustavus Whiteley D
Delaware-AL
George Sydney Hawkins D
Florida-1
Lucius Jeremiah Gartrell D
Georgia-4
James Jackson D
Georgia-6
John James Jones D
Georgia-8
Peter Early Love D
Georgia-1
John William Henderson Underwood D
Georgia-5
Joshua Hill IRD
Georgia-7
Thomas Hardeman Jr. IRD
Georgia-3
Samuel Ryan Curtis R
Iowa-1
William Vandever R
Iowa-2
Isaac Newton Morris D
Illinois-5
Philip Bond Fouke D
Illinois-8
William Kellogg R
Illinois-4
John Alexander McClernand D
Illinois-6
Owen Lovejoy R
Illinois-3
John Franklin Farnsworth R
Illinois-2
James Carroll Robinson D
Illinois-7
John Alexander Logan D
Illinois-9
Charles Case R
Indiana-10
John Givan Davis ALD
Indiana-7
David Kilgore R
Indiana-5
James Wilson R
Indiana-8
William McKee Dunn R
Indiana-3
Albert Gallatin Porter R
Indiana-6
William Ellis Niblack D
Indiana-1
William Steele Holman D
Indiana-4
Marcus Junius Parrott R
Kansas-AL
Martin Franklin Conway R
Kansas-1
Green Adams IRD
Kentucky-6
William Clayton Anderson IRD
Kentucky-4
Francis Marion Bristow IRD
Kentucky-3
Laban Theodore Moore IRD
Kentucky-9
Samuel Oldham Peyton D
Kentucky-2
William Emmett Simms D
Kentucky-8
Robert Mallory IRD
Kentucky-7
John White Stevenson D
Kentucky-10
John Young Brown D
Kentucky-5
John Edward Bouligny A
Louisiana-1
John Morgan Landrum D
Louisiana-4
Eli Thayer R
Massachusetts-9
Charles Francis Adams R
Massachusetts-3
Charles Delano R
Massachusetts-10
Charles Russell Train R
Massachusetts-8
John Bassett Alley R
Massachusetts-6
Alexander Hamilton Rice R
Massachusetts-4
Thomas Dawes Eliot R
Massachusetts-1
Daniel Wheelwright Gooch R
Massachusetts-7
Henry Laurens Dawes R
Massachusetts-11
George Wurtz Hughes D
Maryland-6
Jacob Michael Kunkel D
Maryland-5
Edwin Hanson Webster A
Maryland-2
Stephen Coburn R
Maine-5
Stephen Clark Foster R
Maine-6
Ezra Bartlett French R
Maine-3
Freeman Harlow Morse R
Maine-4
Daniel Eton Somes R
Maine-1
George Byran Cooper D
Michigan-1
De Witt Clinton Leach R
Michigan-4
Francis William Kellogg R
Michigan-3
Cyrus Aldrich R
Minnesota-AL
Thomas Lilbourne Anderson ID
Missouri-2
John Richard Barret D
Missouri-1
James Craig D
Missouri-4
Samuel Hughes Woodson A
Missouri-5
John Bullock Clark D
Missouri-3
John William Noell D
Missouri-7
Reuben Davis D
Mississippi-2
John Jones McRae D
Mississippi-5
Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar D
Mississippi-1
Otho Robards Singleton D
Mississippi-4
John Adams Gilmer IRD
North Carolina-5
William Nathan Harrell Smith IRD
North Carolina-1
James Madison Leach IRD
North Carolina-6
Zebulon Baird Vance IRD
North Carolina-8
Experience Estabrook
Nebraska-AL
Thomas McKey Edwards R
New Hampshire-3
Gilman Marston R
New Hampshire-1
Garnett Bowditch Adrain ALD
New Jersey-3
William Pennington R
New Jersey-5
Jetur Rose Riggs ALD
New Jersey-4
John Thompson Nixon R
New Jersey-1
John Leake Newbold Stratton R
New Jersey-2
Thomas Jefferson Barr ID
New York-4
Charles Lewis Beale R
New York-12
George Briggs R
New York-7
Silas Mainville Burroughs R
New York-31
Martin Butterfield R
New York-25
Luther Cullen Carter R
New York-1
Horace Francis Clark ALD
New York-8
Clark Betton Cochrane R
New York-18
John Cochrane D
New York-6
James Harper Graham R
New York-19
John Bussing Haskin ALD
New York-9
Charles Brooks Hoard R
New York-23
William Irvine R
New York-28
William Scheuneman Kenyon R
New York-11
Moses Lindley Lee R
New York-22
William Brown Maclay D
New York-5
George William Palmer R
New York-16
Emory Bemsley Pottle R
New York-26
John Hazard Reynolds ALD
New York-14
Alfred Wells R
New York-27
Alfred Ely R
New York-29
James Bedell McKean R
New York-15
Abram Baldwin Olin R
New York-13
Charles Baldwin Sedgwick R
New York-24
Elbridge Gerry Spaulding R
New York-32
Augustus Frank R
New York-30
James Humphrey R
New York-2
Reuben Eaton Fenton R
New York-33
Rodolphus Holland Duell R
New York-21
Roscoe Conkling R
New York-20
Charles Henry Van Wyck R
New York-10
Daniel Edgar Sickles D
New York-3
John Carey R
Ohio-9
William Helmick R
Ohio-15
William Howard D
Ohio-6
Charles Drake Martin D
Ohio-11
Cyrus Spink R
Ohio-14
Thomas Clarke Theaker R
Ohio-17
Cydnor Bailey Tompkins R
Ohio-16
William Allen D
Ohio-4
Thomas Corwin R
Ohio-7
Sidney Edgerton R
Ohio-18
John Addison Gurley R
Ohio-2
John Hutchins R
Ohio-20
Carey Allen Trimble R
Ohio-10
Clement Laird Vallandigham D
Ohio-3
James Mitchell Ashley R
Ohio-5
George Hunt Pendleton D
Ohio-1
Samuel Sullivan Cox D
Ohio-12
Lansing Stout D
Oregon-1
William Harrison Dimmick D
Pennsylvania-13
Chapin Hall R
Pennsylvania-24
Benjamin Franklin Junkin R
Pennsylvania-16
Henry Clay Longnecker R
Pennsylvania-7
Jacob Kerlin McKenty D
Pennsylvania-8
William Montgomery D
Pennsylvania-20
William Stewart R
Pennsylvania-23
John Wood R
Pennsylvania-5
Elijah Babbitt R
Pennsylvania-25
Samuel Steel Blair R
Pennsylvania-18
Robert McKnight R
Pennsylvania-22
Edward McPherson R
Pennsylvania-17
Edward Joy Morris R
Pennsylvania-2
George Whitfield Scranton R
Pennsylvania-12
John Paul Verree R
Pennsylvania-3
James Tracy Hale R
Pennsylvania-15
James Kennedy Moorhead R
Pennsylvania-21
Thaddeus Stevens R
Pennsylvania-9
John Weinland Killinger R
Pennsylvania-10
William Daniel Brayton R
Rhode Island-2
Christopher Robinson R
Rhode Island-1
John Durant Ashmore D
South Carolina-5
Milledge Luke Bonham D
South Carolina-4
William Porcher Miles D
South Carolina-2
William Tecumsah Avery D
Tennessee-10
Reese Bowen Brabson IRD
Tennessee-3
Robert Hopkins Hatton IRD
Tennessee-5
James Minor Quarles IRD
Tennessee-8
James Houston Thomas D
Tennessee-6
Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson IRD
Tennessee-1
William Brickly Stokes IRD
Tennessee-4
Horace Maynard IRD
Tennessee-2
Andrew Jackson Hamilton ID
Texas-2
John Henninger Reagan D
Texas-1
William Henry Hooper D
Utah-AL
Alexander Robinson Boteler IRD
Virginia-8
Sherrard Clemens D
Virginia-10
Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett D
Virginia-1
Albert Gallatin Jenkins D
Virginia-11
Shelton Farrar Leake ID
Virginia-6
Elbert Sevier Martin ID
Virginia-13
Daniel Coleman De Jarnette ID
Virginia-3
John Thomas Harris ID
Virginia-9
Homer Elihu Royce R
Vermont-3
Eliakim Persons Walton R
Vermont-1
Isaac Ingalls Stevens D
Washington-AL
Charles Hathaway Larrabee D
Wisconsin-3
John Fox Potter R
Wisconsin-1
Sampson Willis Harris D
Alabama-7
William Russell Smith A
Alabama-4
Percy Walker A
Alabama-1
James Ferguson Dowdell D
Alabama-3
Eli Sims Shorter D
Alabama-2
Alfred Burton Greenwood D
Arkansas-1
James William Denver D
California-AL
William Wickham Welch A
Connecticut-4
Ezra Clark Jr. A
Connecticut-1
Sidney Dean A
Connecticut-3
Elisha Dickerson Cullen A
Delaware-AL
Augustus Emmett Maxwell D
Florida-1
Howell Cobb D
Georgia-6
Nathaniel Greene Foster A
Georgia-7
John Henry Lumpkin D
Georgia-5
Hiram Warner D
Georgia-4
James Lindsay Seward D
Georgia-1
Robert Pleasant Trippe A
Georgia-3
Alexander Hamilton Stephens D
Georgia-8
Augustus Hall D
Iowa-1
James Thorington IRD
Iowa-2
Jacob Cunningham Davis D
Illinois-5
James Knox IRD
Illinois-4
James Hutchinson Woodworth IRD
Illinois-2
Thomas Langrell Harris D
Illinois-6
James Lowery Donaldson Morrison D
Illinois-8
James Cameron Allen D
Illinois-7
Jesse Olds Norton IRD
Illinois-3
Samuel Scott Marshall D
Illinois-9
Lucien Barbour IRD
Indiana-6
William Cumback IRD
Indiana-4
George Grundy Dunn IRD
Indiana-3
David Pierson Holloway IRD
Indiana-5
Daniel Mace IRD
Indiana-8
Smith Miller D
Indiana-1
Harvey David Scott IRD
Indiana-7
Samuel Brenton IRD
Indiana-10
John Wilkins Whitfield D
Kansas-AL
John Pierce Campbell Jr. A
Kentucky-2
Leander Martin Cox A
Kentucky-9
Alexander Keith Marshall A
Kentucky-8
Samuel Franklin Swope A
Kentucky-10
John Milton Elliott D
Kentucky-6
Joshua Husband Jewett D
Kentucky-5
Humphrey Marshall A
Kentucky-7
Albert Gallatin Talbott D
Kentucky-4
Warner Lewis Underwood A
Kentucky-3
George Eustis Jr. A
Louisiana-1
John Milton Sandidge D
Louisiana-4
Alexander De Witt A
Massachusetts-9
Mark Trafton A
Massachusetts-11
Calvin Clifford Chaffee A
Massachusetts-10
Linus Bacon Comins A
Massachusetts-4
William Shapleigh Damrell A
Massachusetts-3
Timothy Davis A
Massachusetts-6
Robert Bernard Hall A
Massachusetts-1
Chauncey Langdon Knapp A
Massachusetts-8
Nathaniel Prentice Banks A
Massachusetts-7
Henry William Hoffman A
Maryland-5
Thomas Fielder Bowie D
Maryland-6
James Barroll Ricaud A
Maryland-2
Samuel Page Benson IRD
Maine-4
Thomas James Duncan Fuller D
Maine-6
Ebenezer Knowlton IRD
Maine-3
John M. Wood IRD
Maine-1
Israel Washburn Jr. IRD
Maine-5
George Washington Peck D
Michigan-4
David Safford Walbridge IRD
Michigan-3
William Alanson Howard IRD
Michigan-1
Henry Mower Rice D
Minnesota-AL
Thomas Peter Akers A
Missouri-5
Luther Martin Kennett IRD
Missouri-1
James Johnson Lindley IRD
Missouri-3
Mordecai Oliver IRD
Missouri-4
Gilchrist Porter IRD
Missouri-2
Samuel Caruthers IRD
Missouri-7
Hendley Stone Bennett D
Mississippi-2
William Augustus Lake A
Mississippi-4
Daniel Boone Wright D
Mississippi-1
John Anthony Quitman D
Mississippi-5
Robert Treat Paine A
North Carolina-1
Richard Clauselle Puryear A
North Carolina-6
Edwin Godwin Reade A
North Carolina-5
Thomas Lanier Clingman D
North Carolina-8
Bird Beers Chapman D
Nebraska-AL
James Pike A
New Hampshire-1
Aaron Harrison Cragin A
New Hampshire-3
James Bishop IRD
New Jersey-3
Alexander Cumming McWhorter Pennington IRD
New Jersey-5
George Vail D
New Jersey-4
Isaiah Dunn Clawson IRD
New Jersey-1
George Robbins Robbins IRD
New Jersey-2
Thomas Child Jr. IRD
New York-7
Bayard Clarke IRD
New York-9
Samuel Dickson IRD
New York-14
Francis Smith Edwards A
New York-33
Thomas Thorn Flagler IRD
New York-31
William Augustus Gilbert IRD
New York-23
Solomon George Haven IRD
New York-32
Thomas Raymond Horton IRD
New York-18
Jonas Abbott Hughston IRD
New York-19
Rufus H. King IRD
New York-11
Andrew Zimmerman McCarty IRD
New York-22
Killian Miller IRD
New York-12
Andrew Oliver D
New York-26
Guy Ray Pelton IRD
New York-3
Benjamin Pringle IRD
New York-30
Russell Sage IRD
New York-13
George Abel Simmons IRD
New York-16
James Samuel Thomas Stranahan IRD
New York-2
William Weightman Valk A
New York-1
Abram Wakeman IRD
New York-8
John Wheeler D
New York-6
Thomas Richard Whitney A
New York-5
John Williams D
New York-29
Henry Bennett IRD
New York-21
Edward Dodd IRD
New York-15
Amos Phelps Granger IRD
New York-24
John Kelly D
New York-4
Orsamus Benajah Matteson IRD
New York-20
Edwin Barber Morgan IRD
New York-25
Ambrose Spencer Murray IRD
New York-10
John Mason Parker IRD
New York-27
William Henry Kelsey IRD
New York-28
Charles Jefferson Albright IRD
Ohio-17
Edward Ball IRD
Ohio-16
Timothy Crane Day IRD
Ohio-1
Jonas Reece Emrie IRD
Ohio-6
Samuel Galloway IRD
Ohio-12
John Scott Harrison IRD
Ohio-2
Oscar Fitzallen Moore IRD
Ohio-10
William Robinson Sapp IRD
Ohio-15
Cooper Kinderdine Watson IRD
Ohio-9
Philemon Bliss IRD
Ohio-14
Joshua Reed Giddings IRD
Ohio-20
Aaron Harlan IRD
Ohio-7
Benjamin Franklin Leiter IRD
Ohio-18
Richard Mott IRD
Ohio-5
Matthias H. Nichols IRD
Ohio-4
Valentine Baxter Horton IRD
Ohio-11
Lewis Davis Campbell IRD
Ohio-3
Joseph Lane D
Oregon-AL
John Allison IRD
Pennsylvania-23
David Barclay D
Pennsylvania-24
Samuel Carey Bradshaw IRD
Pennsylvania-7
Jacob Broom A
Pennsylvania-4
John Cadwalader D
Pennsylvania-5
Henry Mills Fuller IRD
Pennsylvania-12
Jonathan Knight IRD
Pennsylvania-20
Asa Packer D
Pennsylvania-13
John Jamison Pearce IRD
Pennsylvania-15
David Fullerton Robison IRD
Pennsylvania-17
Job Roberts Tyson IRD
Pennsylvania-2
John Rufus Edie IRD
Pennsylvania-18
Jehu Glancy Jones D
Pennsylvania-8
John Christian Kunkel IRD
Pennsylvania-10
Samuel Anderson Purviance IRD
Pennsylvania-22
David Ritchie IRD
Pennsylvania-21
Anthony Ellmaker Roberts IRD
Pennsylvania-9
Lemuel Todd IRD
Pennsylvania-16
Benjamin Babock Thurston A
Rhode Island-2
Nathaniel Briggs Durfee A
Rhode Island-1
William Aiken D
South Carolina-2
Preston Smith Brooks D
South Carolina-4
James Lawrence Orr D
South Carolina-5
Thomas Rivers A
Tennessee-10
William Henry Sneed A
Tennessee-2
George Washington Jones D
Tennessee-6
Charles Ready A
Tennessee-5
John Houston Savage D
Tennessee-4
Samuel Axley Smith D
Tennessee-3
Albert Galiton Watkins D
Tennessee-1
Felix Kirk Zollicoffer A
Tennessee-8
Peter Hansbrough Bell D
Texas-2
Lemuel Dale Evans A
Texas-1
John Milton Bernhisel W
Utah-AL
Thomas Henry Bayly D
Virginia-1
Zedekiah Kidwell D
Virginia-10
Fayette McMullen D
Virginia-13
John Samuels Caskie D
Virginia-3
John Letcher D
Virginia-9
Paulus Powell D
Virginia-6
John Snyder Carlile A
Virginia-11
Charles James Faulkner D
Virginia-8
George Tisdale Hodges R
Vermont-1
Alvah Sabin IRD
Vermont-3
James Patton Anderson D
Washington-AL
Daniel Wells Jr. D
Wisconsin-1
Charles Billinghurst IRD
Wisconsin-3
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+2Congress.gov ↗
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
2 laws recorded · 0 landmark · 2 notable
Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860
Ch. 137, Sess. 1, 36th Cong. · Jun 16, 1860
Morrill Tariff
Ch. 68, Sess. 2, 36th Cong. · Mar 2, 1861

Judicial3 files+326−2

judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
+1−2Federal Judicial Center ↗
Bench by appointing party: 7 D · 2 W → 7 D · 1 W · every justice ↗
Peter Vivian Daniel D
appointed by Martin Van Buren · 1841
Benjamin Robbins Curtis W
appointed by Millard Fillmore · 1851
Nathan Clifford D
appointed by James Buchanan · 1858
7 justices served on both dates
John McLean D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1829
James Moore Wayne D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1835
Roger Brooke Taney D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1836
John Catron D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1837
Samuel Nelson W
appointed by John Tyler · 1845
Robert Cooper Grier D
appointed by James K. Polk · 1846
John Archibald Campbell D
appointed by Franklin Pierce · 1853
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
+12Federal Judicial Center ↗
Courts of appeals (active judges): →
District courts (active judges): 25 D · 9 W · 9 N( · 5 JR → 24 D · 6 N( · 5 W · 4 JR
James Buchanan D appointed 12 judges
1 Supreme Court · 9 district · 2 other
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+313Supreme Court Database ↗
313 argued decisions · 1 landmark
Dred Scott v. Sandford
60 U.S. 393 · Mar 6, 1857 · Decided 7–2 · Civil Rights · Dismissed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.

Fiscal2 files±0

fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
OMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year undefined → fiscal year undefined · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$33MTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$32M
as of Jul 1, 1856
$65M
as of Jul 1, 1860

Constitution & Union1 file+3

constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
+3National Archives ↗
12 → 12 amendments in force · 31 → 34 states
Minnesota joins the Union
admitted May 11, 1858
Oregon joins the Union
admitted Feb 14, 1859
Kansas joins the Union
admitted Jan 29, 1861

Reverts1 file−1

revert/undoneWhat was undone
−1Federal Register · Congress.gov · SCDB ↗
0 executive orders revoked or superseded · 0 rules struck down by Congress · 1 Supreme Court precedent overruled
1 decision that overruled precedent
Gazzam v. Lessee of Elam Phillips and Mary His Wife
May 4, 1858 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.

Log1 file±0

logEverything in between
8 events
James Buchanan takes office · 1857-03-04Dred Scott v. Sandford · 1857-03-06Nathan Clifford — Associate Justice · 1858-01-12Minnesota · 1858-05-11Oregon · 1859-02-14Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860 · 1860-06-16Kansas · 1861-01-29Morrill Tariff · 1861-03-021858185918601861
  1. presidentJames Buchanan takes office
  2. rulingDred Scott v. Sandford
  3. justiceNathan Clifford — Associate Justice
  4. stateMinnesota
  5. stateOregon
  6. lawPacific Telegraph Act of 1860
  7. stateKansas
  8. lawMorrill Tariff