How did the United States change between Jul 11, 1855 and Oct 15, 2026?
Every branch of government, compared side by side.
23 files changed, 182,995 insertions(+), 857 deletions(−) · 171 years
Laws enacted
+3,494major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
+1,549signed · since 1994 only
Final rules
+119,8359,497 significant
Supreme Court
9 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+512 −125departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$40.3T$36M → $40.3T
The presidency passed from Franklin Pierce to Donald J. Trump across 33 transitions. 100 senators and 433 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 9 new justices joined the Supreme Court. 15 constitutional amendments were ratified.
Executive7 files+138,858−136
executive/presidentThe presidency
Franklin Pierce D
14th president
32 presidents in between
James Buchanan D
took office Mar 4, 1857
Abraham Lincoln R
took office Mar 4, 1861
Andrew Johnson D
took office Apr 15, 1865
Ulysses Simpson Grant R
took office Mar 4, 1869
Rutherford Birchard Hayes R
took office Mar 4, 1877
James Abram Garfield R
took office Mar 4, 1881
Chester Alan Arthur R
took office Sep 19, 1881
Grover Cleveland D
took office Mar 4, 1885
Benjamin Harrison R
took office Mar 4, 1889
Grover Cleveland D
took office Mar 4, 1893
William McKinley Jr. R
took office Mar 4, 1897
Theodore Roosevelt R
took office Sep 14, 1901
William Howard Taft R
took office Mar 4, 1909
Woodrow Wilson D
took office Mar 4, 1913
Warren Gamaliel Harding R
took office Mar 4, 1921
Calvin Coolidge R
took office Aug 2, 1923
Herbert Clark Hoover R
took office Mar 4, 1929
Franklin Delano Roosevelt D
took office Mar 4, 1933
Harry S. Truman D
took office Apr 12, 1945
Dwight David Eisenhower R
took office Jan 20, 1953
John Fitzgerald Kennedy D
took office Jan 20, 1961
Lyndon Baines Johnson D
took office Nov 22, 1963
Richard Milhous Nixon R
took office Jan 20, 1969
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. R
took office Aug 9, 1974
James Earl Carter D
took office Jan 20, 1977
Ronald Wilson Reagan R
took office Jan 20, 1981
George Herbert Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 1989
William Jefferson Clinton D
took office Jan 20, 1993
George Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 2001
Barack Hussein Obama D
took office Jan 20, 2009
Donald J. Trump R
took office Jan 20, 2017
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. D
took office Jan 20, 2021
Donald J. Trump R
47th president · took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
vacant
J.D. Vance R
took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+30−9Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State · 50 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R
confirmed 99–0 · Jan 20, 2025
Secretary of the Treasury · 56 people took this office in between
Scott Bessent
confirmed 68–29 · Jan 27, 2025
Secretary of War · 21 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Secretary of Defense · 29 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Pete Hegseth R
confirmed 51–50 · Jan 24, 2025
Attorney General · 64 people took this office in between
Todd Blanche R
confirmed 50–49 · Aug 8, 2026
Postmaster General · 24 people took this office in between
Show 20 more cabinet offices
Secretary of the Navy · 54 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Secretary of the Interior · 36 people took this office in between
Doug Burgum R
confirmed 80–17 · Jan 30, 2025
Secretary of Agriculture · 25 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Brooke Rollins
confirmed 72–28 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Commerce · 28 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Howard Lutnick R
confirmed 51–45 · Feb 18, 2025
Secretary of Labor · 22 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Health and Human Services · 14 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. I
confirmed 52–48 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Scott Turner R
confirmed 55–44 · Feb 5, 2025
Secretary of Transportation · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Sean Duffy R
confirmed 77–22 · Jan 28, 2025
Secretary of Energy · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Chris Wright
confirmed 59–38 · Feb 3, 2025
Secretary of Education · 14 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Linda McMahon R
confirmed 51–45 · Mar 3, 2025
Secretary of Veterans Affairs · 12 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Doug Collins R
confirmed 77–23 · Feb 4, 2025
Secretary of Homeland Security · 9 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Markwayne Mullin R
confirmed 54–45 · Mar 23, 2026
White House Chief of Staff · 36 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Director of the Office of Management and Budget · 45 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency · 16 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Lee Zeldin R
confirmed 56–42 · Jan 29, 2025
Ambassador to the United Nations · 42 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Director of National Intelligence · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Jay Clayton I
confirmed 51–47 · Jul 28, 2026
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency · 10 people took this office in between
office did not exist
John Ratcliffe R
confirmed 74–25 · Jan 23, 2025
Administrator of the Small Business Administration · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Kelly Loeffler R
confirmed 52–46 · Feb 19, 2025
U.S. Trade Representative · 7 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Other senior officials (7 changed)
Postmaster General · 24 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 54 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Chair of the Federal Reserve · 18 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff · 24 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Director of the FBI · 9 people took this office in between
office did not exist
National Security Advisor · 29 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Marco Rubio R (acting)
Solicitor General · 24 people took this office in between
office did not exist
executive/ordersExecutive orders
+1,549Federal Register API ↗
1,549 executive orders signed · William J. Clinton 308 · George W. Bush 291 · Barack Obama 278 · Donald Trump 510 · Joseph R. Biden Jr. 162
EO 12902 Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at Federal Facilities
signed Mar 8, 1994 by William J. Clinton · revoked Jun 3, 1999 by EO 13123 (Clinton)
EO 12919 National Defense Industrial Resources Preparedness
signed Jun 3, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12936 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
signed Nov 10, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12940 Amendment to Civil Service Rule VI
signed Nov 28, 1994 by William J. Clinton
EO 12944 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
signed Dec 28, 1994 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 28, 1995 by EO 12984 (Clinton)
EO 12958 Classified National Security Information
signed Apr 17, 1995 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 29, 2009 by EO 13526 (Obama)
EO 12960 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
signed May 12, 1995 by William J. Clinton
EO 12968 Access to Classified Information
signed Aug 2, 1995 by William J. Clinton
Show 6 more
EO 12984 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
Dec 28, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 13029 Implementing, for the United States, the Provisions of An- nex 1 of the Decision Concerning Legal Capacity and Privileges and Immunities, Issued by the Council of Ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe on December 1, 1993
Dec 3, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13033 Executive Order 13033 of December 27, 1996
Dec 27, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13071 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 29, 1997 · William J. Clinton
EO 13086 1998 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
May 27, 1998 · William J. Clinton
EO 13101 Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition
Sep 14, 1998 · William J. Clinton
Only orders signed after Dec 30, 1993 are counted; Federal Register coverage starts there.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+16,930Congress.gov ↗
23,049 civilian nominations received · 16,930 confirmed · 816 withdrawn · 4,883 returned to the President
Caspar Willard Weinberger, of California, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 1981 · 97–2
Richard S. Schweiker, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 99–0
Donald T. Regan, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 98–0
Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr., of Connecticut, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 93–6
T. H. Bell, of Utah, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 90–2
Andrew L. Lewis, Jr., of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
James B. Edwards, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 93–3
Samuel R. Pierce, Jr., of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
Malcolm Baldrige, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 97–1
John R. Block, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
William French Smith, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 96–1
Show 314 more top confirmations
James Gaius Watt, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 83–12
David A. Stockman, of Michigan, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 27, 1981 · 93–0
Raymond J. Donovan, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 3, 1981 · 80–17
George P. Shultz, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jul 15, 1982 · 97–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 1, 1983 · 97–0
Margaret M. Heckler, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 3, 1983 · 82–3
William P. Clark, of California, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Nov 18, 1983 · 71–18
James A. Baker III, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 29, 1985 · 95–0
John S. Herrington, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
William J. Bennett, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–0
Donald P. Hodel, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
Edwin Meese III, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 23, 1985 · 63–31
William Emerson Brock III, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 26, 1985
Otis R. Bowen, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Dec 12, 1985 · 93–2
Richard E. Lyng, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Mar 6, 1986 · 95–2
William H. Rehnquist, of Virginia, to be Chief Justice of the United States.
confirmed Sep 17, 1986 · 65–33
C. William Verity, Jr., of Ohio, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Oct 13, 1987 · 84–11
Frank C. Carlucci, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Nov 20, 1987 · 91–1
James H. Burnley IV, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Nov 30, 1987 · 74–0
Ann Dore McLaughlin, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Dec 11, 1987 · 94–0
Richard L. Thornburgh, of Pennsylvania, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Aug 11, 1988 · 85–0
Nicholas F. Brady, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Sep 14, 1988 · 92–2
Lauro F. Cavazos, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Sep 20, 1988 · 94–0
Richard G. Darman, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
James Addison Baker, III, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Samuel Knox Skinner, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
Robert Adam Mosbacher, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
William Kane Reilly, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Jack Kemp, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Manuel Lujan, Jr., of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Clayton Yeutter, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 8, 1989 · 100–0
Louis W. Sullivan, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 1, 1989 · 98–1
Edward J. Derwinski, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Mar 2, 1989 · 94–0
Richard B. Cheney, of Wyoming, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Mar 17, 1989 · 92–0
Lynn Martin, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 7, 1991 · 94–0
Edward R. Madigan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Clayton Yeutter, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 1991 · 99–0
Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr., of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 14, 1991
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Nov 20, 1991
Andrew H. Card, Jr., of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 21, 1992
Barbara Hackman Franklin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 1992
Warren Christopher, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Lloyd Bentsen, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Les Aspin, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Richard W. Riley, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Donna E. Shalala, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Jesse Brown, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Robert B. Reich, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Henry G. Cisneros, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Hazel Rollins O'Leary, of Minnesota, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Federico Pena, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Mike Espy, of Mississippi, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Bruce Babbitt, of Arizona, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Ronald H. Brown, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Janet Reno, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 11, 1993 · 98–0
William J. Perry, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Les Aspin, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 1994 · 97–0
Robert E. Rubin, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Lloyd Bentsen, resigned.
confirmed Jan 10, 1995 · 99–0
Daniel Robert Glickman, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Mike Espy, resigned.
confirmed Mar 30, 1995 · 94–0
Madeleine Korbel Albright, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of State, vice Warren Christopher, resigned.
confirmed Jan 22, 1997 · 99–0
William M. Daley, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Michael Kantor.
confirmed Jan 30, 1997 · 95–2
Rodney E. Slater, of Arkansas, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Federico Pena.
confirmed Feb 6, 1997 · 98–0
Federico Pena, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Hazel Rollins O'Leary, retired.
confirmed Mar 12, 1997 · 99–1
Alexis M. Herman, of Alabama, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Robert B. Reich.
confirmed Apr 30, 1997 · 85–13
Bill Richardson, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Federico Pena, resigned.
confirmed Jul 31, 1998
Lawrence H. Summers, of Maryland, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Robert E. Rubin.
confirmed Jul 1, 1999 · 97–2
Norman Y. Mineta, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice William M. Daley.
confirmed Jul 20, 2000
Roderick R. Paige, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Colin Luther Powell, of Virginia, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Paul Henry O'Neill, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Donald Henry Rumsfeld, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Donald Louis Evans, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Spencer Abraham, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Ann Margaret Veneman, of California, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., of Indiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Anthony Joseph Principi, of California, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Melquiades Rafael Martinez, of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Tommy G. Thompson, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 24, 2001 · 100–0
Elaine Lan Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 29, 2001
Gale Ann Norton, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 75–24
Christine Todd Whitman, of New Jersey, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 99–0
John Ashcroft, of Missouri, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 1, 2001 · 58–42
Thomas J. Ridge, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Homeland Security. (New Position)
confirmed Jan 22, 2003 · 94–0
Condoleezza Rice, of California, to be Secretary of State, vice Colin Luther Powell, resigned.
confirmed Jan 26, 2005 · 85–13
Alberto R. Gonzales, of Texas, to be Attorney General, vice John Ashcroft, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 2005 · 60–36
Michael Chertoff, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Thomas J. Ridge, resigned.
confirmed Feb 15, 2005 · 98–0
John D. Negroponte, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence. (New Position)
confirmed Apr 21, 2005 · 98–2
John G. Roberts, Jr., of Maryland, to be Chief Justice of the United States, vice William H. Rehnquist, deceased.
confirmed Sep 29, 2005 · 78–22
Robert M. Gates, of Texas, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Donald Henry Rumsfeld, resigned.
confirmed Dec 6, 2006 · 95–2
Jim Nussle, of Iowa, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Robert J. Portman.
confirmed Sep 4, 2007 · 69–24
Michael B. Mukasey, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Alberto R. Gonzales, resigned.
confirmed Nov 8, 2007 · 53–40
Janet Ann Napolitano, of Arizona, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Kenneth Lee Salazar, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Eric K. Shinseki, of Hawaii, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Arne Duncan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Steven Chu, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Hillary Rodham Clinton, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 2009 · 94–2
Ray LaHood, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Timothy F. Geithner, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 26, 2009 · 60–34
Eric H. Holder, Jr., of the District of Columbia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 2, 2009 · 75–21
Hilda L. Solis, of California, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 24, 2009 · 80–17
Gary Locke, of Washington, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 24, 2009
Kathleen Sebelius, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Apr 28, 2009 · 65–31
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Robert M. Gates.
confirmed Jun 21, 2011 · 100–0
David H. Petraeus, of New Hampshire, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Jun 30, 2011 · 94–0
John Edgar Bryson, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Gary Locke.
confirmed Oct 20, 2011 · 74–26
John Forbes Kerry, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of State, vice Hillary Rodham Clinton.
confirmed Jan 29, 2013 · 94–3
Charles Timothy Hagel, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Feb 26, 2013 · 58–41
Jacob J. Lew, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Timothy F. Geithner.
confirmed Feb 27, 2013 · 71–26
John Owen Brennan, of Virginia, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice David H. Petraeus, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 2013 · 63–34
Sarah Jewell, of Washington, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Kenneth Lee Salazar.
confirmed Apr 10, 2013 · 87–11
Ernest J. Moniz, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Steven Chu.
confirmed May 16, 2013 · 97–0
Penny Pritzker, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice John Edgar Bryson, resigned.
confirmed Jun 25, 2013 · 97–1
Anthony Renard Foxx, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Ray LaHood.
confirmed Jun 27, 2013 · 100–0
Thomas Edward Perez, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Hilda L. Solis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 18, 2013 · 54–46
Jeh Charles Johnson, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Janet Ann Napolitano, resigned.
confirmed Dec 16, 2013 · 78–16
Sylvia Mathews Burwell, of West Virginia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Kathleen Sebelius.
confirmed Jun 5, 2014 · 78–17
Julian Castro, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, vice Shaun L. S. Donovan.
confirmed Jul 9, 2014 · 71–26
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Sylvia Mathews Burwell.
confirmed Jul 10, 2014 · 75–22
Robert Alan McDonald, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice Eric K. Shinseki, resigned.
confirmed Jul 29, 2014 · 97–0
Ashton B. Carter, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Charles Timothy Hagel.
confirmed Feb 12, 2015 · 93–5
Loretta E. Lynch, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Eric H. Holder, Jr.
confirmed Apr 23, 2015 · 56–43
John B. King, of New York, to be Secretary of Education, vice Arne Duncan.
confirmed Mar 14, 2016 · 49–40
John F. Kelly, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 88–11
James Mattis, of Washington, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 98–1
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice John Owen Brennan.
confirmed Jan 23, 2017 · 66–32
Elaine L. Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 2017 · 93–6
Rex W. Tillerson, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Feb 1, 2017 · 55–43
Jeff Sessions, of Alabama, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 8, 2017 · 52–47
Thomas Price, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 10, 2017 · 52–47
David J. Shulkin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 100–0
Steven T. Mnuchin, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 53–47
Scott Pruitt, of Oklahoma, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 17, 2017 · 52–46
Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 2017 · 72–27
Ryan Zinke, of Montana, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 1, 2017 · 68–31
Benjamin S. Carson, Sr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 58–41
James Richard Perry, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 62–37
Daniel Coats, of Indiana, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice James R. Clapper, Jr.
confirmed Mar 15, 2017 · 85–12
Sonny Perdue, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Apr 24, 2017 · 87–11
R. Alexander Acosta, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 27, 2017 · 60–38
Kirstjen Nielsen, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice John F. Kelly, resigned.
confirmed Dec 5, 2017 · 62–37
Alex Michael Azar II, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Thomas Price, resigned.
confirmed Jan 24, 2018 · 55–43
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Secretary of State, vice Rex W. Tillerson.
confirmed Apr 26, 2018 · 57–42
Gina Haspel, of Kentucky, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Mike Pompeo.
confirmed May 17, 2018 · 54–45
Robert L. Wilkie, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice David J. Shulkin.
confirmed Jul 23, 2018 · 86–9
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General, vice Jeff Sessions, resigned.
confirmed Feb 14, 2019 · 54–45
Andrew Wheeler, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice Scott Pruitt.
confirmed Feb 28, 2019 · 52–47
David Bernhardt, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Ryan Zinke.
confirmed Apr 11, 2019 · 56–41
Mark T. Esper, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense, vice James Mattis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 23, 2019 · 90–8
Eugene Scalia, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Labor, vice R. Alexander Acosta, resigned.
confirmed Sep 26, 2019 · 53–44
Dan R. Brouillette, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy, vice James Richard Perry, resigning.
confirmed Dec 2, 2019 · 70–15
Jovita Carranza, of Illinois, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Linda E. McMahon.
confirmed Jan 7, 2020 · 88–5
John L. Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Daniel Coats, resigned.
confirmed May 21, 2020 · 49–44
Russell Vought, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Mick Mulvaney.
confirmed Jul 20, 2020 · 51–45
Avril Danica Haines, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Jan 20, 2021 · 84–10
Lloyd James Austin, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 22, 2021 · 93–2
Janet Louise Yellen, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 25, 2021 · 84–15
Antony John Blinken, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 26, 2021 · 78–22
Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 86–13
Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 56–43
Denis Richard McDonough, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 8, 2021 · 87–7
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 23, 2021 · 92–7
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 25, 2021 · 64–35
Miguel A. Cardona, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 1, 2021 · 64–33
Gina Marie Raimondo, of Rhode Island, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 2, 2021 · 84–15
Merrick Brian Garland, of Maryland, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 70–30
Marcia Louise Fudge, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 66–34
Debra Anne Haaland, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 15, 2021 · 51–40
Isabella Casillas Guzman, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Mar 16, 2021 · 81–17
Xavier Becerra, of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 18, 2021 · 50–49
Martin Joseph Walsh, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 22, 2021 · 68–29
Shalanda D. Young, of Louisiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Russell Vought.
confirmed Mar 15, 2022 · 61–36
Marco Rubio, of Florida, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2025 · 99–0
John Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
confirmed Jan 23, 2025 · 74–25
Peter Hegseth, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 24, 2025 · 51–50
Kristi Noem, of South Dakota, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 25, 2025 · 59–34
Scott Bessent, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 27, 2025 · 68–29
Sean Duffy, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 28, 2025 · 77–22
Lee Zeldin, of New York, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 29, 2025 · 56–42
Douglas Burgum, of North Dakota, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2025 · 80–17
Christopher Wright, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 3, 2025 · 59–38
Pamela Bondi, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 54–46
Douglas Collins, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 77–23
Eric Turner, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 5, 2025 · 55–44
Tulsi Gabbard, of Hawaii, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Feb 12, 2025 · 52–48
Brooke Rollins, of Texas, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 72–28
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 52–48
Howard Lutnick, of New York, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 18, 2025 · 51–45
Kelly Loeffler, of Georgia, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Feb 19, 2025 · 52–46
Linda McMahon, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 3, 2025 · 51–45
Lori Chavez-DeRemer, of Oregon, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 10, 2025 · 67–32
Markwayne Mullin, of Oklahoma, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Kristi Noem.
confirmed Mar 23, 2026 · 54–45
Walter Clayton, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Tulsi Gabbard.
confirmed Jul 28, 2026 · 51–47
Todd Blanche, of Florida, to be Attorney General, vice Pamela Bondi.
confirmed Aug 8, 2026 · 50–49
Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Lori Chavez-DeRemer, resigned.
confirmed Sep 30, 2026 · 47–41
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair. Records start with the 97th Congress (1981).
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+512−125Wikidata ↗
26 → 425 tracked organizations · 6 → 16 executive departments
United States Department of Agriculture department
established May 15, 1862 · department of the US government
United States Department of Justice department
established Jul 1, 1870 · United States federal executive department
United States Department of Commerce and Labor department
established Feb 14, 1903 · former executive department of the United States government; split into two departments in 1913
United States Department of Commerce department
established Mar 4, 1913 · U.S. federal executive department overseeing commerce
United States Department of Labor department
established Mar 4, 1913 · U.S. federal department that regulates workers' rights and labor markets
National Military Establishment department
established Sep 18, 1947 · United States federal department which later became the Department of Defense
United States Department of Defense department
established Aug 10, 1949 · executive department of the United States federal government
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare department
established Apr 11, 1953 · defunct United States federal executive department
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development department
established Sep 9, 1965 · cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government
United States Department of Transportation department
established Oct 15, 1966 · U.S. federal executive department overseeing highways, railroads, aviation, transit, and other modes of transportation
Show 627 more
United States Department of Energy department
established Aug 4, 1977 · cabinet-level department of the United States government
United States Department of Education department
established Oct 17, 1979 · U.S. federal government department concerning education
United States Department of Health and Human Services department
established May 4, 1980 · United States federal executive department
United States Department of Veterans Affairs department
established Mar 15, 1989 · department of the United States government
United States Department of Homeland Security department
established Nov 25, 2002 · United States federal executive department
United States Commission of Fine Arts
established May 17, 1910 · independent agency of the United States with review authority over Washington, D.C. design and aesthetics
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
established Dec 23, 1913 · governing body of the U.S. Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve System
established Dec 23, 1913 · central banking system of the United States
Federal Trade Commission
established Jan 1, 1914 · United States federal government agency
United States International Trade Commission
established Jan 1, 1916 · government agency
Selective Service System
established Jan 1, 1917 · US federal government agency that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription
Committee on Public Information
established Jan 1, 1917 · former independent agency of the government of the United States
American Battle Monuments Commission
established Jan 1, 1923 · United States independent agency
United States Tax Court
established Jan 1, 1924 · federal trial court of record established by Congress under §8, Article I of the U.S. Constitution; adjudicates disputes over federal income tax, generally prior to the time at which formal tax assessments are made by the Internal Revenue Service
National Capital Planning Commission
established Jun 6, 1924 · United States federal government's planning agency for the National Capital Region
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
established Jan 22, 1932 · former American independent agency
Farm Credit Administration
established Mar 27, 1933 · US federal government independent agency regulating farm loans
Emergency Conservation Work
established Apr 5, 1933 · United States government program and predecessor to the Civilian Conservation Corps
Civilian Conservation Corps
established Apr 5, 1933 · United States federal government public work relief program part of the New Deal
Tennessee Valley Authority
established May 18, 1933 · federally-owned electric utility corporation in the United States
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
established Jun 16, 1933 · US government agency providing deposit insurance
National Mediation Board
established Jan 1, 1934 · labor relations in U.S. rail and air industries
Export-Import Bank of the United States
established Feb 2, 1934 · American public bank
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
established Jun 6, 1934 · U.S. federal agency that enforces securities laws and regulates securities markets and major market participants (public companies, brokers, exchanges, and asset managers)
Federal Communications Commission
established Jun 19, 1934 · independent U.S. government agency
National Archives and Records Administration
established Jun 19, 1934 · United States government agency
Resettlement Administration
established May 1, 1935 · New Deal agency relocated urban and rural families to United States federal government planned communities
Works Progress Administration
established May 6, 1935 · United States government New Deal agency (1935–1939) employing millions of unemployed people to carry out public works projects
National Labor Relations Board
established Jul 5, 1935 · independent agency of the United States Government
Social Security Administration
established Aug 14, 1935 · independent agency of the U.S. federal government
U.S. AbilityOne Commission
established Jan 1, 1938 · United States independent federal government agency
Maritime Labor Board
established Jan 1, 1938
Federal Security Agency
established Jul 1, 1939 · United States government agency from 1939 to 1953
Council of Economic Advisers
established Jan 1, 1946 · U.S. presidential advisory committee on economic policy
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
established Jun 23, 1947 · independent agency of the United States government
Central Intelligence Agency
established Sep 18, 1947 · national foreign intelligence agency of the United States
General Services Administration
established Jul 1, 1949 · US government agency, formed 1949
National Science Foundation
established May 10, 1950 · United States government agency
Federal Renegotiation Board
established May 22, 1951 · former independent agency of the United States executive branch
Small Business Administration
established Jul 30, 1953 · United States government agency that supports entrepreneurs and small businesses
United States Information Agency
established Aug 1, 1953 · former United States government agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
established Jul 29, 1958 · American space and aeronautics agency
National Capital Transportation Agency
established Jul 14, 1960 · agency created in 1960 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to comprehensively plan different modes of transportation in the Washington, D.C. area
Federal Maritime Commission
established Jan 1, 1961 · regulatory agency of the United States federal government
United States Agency for International Development
established Jan 1, 1961 · US government civilian foreign aid agency
Space Nuclear Propulsion Office
established Jan 1, 1961 · agency researching nuclear rockets
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
established Sep 26, 1961 · independent agency
Administrative Conference of the United States
established Jan 1, 1964 · independent agency of the United States government dedicated to improving federal agency administrative processes and procedures
Appalachian Regional Commission
established Jan 1, 1965 · United States independent federal agency that works for sustainable community and economic development in Appalachia
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
established Jan 1, 1965 · American government agency
National Endowment for the Arts
established Jan 1, 1965 · independent agency of the United States federal government
National Endowment for the Humanities
established Sep 29, 1965 · independent federal agency of the United States government
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
established Jan 1, 1966 · United States federal agency that encourages the preservation of historic properties across the nation
National Transportation Safety Board
established Apr 1, 1967 · United States government investigative agency for civil transportation accidents
Postal Regulatory Commission
established Jan 1, 1970 · US regulatory agency
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
established Jan 1, 1970 · U.S. government agency
National Credit Union Administration
established Mar 10, 1970 · independent federal agency of United States
United States Environmental Protection Agency
established Dec 2, 1970 · U.S. federal government agency
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
established Jan 1, 1971 · government agency of the United States of America
United States Postal Service
established Jul 1, 1971 · independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for providing postal service
Inter-American Foundation
established Jan 1, 1972 · independent agency of the United States government that funds community-led development in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Marine Mammal Commission
established Jan 1, 1972 · government organization in Bethesda, United States
United States Consumer Product Safety Commission
established Jan 1, 1972 · United States government agency
United States Access Board
established Jan 1, 1973 · United States government agency devoted to accessibility for people with disabilities
Energy Research and Development Administration
established Oct 11, 1974 · predecessor to the United States Department of Energy
Federal Election Commission
established Oct 15, 1974 · United States independent regulatory agency that regulates federal elections
Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation
established Dec 22, 1974 · US government independent agency
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
established Jan 19, 1975 · government agency of the United States
United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission
established Apr 15, 1975 · government agency
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
established Jan 1, 1976 · independent agency of the United States government
Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission
established Jan 1, 1977 · independent Federal government agency in the USA
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
established Oct 1, 1977 · independent agency of the United States federal government
Federal Labor Relations Authority
established Jan 1, 1978 · U.S. government agency
United States Merit Systems Protection Board
established Jan 1, 1979 · United States agency
United States Office of Special Counsel
established Jan 1, 1979 · Independent investigative and prosecutorial body of the United States federal government.
United States African Development Foundation
established Jan 1, 1980 · independent agency of the United States that provides grants to community groups and small enterprises that benefit under-served and marginalized groups in Africa
United States Arctic Research Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · United States independent federal agency that develops and recommends a national Arctic research policy
United States Sentencing Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · independent agency of the U.S. federal judiciary which determines sentencing guidelines
Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship
established Jan 1, 1986 · American merit-based scholarship awarded to prospective scientists
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board
established Jan 1, 1986 · Independent agency of the US government
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1986 · foundation established by United States Congress in 1986
United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
established Jan 1, 1987 · U.S. independent federal agency
Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · nonprofit organization in Arlington, United States
Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · Memorial U.S. indepedent executive branch
United States Trade and Development Agency
established Jan 1, 1992 · government agency
AmeriCorps
established Jan 1, 1993 · independent agency of the United States federal government
AmeriCorps Seniors
established Jan 1, 1993 · United States federal network of volunteer programs for Americans 55 years and older
Surface Transportation Board
established Jan 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States federal government
Institute of Museum and Library Services
established Oct 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States government, supporting libraries and museums
Denali Commission
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent agency of the United States government
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent U.S. federal agency charged with investigating industrial chemical accidents
U.S. Agency for Global Media
established Oct 1, 1999 · independent agency of the United States government that broadcasts news and information about the United States and the world to audiences abroad
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
established Oct 25, 1999
Delta Regional Authority
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency of the United States federal government
United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission
established Oct 1, 2000 · independent agency of the United States government
Election Assistance Commission
established Jan 1, 2002 · independent agency of the United States government
Millennium Challenge Corporation
established Jan 1, 2004 · government agency
Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
established Oct 13, 2004
Federal Housing Finance Agency
established Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. federal agency
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
established Jul 21, 2011 · agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector
National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service
established Sep 19, 2017
United States International Development Finance Corporation
established Dec 20, 2019 · an executive agency of the US federal government responsible for providing foreign aid
White House Office
established Jan 1, 1857 · entity within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP)
National Labor Board
established Aug 5, 1933 · independent agency of the United States Government
Executive Office of the President of the United States
established Jan 1, 1939 · U.S. federal government office of the president of the United States
Office of the Vice President of the United States
established Jan 1, 1939 · U.S. federal government office of the vice president of the United States
Fair Employment Practice Committee
established Jun 25, 1941 · American committee created to implement Executive Order 8802
Wage Stabilization Board
established Jan 1, 1945 · American independent government agency
United States National Security Council
established Jan 1, 1947 · U.S. federal executive national security and intelligence forum
Economic Stabilization Agency
established Jan 1, 1950 · American government agency
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
executive/regulationsFederal regulations
+119,835Federal Register API ↗
119,835 final rules published in the Federal Register
from Jan 1, 1994
9,497 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866
major economic or policy impact
76,891 proposed rules · 767,703 notices
Loading which agencies published the most rules…
Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.
Military4 files+47−27
military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 7
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
began Aug 8, 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: al-Shabaab
began 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Iran–Israel conflict
began 2020 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Israel
Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
began Feb 3, 2024 · U.S. a principal party · against Ansarallah (the Houthis)
Syria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Nigeria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: Islamic State
began Feb 1, 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
27 conflicts began and ended in between
Korean War
Jun 27, 1950 – Jul 27, 1953 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against South Korea
Puerto Rican Nationalist uprising
Oct 30, 1950 – Nov 1, 1950 · U.S. a principal party · against Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
Taiwan Strait crisis
Dec 31, 1954 – Dec 31, 1954 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Taiwan
Taiwan Strait crisis
Dec 31, 1958 – Dec 31, 1958 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Taiwan
Bay of Pigs invasion
Apr 17, 1961 – Apr 20, 1961 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Cuban Revolutionary Council
Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
1962 – Dec 31, 1964 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against FNL
Laotian Civil War
Dec 31, 1963 – Sep 14, 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Pathet Lao
Vietnam War
Dec 31, 1965 – Mar 29, 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against North Vietnam
Cambodian Civil War
1970 – 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against KR
Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
1983 – 1984 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Amal, NSF
Invasion of Grenada
Oct 25, 1983 – Oct 27, 1983 · U.S. a principal party · against Grenada
Invasion of Panama
Dec 23, 1989 – Dec 23, 1989 · U.S. a principal party · against Panama
Gulf War
Jan 17, 1991 – Mar 1, 1991 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Kuwait
Kosovo War
Mar 24, 1999 – Nov 21, 1999 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against UCK
War against al-Qaida
Sep 11, 2001 – Dec 4, 2017 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Invasion of Afghanistan
Oct 7, 2001 – Nov 13, 2001 · U.S. a principal party · against Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
2003 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against the Taliban
Invasion of Iraq
Mar 23, 2003 – Apr 28, 2003 · U.S. a principal party · against Iraq
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
Jan 18, 2004 – Dec 18, 2011 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansar al-Islam, IS
Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
2009 – 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansarallah, AQAP
Afghanistan: Islamic State
Mar 3, 2015 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Libya: Islamic State
2016 – Sep 29, 2019 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Niger: Islamic State
2017 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Kenya: al-Shabaab
2019 – 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Somalia: Islamic State
Jun 4, 2019 – Dec 19, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
War against al-Qaida
Jul 31, 2019 – Sep 7, 2019 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Niger: JNIM
Dec 9, 2021 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against JNIM
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded. UCDP data runs through 2025, so "active" on later dates means active at the end of 2025.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
163,773 abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
163,773 active-duty troops stationed abroad as of Mar 31, 2026
Troop records begin in 1950, after the first date.
Japan 54,891
Germany 37,009
South Korea 23,372
Italy 12,783
United Kingdom 10,158
Guam 7,137
Spain 3,835
Bahrain 3,151
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.
military/spendingCost of war
$1.78T war fundingDoD Cost of War reports · CRS ↗
$1.78T spent on named war operations, fiscal years 2001–2024 · Defense Department obligations
Afghanistan $895B
Enduring Freedom → Freedom's Sentinel → Enduring Sentinel · FY2001–FY2024
Iraq & Syria $805B
Iraqi Freedom → New Dawn → Inherent Resolve · FY2001–FY2024
Ukraine $79.1B
U.S. support operations · FY2022–FY2024
Lifetime cost of wars fought in this window · constant FY2011 dollars (CRS)
Civil War (Union) $59.6B
11.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1861–1865
Civil War (Confederacy) $20.1B
1861–1865
Spanish–American War $9.0B
1.1% of GDP in its peak year · 1898–1898
World War I $334B
13.6% of GDP in its peak year · 1917–1918
World War II $4.10T
35.8% of GDP in its peak year · 1941–1945
Korean War $341B
4.2% of GDP in its peak year · 1950–1953
Vietnam War $738B
2.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1965–1975
Gulf War $102B
0.3% of GDP in its peak year · 1990–1991
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency) $321B
0.7% of GDP in its peak year · 2001–2021
Iraq War $784B
1% of GDP in its peak year · 2003–2011
Operation spending is what the Defense Department obligated to each named operation in each fiscal year, from its Cost of War reports; it excludes State Department and USAID programs, veterans' care, interest, and base budgets. Lifetime costs are the Congressional Research Service's estimates of direct military spending for each war, in FY2011 dollars.
military/authorizationsDeclarations of war & authorizations
Declaration of war on Spain
Apr 25, 1898 · Spanish–American War.
Declaration of war on Germany
Apr 6, 1917 · World War I.
Declaration of war on Austria-Hungary
Dec 7, 1917 · World War I.
Declaration of war on Japan
Dec 8, 1941 · World War II.
Declarations of war on Germany and Italy
Dec 11, 1941 · World War II.
Declarations of war on Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania
Jun 5, 1942 · World War II.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Aug 10, 1964 · Authorized military force in Southeast Asia (Pub. L. 88-408).
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution repealed
Jan 12, 1971 · Repealed by Pub. L. 91-672.
War Powers Resolution
Nov 7, 1973 · Congress overrode a veto to require the President to notify Congress of deployments and end them within 60 days without authorization.
Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution
Oct 12, 1983 · Authorized U.S. participation in the Multinational Force in Lebanon (Pub. L. 98-119).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq
Jan 14, 1991 · Authorized the Gulf War (Pub. L. 102-1).
Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)
Sep 18, 2001 · Authorized force against those responsible for the September 11 attacks (Pub. L. 107-40).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq (2002)
Oct 16, 2002 · Authorized the Iraq War (Pub. L. 107-243).
Legislative4 files+14,029−40
legislative/controlControl of Congress
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublicanOther
34th Congress → 119th Congress · 85 new Congresses elected
57 changes of chamber control along the way
House: null majority
House: Republican majority
219 R · 214 D
Senate: Democrat majority
27 D · 8 IRD
Senate: Republican majority
53 R · 47 D
legislative/senateSenate
+100−40congress-legislators ↗
100 new members · 40 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 0 → 27 · median age 50 → 66
24 seats changed party
Show 20 more seat flips
Who joined and who left (100 in · 40 out)
Dan Sullivan R
Alaska
Lisa Murkowski R
Alaska
Tommy Tuberville R
Alabama
Katie Boyd Britt R
Alabama
Tom Cotton R
Arkansas
John Boozman R
Arkansas
Mark Kelly D
Arizona
Ruben Gallego D
Arizona
Alex Padilla D
California
Adam B. Schiff D
California
John W. Hickenlooper D
Colorado
Michael F. Bennet D
Colorado
Richard Blumenthal D
Connecticut
Christopher Murphy D
Connecticut
Christopher A. Coons D
Delaware
Lisa Blunt Rochester D
Delaware
Rick Scott R
Florida
Ashley Moody R
Florida
Jon Ossoff D
Georgia
Raphael G. Warnock D
Georgia
Brian Schatz D
Hawaii
Mazie K. Hirono D
Hawaii
Joni Ernst R
Iowa
Chuck Grassley R
Iowa
James E. Risch R
Idaho
Mike Crapo R
Idaho
Richard J. Durbin D
Illinois
Tammy Duckworth D
Illinois
Todd Young R
Indiana
Jim Banks R
Indiana
Roger Marshall R
Kansas
Jerry Moran R
Kansas
Mitch McConnell R
Kentucky
Rand Paul R
Kentucky
Bill Cassidy R
Louisiana
John Kennedy R
Louisiana
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts
Elizabeth Warren D
Massachusetts
Chris Van Hollen D
Maryland
Angela D. Alsobrooks D
Maryland
Susan M. Collins R
Maine
Angus S. King, Jr. I
Maine
Gary C. Peters D
Michigan
Elissa Slotkin D
Michigan
Tina Smith D
Minnesota
Amy Klobuchar D
Minnesota
Eric Schmitt R
Missouri
Josh Hawley R
Missouri
Cindy Hyde-Smith R
Mississippi
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi
Steve Daines R
Montana
Tim Sheehy R
Montana
Thom Tillis R
North Carolina
Ted Budd R
North Carolina
John Hoeven R
North Dakota
Kevin Cramer R
North Dakota
Pete Ricketts R
Nebraska
Deb Fischer R
Nebraska
Jeanne Shaheen D
New Hampshire
Margaret Wood Hassan D
New Hampshire
Cory A. Booker D
New Jersey
Andy Kim D
New Jersey
Ben Ray Luján D
New Mexico
Martin Heinrich D
New Mexico
Catherine Cortez Masto D
Nevada
Jacky Rosen D
Nevada
Charles E. Schumer D
New York
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D
New York
Bernie Moreno R
Ohio
Jon Husted R
Ohio
James Lankford R
Oklahoma
Alan Armstrong R
Oklahoma
Jeff Merkley D
Oregon
Ron Wyden D
Oregon
John Fetterman D
Pennsylvania
David McCormick R
Pennsylvania
Jack Reed D
Rhode Island
Sheldon Whitehouse D
Rhode Island
Tim Scott R
South Carolina
Darline Graham R
South Carolina
Mike Rounds R
South Dakota
John Thune R
South Dakota
Bill Hagerty R
Tennessee
Marsha Blackburn R
Tennessee
John Cornyn R
Texas
Ted Cruz R
Texas
Mike Lee R
Utah
John R. Curtis R
Utah
Mark R. Warner D
Virginia
Tim Kaine D
Virginia
Peter Welch D
Vermont
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont
Patty Murray D
Washington
Maria Cantwell D
Washington
Ron Johnson R
Wisconsin
Tammy Baldwin D
Wisconsin
Shelley Moore Capito R
West Virginia
James C. Justice R
West Virginia
Cynthia M. Lummis R
Wyoming
John Barrasso R
Wyoming
Clement Claiborne Clay Jr. D
Alabama
William King Sebastian D
Arkansas
John B. Weller D
California
Isaac Toucey D
Connecticut
James Asheton Bayard Jr. D
Delaware
John Middleton Clayton IRD
Delaware
Stephen Russell Mallory D
Florida
Robert Augustus Toombs D
Georgia
George Wallace Jones D
Iowa
Stephen Arnold Douglas D
Illinois
Jesse David Bright D
Indiana
John Burton Thompson A
Kentucky
Judah Philip Benjamin D
Louisiana
Charles Sumner IRD
Massachusetts
Julius Rockwell W
Massachusetts
Thomas George Pratt IRD
Maryland
Hannibal Hamlin D
Maine
William Pitt Fessenden R
Maine
Lewis Cass D
Michigan
Charles Edward Stuart D
Michigan
Henry Sheffie Geyer IRD
Missouri
Stephen Adams D
Mississippi
Albert Gallatin Brown D
Mississippi
David Settle Reid D
North Carolina
John Renshaw Thomson D
New Jersey
William Wright D
New Jersey
Hamilton Fish IRD
New York
Benjamin Franklin Wade IRD
Ohio
Richard Brodhead D
Pennsylvania
Charles Tillinghast James D
Rhode Island
Philip Allen D
Rhode Island
Josiah James Evans D
South Carolina
James Chamberlain Jones IRD
Tennessee
John Bell A
Tennessee
Thomas Jefferson Rusk D
Texas
Samuel Houston A
Texas
James Murray Mason D
Virginia
Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter D
Virginia
Solomon Foot IRD
Vermont
Henry Dodge D
Wisconsin
legislative/houseHouse
No data
433 new members · 0 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 0 → 125
50 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alaska 0 D · 0 R
Alaska 0 D · 1 R
Alabama 0 D · 0 R
Alabama 2 D · 5 R
Arkansas 0 D · 0 R
Arkansas 0 D · 4 R
Arizona 0 D · 0 R
Arizona 3 D · 6 R
California 0 D · 0 R
California 43 D · 9 R
Colorado 0 D · 0 R
Colorado 4 D · 4 R
Connecticut 0 D · 0 R
Connecticut 5 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 0 R
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Florida 0 D · 0 R
Florida 7 D · 20 R
Georgia 0 D · 0 R
Georgia 5 D · 9 R
Hawaii 0 D · 0 R
Hawaii 2 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 4 R
Idaho 0 D · 0 R
Idaho 0 D · 2 R
Illinois 0 D · 0 R
Illinois 14 D · 3 R
Indiana 0 D · 0 R
Indiana 2 D · 7 R
Kansas 0 D · 0 R
Kansas 1 D · 3 R
Kentucky 0 D · 0 R
Kentucky 1 D · 5 R
Louisiana 0 D · 0 R
Louisiana 2 D · 4 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 9 D · 0 R
Maryland 0 D · 0 R
Maryland 7 D · 1 R
Maine 0 D · 0 R
Maine 2 D · 0 R
Michigan 0 D · 0 R
Michigan 6 D · 7 R
Minnesota 0 D · 0 R
Minnesota 4 D · 4 R
Missouri 0 D · 0 R
Missouri 2 D · 6 R
Mississippi 0 D · 0 R
Mississippi 1 D · 3 R
Montana 0 D · 0 R
Montana 0 D · 2 R
North Carolina 0 D · 0 R
North Carolina 4 D · 10 R
North Dakota 0 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 1 R
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R
Nebraska 0 D · 3 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 0 R
New Hampshire 2 D · 0 R
New Jersey 0 D · 0 R
New Jersey 9 D · 3 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R
New Mexico 3 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 0 R
Nevada 3 D · 1 R
New York 0 D · 0 R
New York 19 D · 7 R
Ohio 0 D · 0 R
Ohio 5 D · 10 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 0 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 5 R
Oregon 0 D · 0 R
Oregon 5 D · 1 R
Pennsylvania 0 D · 0 R
Pennsylvania 7 D · 10 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 0 R
Rhode Island 2 D · 0 R
South Carolina 0 D · 0 R
South Carolina 1 D · 6 R
South Dakota 0 D · 0 R
South Dakota 0 D · 1 R
Tennessee 0 D · 0 R
Tennessee 1 D · 8 R
Texas 0 D · 0 R
Texas 13 D · 24 R
Utah 0 D · 0 R
Utah 0 D · 4 R
Virginia 0 D · 0 R
Virginia 6 D · 5 R
Vermont 0 D · 0 R
Vermont 1 D · 0 R
Washington 0 D · 0 R
Washington 8 D · 2 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 0 R
Wisconsin 2 D · 6 R
West Virginia 0 D · 0 R
West Virginia 0 D · 2 R
Wyoming 0 D · 0 R
Wyoming 0 D · 1 R
Who joined and who left (433 in · 0 out)
Nicholas J. Begich III R
Alaska-AL
Robert B. Aderholt R
Alabama-4
Mike Rogers R
Alabama-3
Terri A. Sewell D
Alabama-7
Gary J. Palmer R
Alabama-6
Barry Moore R
Alabama-1
Dale W. Strong R
Alabama-5
Shomari Figures D
Alabama-2
Eric A. "Rick" Crawford R
Arkansas-1
Steve Womack R
Arkansas-3
J. French Hill R
Arkansas-2
Bruce Westerman R
Arkansas-4
Paul A. Gosar R
Arizona-9
David Schweikert R
Arizona-1
Andy Biggs R
Arizona-5
Greg Stanton D
Arizona-4
Elijah Crane R
Arizona-2
Juan Ciscomani R
Arizona-6
Yassamin Ansari D
Arizona-3
Abraham J. Hamadeh R
Arizona-8
Adelita S. Grijalva D
Arizona-7
Ken Calvert R
California-41
Judy Chu D
California-28
Jim Costa D
California-21
John Garamendi D
California-8
Zoe Lofgren D
California-18
Doris O. Matsui D
California-7
Tom McClintock R
California-5
Nancy Pelosi D
California-11
Brad Sherman D
California-32
Linda T. Sánchez D
California-38
Mike Thompson D
California-4
Maxine Waters D
California-43
Jared Huffman D
California-2
Ami Bera D
California-6
Julia Brownley D
California-26
Raul Ruiz D
California-25
Mark Takano D
California-39
Juan Vargas D
California-52
Scott H. Peters D
California-50
Mark DeSaulnier D
California-10
Pete Aguilar D
California-33
Ted Lieu D
California-36
Norma J. Torres D
California-35
Ro Khanna D
California-17
Jimmy Panetta D
California-19
Salud O. Carbajal D
California-24
Nanette Diaz Barragán D
California-44
J. Luis Correa D
California-46
Jimmy Gomez D
California-34
Josh Harder D
California-9
Mike Levin D
California-49
Darrell Issa R
California-48
David G. Valadao R
California-22
Jay Obernolte R
California-23
Young Kim R
California-40
Sara Jacobs D
California-51
Kevin Mullin D
California-15
Sydney Kamlager-Dove D
California-37
Robert Garcia D
California-42
Vince Fong R
California-20
Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr. D
California-31
Lateefah Simon D
California-12
Adam Gray D
California-13
Sam T. Liccardo D
California-16
George Whitesides D
California-27
Luz M. Rivas D
California-29
Laura Friedman D
California-30
Derek Tran D
California-45
Dave Min D
California-47
Kevin Kiley I
California-3
James Gallagher R
California-1
Aisha Wahab D
California-14
Diana DeGette D
Colorado-1
Joe Neguse D
Colorado-2
Jason Crow D
Colorado-6
Lauren Boebert R
Colorado-4
Brittany Pettersen D
Colorado-7
Jeff Hurd R
Colorado-3
Jeff Crank R
Colorado-5
Gabe Evans R
Colorado-8
Joe Courtney D
Connecticut-2
Rosa L. DeLauro D
Connecticut-3
James A. Himes D
Connecticut-4
John B. Larson D
Connecticut-1
Jahana Hayes D
Connecticut-5
Sarah McBride D
Delaware-AL
Gus M. Bilirakis R
Florida-12
Vern Buchanan R
Florida-16
Kathy Castor D
Florida-14
Mario Diaz-Balart R
Florida-26
Debbie Wasserman Schultz D
Florida-25
Daniel Webster R
Florida-11
Frederica S. Wilson D
Florida-24
Lois Frankel D
Florida-22
Neal P. Dunn R
Florida-2
John H. Rutherford R
Florida-5
Darren Soto D
Florida-9
Brian J. Mast R
Florida-21
W. Gregory Steube R
Florida-17
Kat Cammack R
Florida-3
Scott Franklin R
Florida-18
Byron Donalds R
Florida-19
Carlos A. Gimenez R
Florida-28
Maria Elvira Salazar R
Florida-27
Aaron Bean R
Florida-4
Cory Mills R
Florida-7
Maxwell Frost D
Florida-10
Anna Paulina Luna R
Florida-13
Laurel M. Lee R
Florida-15
Jared Moskowitz D
Florida-23
Mike Haridopolos R
Florida-8
Jimmy Patronis R
Florida-1
Randy Fine R
Florida-6
Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. D
Georgia-2
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. D
Georgia-4
Austin Scott R
Georgia-8
Earl L. "Buddy" Carter R
Georgia-1
Barry Loudermilk R
Georgia-11
Rick W. Allen R
Georgia-12
Lucy McBath D
Georgia-6
Nikema Williams D
Georgia-5
Andrew S. Clyde R
Georgia-9
Richard McCormick R
Georgia-7
Mike Collins R
Georgia-10
Brian Jack R
Georgia-3
Clay Fuller R
Georgia-14
Everton Blair Jr. D
Georgia-13
Ed Case D
Hawaii-1
Jill N. Tokuda D
Hawaii-2
Ashley Hinson R
Iowa-2
Mariannette Miller-Meeks R
Iowa-1
Randy Feenstra R
Iowa-4
Zachary Nunn R
Iowa-3
Michael K. Simpson R
Idaho-2
Russ Fulcher R
Idaho-1
Danny K. Davis D
Illinois-7
Mike Quigley D
Illinois-5
Janice D. Schakowsky D
Illinois-9
Bill Foster D
Illinois-11
Robin L. Kelly D
Illinois-2
Mike Bost R
Illinois-12
Darin LaHood R
Illinois-16
Bradley Scott Schneider D
Illinois-10
Raja Krishnamoorthi D
Illinois-8
Jesús G. "Chuy" García D
Illinois-4
Sean Casten D
Illinois-6
Lauren Underwood D
Illinois-14
Mary E. Miller R
Illinois-15
Jonathan L. Jackson D
Illinois-1
Delia C. Ramirez D
Illinois-3
Nikki Budzinski D
Illinois-13
Eric Sorensen D
Illinois-17
André Carson D
Indiana-7
James R. Baird R
Indiana-4
Frank J. Mrvan D
Indiana-1
Victoria Spartz R
Indiana-5
Rudy Yakym III R
Indiana-2
Erin Houchin R
Indiana-9
Marlin A. Stutzman R
Indiana-3
Jefferson Shreve R
Indiana-6
Mark B. Messmer R
Indiana-8
Ron Estes R
Kansas-4
Sharice Davids D
Kansas-3
Tracey Mann R
Kansas-1
Derek Schmidt R
Kansas-2
Brett Guthrie R
Kentucky-2
Harold Rogers R
Kentucky-5
Thomas Massie R
Kentucky-4
Andy Barr R
Kentucky-6
James Comer R
Kentucky-1
Morgan McGarvey D
Kentucky-3
Steve Scalise R
Louisiana-1
Clay Higgins R
Louisiana-3
Mike Johnson R
Louisiana-4
Julia Letlow R
Louisiana-5
Troy A. Carter D
Louisiana-2
Cleo Fields D
Louisiana-6
William R. Keating D
Massachusetts-9
Stephen F. Lynch D
Massachusetts-8
James P. McGovern D
Massachusetts-2
Richard E. Neal D
Massachusetts-1
Katherine M. Clark D
Massachusetts-5
Seth Moulton D
Massachusetts-6
Lori Trahan D
Massachusetts-3
Ayanna Pressley D
Massachusetts-7
Jake Auchincloss D
Massachusetts-4
Andy Harris R
Maryland-1
Steny H. Hoyer D
Maryland-5
Jamie Raskin D
Maryland-8
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Glenn Ivey D
Maryland-4
Johnny Olszewski, Jr. D
Maryland-2
Sarah Elfreth D
Maryland-3
April McClain Delaney D
Maryland-6
Chellie Pingree D
Maine-1
Jared F. Golden D
Maine-2
Bill Huizenga R
Michigan-4
Tim Walberg R
Michigan-5
John R. Moolenaar R
Michigan-2
Debbie Dingell D
Michigan-6
Jack Bergman R
Michigan-1
Haley M. Stevens D
Michigan-11
Rashida Tlaib D
Michigan-12
Lisa C. McClain R
Michigan-9
Hillary J. Scholten D
Michigan-3
John James R
Michigan-10
Shri Thanedar D
Michigan-13
Tom Barrett R
Michigan-7
Kristen McDonald Rivet D
Michigan-8
Betty McCollum D
Minnesota-4
Tom Emmer R
Minnesota-6
Angie Craig D
Minnesota-2
Ilhan Omar D
Minnesota-5
Pete Stauber R
Minnesota-8
Michelle Fischbach R
Minnesota-7
Brad Finstad R
Minnesota-1
Kelly Morrison D
Minnesota-3
Emanuel Cleaver D
Missouri-5
Sam Graves R
Missouri-6
Ann Wagner R
Missouri-2
Jason Smith R
Missouri-8
Mark Alford R
Missouri-4
Eric Burlison R
Missouri-7
Wesley Bell D
Missouri-1
Robert F. Onder, Jr. R
Missouri-3
Bennie G. Thompson D
Mississippi-2
Trent Kelly R
Mississippi-1
Michael Guest R
Mississippi-3
Mike Ezell R
Mississippi-4
Ryan K. Zinke R
Montana-1
Troy Downing R
Montana-2
Virginia Foxx R
North Carolina-5
Richard Hudson R
North Carolina-9
Alma S. Adams D
North Carolina-12
David Rouzer R
North Carolina-7
Gregory F. Murphy R
North Carolina-3
Deborah K. Ross D
North Carolina-2
Donald G. Davis D
North Carolina-1
Valerie P. Foushee D
North Carolina-4
Chuck Edwards R
North Carolina-11
Addison P. McDowell R
North Carolina-6
Mark Harris R
North Carolina-8
Pat Harrigan R
North Carolina-10
Brad Knott R
North Carolina-13
Tim Moore R
North Carolina-14
Julie Fedorchak R
North Dakota-AL
Adrian Smith R
Nebraska-3
Don Bacon R
Nebraska-2
Mike Flood R
Nebraska-1
Chris Pappas D
New Hampshire-1
Maggie Goodlander D
New Hampshire-2
Frank Pallone, Jr. D
New Jersey-6
Christopher H. Smith R
New Jersey-4
Donald Norcross D
New Jersey-1
Bonnie Watson Coleman D
New Jersey-12
Josh Gottheimer D
New Jersey-5
Jefferson Van Drew R
New Jersey-2
Thomas H. Kean, Jr. R
New Jersey-7
Robert Menendez D
New Jersey-8
LaMonica McIver D
New Jersey-10
Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. D
New Jersey-3
Nellie Pou D
New Jersey-9
Analilia Mejia D
New Jersey-11
Teresa Leger Fernandez D
New Mexico-3
Melanie A. Stansbury D
New Mexico-1
Gabe Vasquez D
New Mexico-2
Mark E. Amodei R
Nevada-2
Dina Titus D
Nevada-1
Steven Horsford D
Nevada-4
Susie Lee D
Nevada-3
Yvette D. Clarke D
New York-9
Gregory W. Meeks D
New York-5
Jerrold Nadler D
New York-12
Paul Tonko D
New York-20
Nydia M. Velázquez D
New York-7
Grace Meng D
New York-6
Hakeem S. Jeffries D
New York-8
Elise M. Stefanik R
New York-21
Adriano Espaillat D
New York-13
Joseph D. Morelle D
New York-25
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D
New York-14
Andrew R. Garbarino R
New York-2
Nicole Malliotakis R
New York-11
Ritchie Torres D
New York-15
Claudia Tenney R
New York-24
Patrick Ryan D
New York-18
Nick LaLota R
New York-1
Daniel S. Goldman D
New York-10
Michael Lawler R
New York-17
Nicholas A. Langworthy R
New York-23
Thomas R. Suozzi D
New York-3
Timothy M. Kennedy D
New York-26
Laura Gillen D
New York-4
George Latimer D
New York-16
Josh Riley D
New York-19
John W. Mannion D
New York-22
Jim Jordan R
Ohio-4
Marcy Kaptur D
Ohio-9
Robert E. Latta R
Ohio-5
Michael R. Turner R
Ohio-10
Joyce Beatty D
Ohio-3
David P. Joyce R
Ohio-14
Warren Davidson R
Ohio-8
Troy Balderson R
Ohio-12
Shontel M. Brown D
Ohio-11
Mike Carey R
Ohio-15
Greg Landsman D
Ohio-1
Max L. Miller R
Ohio-7
Emilia Strong Sykes D
Ohio-13
Michael A. Rulli R
Ohio-6
David J. Taylor R
Ohio-2
Tom Cole R
Oklahoma-4
Frank D. Lucas R
Oklahoma-3
Kevin Hern R
Oklahoma-1
Stephanie I. Bice R
Oklahoma-5
Josh Brecheen R
Oklahoma-2
Suzanne Bonamici D
Oregon-1
Cliff Bentz R
Oregon-2
Val T. Hoyle D
Oregon-4
Andrea Salinas D
Oregon-6
Maxine Dexter D
Oregon-3
Janelle S. Bynum D
Oregon-5
Mike Kelly R
Pennsylvania-16
Glenn Thompson R
Pennsylvania-15
Scott Perry R
Pennsylvania-10
Brendan F. Boyle D
Pennsylvania-2
Dwight Evans D
Pennsylvania-3
Brian K. Fitzpatrick R
Pennsylvania-1
Lloyd Smucker R
Pennsylvania-11
Mary Gay Scanlon D
Pennsylvania-5
Madeleine Dean D
Pennsylvania-4
Chrissy Houlahan D
Pennsylvania-6
Daniel Meuser R
Pennsylvania-9
John Joyce R
Pennsylvania-13
Guy Reschenthaler R
Pennsylvania-14
Summer L. Lee D
Pennsylvania-12
Christopher R. Deluzio D
Pennsylvania-17
Ryan Mackenzie R
Pennsylvania-7
Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. R
Pennsylvania-8
Seth Magaziner D
Rhode Island-2
Gabe Amo D
Rhode Island-1
James E. Clyburn D
South Carolina-6
Joe Wilson R
South Carolina-2
Ralph Norman R
South Carolina-5
William R. Timmons IV R
South Carolina-4
Nancy Mace R
South Carolina-1
Russell Fry R
South Carolina-7
Sheri Biggs R
South Carolina-3
Dusty Johnson R
South Dakota-AL
Steve Cohen D
Tennessee-9
Scott DesJarlais R
Tennessee-4
Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann R
Tennessee-3
David Kustoff R
Tennessee-8
Tim Burchett R
Tennessee-2
John W. Rose R
Tennessee-6
Diana Harshbarger R
Tennessee-1
Andrew Ogles R
Tennessee-5
Matt Van Epps R
Tennessee-7
John R. Carter R
Texas-31
Henry Cuellar D
Texas-28
Lloyd Doggett D
Texas-37
Al Green D
Texas-9
Michael T. McCaul R
Texas-10
Randy K. Weber, Sr. R
Texas-14
Joaquin Castro D
Texas-20
Roger Williams R
Texas-25
Marc A. Veasey D
Texas-33
Brian Babin R
Texas-36
Vicente Gonzalez D
Texas-34
Jodey C. Arrington R
Texas-19
Michael Cloud R
Texas-27
Dan Crenshaw R
Texas-2
Lance Gooden R
Texas-5
Lizzie Fletcher D
Texas-7
Veronica Escobar D
Texas-16
Chip Roy R
Texas-21
Sylvia R. Garcia D
Texas-29
Pete Sessions R
Texas-17
Pat Fallon R
Texas-4
August Pfluger R
Texas-11
Ronny Jackson R
Texas-13
Troy E. Nehls R
Texas-22
Beth Van Duyne R
Texas-24
Jake Ellzey R
Texas-6
Nathaniel Moran R
Texas-1
Keith Self R
Texas-3
Morgan Luttrell R
Texas-8
Monica De La Cruz R
Texas-15
Jasmine Crockett D
Texas-30
Greg Casar D
Texas-35
Wesley Hunt R
Texas-38
Craig A. Goldman R
Texas-12
Brandon Gill R
Texas-26
Julie Johnson D
Texas-32
Christian D. Menefee D
Texas-18
Blake D. Moore R
Utah-1
Burgess Owens R
Utah-4
Celeste Maloy R
Utah-2
Mike Kennedy R
Utah-3
H. Morgan Griffith R
Virginia-9
Robert C. "Bobby" Scott D
Virginia-3
Robert J. Wittman R
Virginia-1
Donald S. Beyer, Jr. D
Virginia-8
Ben Cline R
Virginia-6
Jennifer A. Kiggans R
Virginia-2
Jennifer L. McClellan D
Virginia-4
John J. McGuire III R
Virginia-5
Eugene Simon Vindman D
Virginia-7
Suhas Subramanyam D
Virginia-10
James R. Walkinshaw D
Virginia-11
Becca Balint D
Vermont-AL
Rick Larsen D
Washington-2
Adam Smith D
Washington-9
Suzan K. DelBene D
Washington-1
Dan Newhouse R
Washington-4
Pramila Jayapal D
Washington-7
Kim Schrier D
Washington-8
Marilyn Strickland D
Washington-10
Marie Gluesenkamp Perez D
Washington-3
Michael Baumgartner R
Washington-5
Emily Randall D
Washington-6
Gwen Moore D
Wisconsin-4
Mark Pocan D
Wisconsin-2
Glenn Grothman R
Wisconsin-6
Bryan Steil R
Wisconsin-1
Thomas P. Tiffany R
Wisconsin-7
Scott Fitzgerald R
Wisconsin-5
Derrick Van Orden R
Wisconsin-3
Tony Wied R
Wisconsin-8
Carol D. Miller R
West Virginia-1
Riley M. Moore R
West Virginia-2
Harriet M. Hageman R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+13,496Congress.gov ↗
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
13,496 laws recorded · 60 landmark · 3,434 notable
Show 30 more notable laws
Under each law: its sponsor, the final-passage roll call in each chamber (hover for the party split; no roll call means a voice vote or unanimous consent), and the president who signed it. Sources: Congress.gov, the House Clerk, and the Senate.
Judicial3 files+30,027−9
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 7 D · 2 W → 6 R · 3 D · every justice ↗
John McLean D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1829
James Moore Wayne D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1835
Roger Brooke Taney D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1836 · confirmed 29–15
John Catron D
appointed by Andrew Jackson · 1837 · confirmed 28–15
Peter Vivian Daniel D
appointed by Martin Van Buren · 1841 · confirmed 22–5
Samuel Nelson W
appointed by John Tyler · 1845
Robert Cooper Grier D
appointed by James K. Polk · 1846
Benjamin Robbins Curtis W
appointed by Millard Fillmore · 1851
John Archibald Campbell D
appointed by Franklin Pierce · 1853
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991 · confirmed 52–48
John Glover Roberts, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2005 · confirmed 78–22
Samuel A. Alito, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2006 · confirmed 58–42
Sonia Sotomayor D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2009 · confirmed 68–31
Elena Kagan D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2010 · confirmed 63–37
Neil M. Gorsuch R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2017 · confirmed 54–45
Brett M. Kavanaugh R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2018 · confirmed 50–48
Amy Coney Barrett R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2020 · confirmed 52–48
Ketanji Brown Jackson D
appointed by Joseph R. Biden · 2022 · confirmed 53–47
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): → 92 R · 87 D
District courts (active judges): 23 D · 10 W · 8 N( · 5 JR → 373 D · 279 R
Franklin Pierce D appointed 9 judges
6 district · 3 other
James Buchanan D appointed 12 judges
1 Supreme Court · 9 district · 2 other
Abraham Lincoln R appointed 44 judges
5 Supreme Court · 34 district · 5 other
Andrew Johnson D appointed 12 judges
11 district · 1 other
Ulysses Grant R appointed 50 judges
4 Supreme Court · 34 district · 12 other
Rutherford B. Hayes R appointed 25 judges
2 Supreme Court · 17 district · 6 other
James A. Garfield R appointed 6 judges
1 Supreme Court · 3 district · 2 other
Chester A. Arthur R appointed 24 judges
2 Supreme Court · 14 district · 8 other
Grover Cleveland D appointed 54 judges
4 Supreme Court · 9 appeals · 31 district · 10 other
Benjamin Harrison R appointed 54 judges
4 Supreme Court · 10 appeals · 27 district · 13 other
None (assignment) N( appointed 12 judges
10 appeals · 2 district
William McKinley R appointed 42 judges
1 Supreme Court · 6 appeals · 29 district · 6 other
Theodore Roosevelt R appointed 98 judges
3 Supreme Court · 19 appeals · 57 district · 19 other
William H. Taft R appointed 74 judges
6 Supreme Court · 13 appeals · 38 district · 17 other
Woodrow Wilson D appointed 82 judges
3 Supreme Court · 20 appeals · 55 district · 4 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 112 judges
39 appeals · 52 district · 21 other
Warren G. Harding R appointed 57 judges
4 Supreme Court · 6 appeals · 43 district · 4 other
Calvin Coolidge R appointed 88 judges
1 Supreme Court · 17 appeals · 62 district · 8 other
Herbert Hoover R appointed 72 judges
3 Supreme Court · 16 appeals · 46 district · 7 other
Franklin D. Roosevelt D appointed 222 judges
9 Supreme Court · 51 appeals · 149 district · 13 other
Harry S Truman D appointed 152 judges
4 Supreme Court · 27 appeals · 112 district · 9 other
Dwight D. Eisenhower R appointed 191 judges
5 Supreme Court · 45 appeals · 131 district · 10 other
John F. Kennedy D appointed 134 judges
2 Supreme Court · 21 appeals · 109 district · 2 other
Lyndon B. Johnson D appointed 187 judges
2 Supreme Court · 40 appeals · 132 district · 13 other
Richard M. Nixon R appointed 239 judges
4 Supreme Court · 46 appeals · 182 district · 7 other
Gerald Ford R appointed 67 judges
1 Supreme Court · 11 appeals · 55 district
Jimmy Carter D appointed 267 judges
56 appeals · 208 district · 3 other
Ronald Reagan R appointed 387 judges
4 Supreme Court · 83 appeals · 294 district · 6 other
George H.W. Bush R appointed 194 judges
2 Supreme Court · 42 appeals · 149 district · 1 other
William J. Clinton D appointed 383 judges
2 Supreme Court · 66 appeals · 310 district · 5 other
George W. Bush R appointed 328 judges
2 Supreme Court · 61 appeals · 263 district · 2 other
Barack Obama D appointed 330 judges
2 Supreme Court · 55 appeals · 269 district · 4 other
Donald J. Trump R appointed 293 judges
3 Supreme Court · 64 appeals · 222 district · 4 other
Joseph R. Biden D appointed 235 judges
1 Supreme Court · 45 appeals · 187 district · 2 other
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+25,482Supreme Court Database ↗
25,482 argued decisions · 30 landmark
Dred Scott v. Sandford
60 U.S. 393 · Mar 6, 1857 · Decided 7–2 · Civil Rights · Dismissed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Ex parte Milligan
71 U.S. 2 · Apr 3, 1866 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure
Ex parte Garland
71 U.S. 333 · Jan 14, 1867 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Reichart v. Felps
73 U.S. 160 · Mar 16, 1868 · Decided 8–0 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
The Alicia
74 U.S. 571 · Jan 25, 1869 · Decided 8–0 · Judicial Power · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Texas v. White
74 U.S. 700 · Apr 12, 1869 · Decided 7–1 · Judicial Power · Struck down state law
Hepburn v. Griswold
75 U.S. 603 · Feb 7, 1870 · Decided 4–3 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Broderick's Executor v. Magraw
75 U.S. 639 · Feb 7, 1870 · Decided 7–0 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Dewitt
76 U.S. 41 · Feb 21, 1870 · Decided 8–0 · Federalism · Declared federal law unconstitutional
The Justices v. Murray
76 U.S. 274 · Mar 14, 1870 · Decided 7–0 · Federalism · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Show 20 more
The Collector v. Day
Apr 3, 1871 · Decided 7–1 · Federalism · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Klein
Jan 29, 1872 · Decided 6–2 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Railroad Company
Apr 7, 1873 · Decided 7–2 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Slaughter-House Cases
Apr 14, 1873 · Decided 5–4 · Economic Activity · Affirmed
Minor v. Happersett
Mar 29, 1875 · Decided 9–0 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
United States v. Reese
Mar 27, 1876 · Decided 7–2 · Civil Rights · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Munn v. Illinois
Mar 1, 1877 · Decided 7–2 · Economic Activity · Affirmed
United States v. Fox
Jan 7, 1878 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Reynolds v. United States
Jan 6, 1879 · Decided 9–0 · First Amendment · Affirmed
Trade-Mark Cases
Nov 17, 1879 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Kilbourn v. Thompson
Feb 28, 1881 · Decided 7–0 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Harris
Jan 22, 1883 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Civil Rights Cases
Oct 15, 1883 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Boyd v. United States
Feb 1, 1886 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
May 10, 1886 · Decided 9–0 · Civil Rights · Reversed · Struck down local ordinance
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois
Oct 25, 1886 · Decided 5–3 · Economic Activity · Reversed · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Baldwin v. Franks
Mar 7, 1887 · Decided 6–2 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Callan v. Wilson
May 14, 1888 · Decided 8–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
The Chinese Exclusion Case
May 13, 1889 · Decided 8–0 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
Monongahela Navigation Company v. United States
Mar 27, 1893 · Decided 7–0 · Due Process · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal2 files±0
fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
Fiscal year undefined → fiscal year undefined · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$40.3TTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$36M
as of Jul 1, 1855
$40.3T
as of Oct 13, 2026
Constitution & Union1 file+34
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
12 → 27 amendments in force · 31 → 50 states
Amendment XIII Abolition of slavery
ratified Dec 6, 1865 · Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
Amendment XIV Citizenship, equal protection, due process
ratified Jul 9, 1868 · Birthright citizenship; equal protection and due process applied to the states.
Amendment XV Voting rights regardless of race
ratified Feb 3, 1870 · Prohibits denying the vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Amendment XVI Federal income tax
ratified Feb 3, 1913 · Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportionment among the states.
Amendment XVII Direct election of senators
ratified Apr 8, 1913 · Senators elected by popular vote instead of state legislatures.
Amendment XVIII Prohibition of alcohol
ratified Jan 16, 1919 · Prohibits manufacture, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors. Repealed by the 21st Amendment.
Amendment XIX Women's suffrage
ratified Aug 18, 1920 · Prohibits denying the vote on account of sex.
Amendment XX Terms of office ("Lame Duck" amendment)
ratified Jan 23, 1933 · Moves inauguration to January 20 and the start of Congress to January 3.
Amendment XXI Repeal of Prohibition
ratified Dec 5, 1933 · Repeals the 18th Amendment.
Amendment XXII Presidential term limits
ratified Feb 27, 1951 · Limits a president to two elected terms.
Amendment XXIII Electoral votes for Washington, D.C.
ratified Mar 29, 1961 · Grants the District of Columbia electors in presidential elections.
Amendment XXIV Abolition of poll taxes in federal elections
ratified Jan 23, 1964 · Prohibits poll taxes in federal elections.
Amendment XXV Presidential succession and disability
ratified Feb 10, 1967 · Procedures for presidential succession, vice-presidential vacancies, and incapacity.
Amendment XXVI Voting age lowered to 18
ratified Jul 1, 1971 · Prohibits denying the vote to citizens 18 or older on account of age.
Amendment XXVII Congressional pay changes
ratified May 7, 1992 · Delays congressional pay changes until after the next House election. Proposed in 1789.
Minnesota joins the Union
admitted May 11, 1858
Oregon joins the Union
admitted Feb 14, 1859
Kansas joins the Union
admitted Jan 29, 1861
West Virginia joins the Union
admitted Jun 20, 1863
Nevada joins the Union
admitted Oct 31, 1864
Nebraska joins the Union
admitted Mar 1, 1867
Colorado joins the Union
admitted Aug 1, 1876
North Dakota joins the Union
admitted Nov 2, 1889
South Dakota joins the Union
admitted Nov 2, 1889
Montana joins the Union
admitted Nov 8, 1889
Washington joins the Union
admitted Nov 11, 1889
Idaho joins the Union
admitted Jul 3, 1890
Wyoming joins the Union
admitted Jul 10, 1890
Utah joins the Union
admitted Jan 4, 1896
Oklahoma joins the Union
admitted Nov 16, 1907
New Mexico joins the Union
admitted Jan 6, 1912
Arizona joins the Union
admitted Feb 14, 1912
Alaska joins the Union
admitted Jan 3, 1959
Hawaii joins the Union
admitted Aug 21, 1959
Reverts1 file−645
revert/undoneWhat was undone
335 executive orders revoked or superseded · 40 rules struck down by Congress · 270 Supreme Court precedents overruled
Trump revoked 110 orders: 80 by Biden, 18 by Obama, 6 by themselves, 4 by Clinton, 2 by Bush
Biden revoked 86 orders: 68 by Trump, 9 by Obama, 7 by themselves, 2 by Bush
Bush revoked 56 orders: 31 by Clinton, 25 by themselves
Obama revoked 51 orders: 27 by Bush, 19 by themselves, 5 by Clinton
Clinton revoked 32 orders: 32 by themselves
Show 325 more revoked orders
EO 14010 Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework To Address the Causes of Migration, To Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and To Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border
signed Feb 2, 2021 by Biden · revoked Jan 20, 2025 by EO 14148 (Trump)
EO 13088 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Jun 9, 1998 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
EO 13121 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting Trade Transactions Involving the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Apr 30, 1999 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
40 agency rules nullified under the Congressional Review Act
Show 34 more
270 decisions that overruled precedent
Gazzam v. Lessee of Elam Phillips and Mary His Wife
May 4, 1858 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Suydam v. Williamson
Mar 14, 1861 · 8-0 · Judicial Power
Mason v. Eldred
Jan 13, 1868 · 8-0 · Private Action
The Belfast
Apr 12, 1869 · 8-0 · Federalism
Legal Tender Cases
May 1, 1871 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Trebilcock v. Wilson
Jan 22, 1872 · 6-2 · Private Action
Hornbuckle v. Toombs
May 4, 1874 · 5-3 · Judicial Power
Railway Company v. McShane
Jan 18, 1875 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Show 262 more
County of Cass v. Johnston
Nov 12, 1877 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Fairfield v. County of Gallatin
Nov 10, 1879 · 9-0 · Federalism
Tilghman v. Proctor
Jan 24, 1881 · 7-0 · Economic Activity
Kilbourn v. Thompson
Feb 28, 1881 · 7-0 · Criminal Procedure
United States v. Phelps
Mar 26, 1883 · 9-0 · Federal Taxation
Kountze v. Omaha Hotel Company
May 7, 1883 · 7-2 · Judicial Power
Morgan v. United States
Mar 2, 1885 · 9-0 · Private Action
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois
Oct 25, 1886 · 5-3 · Economic Activity
Philadelphia and Southern Steamship Company v. Pennsylvania
May 27, 1887 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
In re Ayers
Dec 5, 1887 · 7-1 · Judicial Power
Leloup v. Port of Mobile
May 14, 1888 · 8-0 · Federalism
Leisy v. Hardin
Apr 28, 1890 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
Brenham v. German American Bank
Mar 28, 1892 · 5-3 · Economic Activity
Roberts v. Lewis
May 14, 1894 · 9-0 · Private Action
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company. (Rehearing)
May 20, 1895 · 5-4 · Federal Taxation
The Minnesota Rate Cases
Jun 9, 1913 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Garland v. Washington
Mar 16, 1914 · 8-0 · Due Process
United States v. Nice
Jun 12, 1916 · 6-0 · Civil Rights
Motion Picture Patents Company v. Universal Film Manufacturing Company
Apr 9, 1917 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Lessee of the Northern Central Railway Company v. Towers
Oct 15, 1917 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
Rosen v. United States
Jan 7, 1918 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Boston Store of Chicago v. American Graphophone Company
Mar 4, 1918 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Terral v. Burke Construction Company
Feb 27, 1922 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Lee v. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company
Jan 22, 1923 · 8-0 · Judicial Power
Alpha Portland Cement Company v. Massachusetts
May 4, 1925 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Gleason v. Seaboard Air Line Railway Company
Jan 2, 1929 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
The Farmers Loan & Trust Company v. Minnesota
Jan 6, 1930 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
East Ohio Gas Co. v. Tax Commission of Ohio
May 18, 1931 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad Co. v. Industrial Commission of Illinois
Jan 4, 1932 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
May 16, 1932 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Funk v. United States
Dec 11, 1933 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
United States v. Hastings
Dec 9, 1935 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
Mar 29, 1937 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Railroad Commission of California v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
Jan 3, 1938 · 7-2 · Due Process
Helvering v. Mountain Producers Corporation
Mar 7, 1938 · 5-2 · Federal Taxation
Helvering v. Bankline Oil Co.
Mar 7, 1938 · 7-0 · Federal Taxation
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
Apr 25, 1938 · 8-0 · Judicial Power
Graves v. New York ex rel. O'Keefe
Mar 27, 1939 · 6-2 · Federalism
Rochester Telephone Corp. v. United States
Apr 17, 1939 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
O'Malley v. Woodrough
May 22, 1939 · 7-1 · Federal Taxation
Helvering v. Hallock
Jan 29, 1940 · 6-2 · Federal Taxation
Madden v. Kentucky
Jan 29, 1940 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Tigner v. Texas
May 6, 1940 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission v. Colburn
May 27, 1940 · 9-0 · Federalism
United States v. Darby
Feb 3, 1941 · 8-0 · Unions
United States v. Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co.
Mar 31, 1941 · 8-0 · Due Process
Nye v. United States
Apr 14, 1941 · 5-3 · Criminal Procedure
California v. Thompson
Apr 28, 1941 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Olsen v. Nebraska ex rel. Western Reference & Bond Association, Inc.
Apr 28, 1941 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
United States v. Classic
May 26, 1941 · 4-3 · Civil Rights
Alabama v. King & Boozer
Nov 10, 1941 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Toucey v. New York Life Insurance Co.
Nov 17, 1941 · 5-3 · Federalism
Edwards v. California
Nov 24, 1941 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Graves v. Schmidlapp
Mar 30, 1942 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
State Tax Commission of Utah v. Aldrich
Apr 27, 1942 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Williams v. North Carolina
Dec 21, 1942 · 6-2 · Due Process
Brady v. Roosevelt Steamship Co.
Jan 18, 1943 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Jones v. Opelika
May 3, 1943 · 9-0 · First Amendment
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (City of Jeannette)
May 3, 1943 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
Jun 14, 1943 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
Jun 14, 1943 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co.
Jan 3, 1944 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Mercoid Corporation v. Mid-Continent Investment Co.
Jan 3, 1944 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Mahnich v. Southern Steamship Co.
Jan 31, 1944 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Smith v. Allwright
Apr 3, 1944 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Association
Jun 5, 1944 · 4-3 · Economic Activity
Girouard v. United States
Apr 22, 1946 · 5-3 · Civil Rights
Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. v. Walker
Nov 18, 1946 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Macgregor v. Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.
Jan 6, 1947 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Angel v. Bullington
Feb 17, 1947 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Sherrer v. Sherrer
Jun 7, 1948 · 7-2 · Due Process
Lincoln Federal Labor Union v. Northwestern Iron & Metal Co.
Jan 3, 1949 · 9-0 · Unions
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Estate of Church
Jan 17, 1949 · 6-3 · Federal Taxation
Ott v. Mississippi Valley Barge Line Co.
Feb 7, 1949 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Texas Company
Mar 7, 1949 · 9-0 · Federalism
Cosmopolitan Shipping Co. v. McAllister
Jun 27, 1949 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
United States v. Rabinowitz
Feb 20, 1950 · 5-3 · Criminal Procedure
Darr v. Burford
Apr 3, 1950 · 5-3 · Judicial Power
Standard Oil Co. v. Peck
Feb 4, 1952 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
May 26, 1952 · 9-0 · First Amendment
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
May 17, 1954 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Carroll v. Lanza
Jun 6, 1955 · 6-3 · Federalism
Reid v. Covert
Jun 10, 1957 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Vanderbilt v. Vanderbilt
Jun 24, 1957 · 6-2 · Due Process
Ladner v. United States
Dec 15, 1958 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
United States v. Raines
Feb 29, 1960 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Elkins v. United States
Jun 27, 1960 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
James v. United States
May 15, 1961 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Mapp v. Ohio
Jun 19, 1961 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Baker v. Carr
Mar 26, 1962 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Smith v. Evening News Association
Dec 10, 1962 · 8-1 · Federalism
Local No. 438 Construction & General Laborers' Union v. Curry
Jan 21, 1963 · 9-0 · Federalism
Gideon v. Wainwright
Mar 18, 1963 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Gray v. Sanders
Mar 18, 1963 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
Fay v. Noia
Mar 18, 1963 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Ferguson v. Skrupa
Apr 22, 1963 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Wesberry v. Sanders
Feb 17, 1964 · 6-3 · Civil Rights
Schneider v. Rusk
May 18, 1964 · 5-3 · Civil Rights
Malloy v. Hogan
Jun 15, 1964 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Murphy v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
Jun 15, 1964 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Jackson v. Denno
Jun 22, 1964 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Escobedo v. Illinois
Jun 22, 1964 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
McLaughlin v. Florida
Dec 7, 1964 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Pointer v. Texas
Apr 5, 1965 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
United States v. Brown
Jun 7, 1965 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Swift & Co., Inc. v. Wickham
Nov 22, 1965 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Harris v. United States
Dec 6, 1965 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
Mar 24, 1966 · 6-3 · Civil Rights
Miranda v. Arizona
Jun 13, 1966 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Spevack v. Klein
Jan 16, 1967 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Keyishian v. Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York
Jan 23, 1967 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Afroyim v. Rusk
May 29, 1967 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Warden v. Hayden
May 29, 1967 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Camara v. Municipal Court of the City and County of San Francisco
Jun 5, 1967 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Berger v. New York
Jun 12, 1967 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Katz v. United States
Dec 18, 1967 · 7-1 · Criminal Procedure
Marchetti v. United States
Jan 29, 1968 · 7-1 · Criminal Procedure
Peyton v. Rowe
May 20, 1968 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Bruton v. United States
May 20, 1968 · 6-2 · Criminal Procedure
Duncan v. Louisiana
May 20, 1968 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Carafas v. Lavallee
May 20, 1968 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
Lee v. Florida
Jun 17, 1968 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
Jun 17, 1968 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Moore v. Ogilvie
May 5, 1969 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Brandenburg v. Ohio
Jun 9, 1969 · 8-0 · First Amendment
Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
Jun 16, 1969 · 5-3 · Economic Activity
Chimel v. California
Jun 23, 1969 · 6-2 · Criminal Procedure
Benton v. Maryland
Jun 23, 1969 · 6-2 · Criminal Procedure
Ashe v. Swenson
Apr 6, 1970 · 7-1 · Criminal Procedure
Boys Markets, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Union
Jun 1, 1970 · 5-2 · Unions
Price v. Georgia
Jun 15, 1970 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
Moragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.
Jun 15, 1970 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Williams v. Florida
Jun 22, 1970 · 6-2 · Criminal Procedure
Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation
May 3, 1971 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Perez v. Campbell
Jun 1, 1971 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Griffin v. Breckenridge
Jun 7, 1971 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Dunn v. Blumstein
Mar 21, 1972 · 6-1 · Civil Rights
Illinois v. City of Milwaukee
Apr 24, 1972 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Andrews v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co.
May 15, 1972 · 7-1 · Economic Activity
Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
Feb 22, 1973 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Kentucky
Feb 28, 1973 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Miller v. California
Jun 21, 1973 · 5-4 · First Amendment
North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy v. Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc.
Dec 5, 1973 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Edelman v. Jordan
Mar 25, 1974 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Mitchell v. W. T. Grant Co.
May 13, 1974 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Taylor v. Louisiana
Jan 21, 1975 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
United States v. Reliable Transfer Co., Inc.
May 19, 1975 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Michelin Tire Corp. v. Wages
Jan 14, 1976 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Hudgens v. National Labor Relations Board
Mar 3, 1976 · 6-2 · First Amendment
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.
May 24, 1976 · 7-1 · First Amendment
National League of Cities v. Usery
Jun 24, 1976 · 5-4 · Unions
Lodge 76 v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission
Jun 25, 1976 · 6-3 · Federalism
City of New Orleans v. Dukes
Jun 25, 1976 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Gregg v. Georgia
Jul 2, 1976 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Craig v. Boren
Dec 20, 1976 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Oregon ex rel. State Land Board v. Corvallis Sand & Gravel Co.
Jan 12, 1977 · 6-3 · Federalism
Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
Mar 7, 1977 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc.
Jun 23, 1977 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Wainwright v. Sykes
Jun 23, 1977 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Shaffer v. Heitner
Jun 24, 1977 · 7-1 · Due Process
Department of Revenue of Washington v. Association of Washington Stevedoring Companies
Apr 26, 1978 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
Jun 6, 1978 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Burks v. United States
Jun 14, 1978 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
United States v. Scott
Jun 14, 1978 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Duren v. Missouri
Jan 9, 1979 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
Hughes v. Oklahoma
Apr 24, 1979 · 7-2 · Federalism
Trammel v. United States
Feb 27, 1980 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
United States v. Salvucci
Jun 25, 1980 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Thomas v. Washington Gas Light Co.
Jun 27, 1980 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
Jul 2, 1981 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
United States v. Ross
Jun 1, 1982 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
Jul 2, 1982 · 7-2 · Federalism
Bob Jones University v. United States
May 24, 1983 · 8-1 · Civil Rights
Illinois v. Gates
Jun 8, 1983 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Michigan v. Long
Jul 6, 1983 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
Jan 23, 1984 · 5-4 · Federalism
United States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
Feb 22, 1984 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Limbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
Apr 18, 1984 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
Jun 19, 1984 · 5-3 · Economic Activity
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
Feb 19, 1985 · 5-4 · Unions
United States v. Miller
Apr 1, 1985 · 8-0 · Criminal Procedure
Daniels v. Williams
Jan 21, 1986 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
United States v. Lane
Jan 27, 1986 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Batson v. Kentucky
Apr 30, 1986 · 7-2 · Civil Rights
Puerto Rico v. Branstad
Jun 23, 1987 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
Jun 23, 1987 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Solorio v. United States
Jun 25, 1987 · 6-3 · Civil Rights
Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
Jun 25, 1987 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
Mar 22, 1988 · 8-0 · Judicial Power
South Carolina v. Baker
Apr 20, 1988 · 7-1 · Federalism
Thornburgh v. Abbott
May 15, 1989 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
May 15, 1989 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Alabama v. Smith
Jun 12, 1989 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
Healy v. The Beer Institute
Jun 19, 1989 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
W. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
Jan 17, 1990 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Collins v. Youngblood
Jun 21, 1990 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Arizona v. Fulminante
Mar 26, 1991 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
California v. Acevedo
May 30, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Exxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
Jun 3, 1991 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Coleman v. Thompson
Jun 24, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Pervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
Jun 27, 1991 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
J. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
May 4, 1992 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Quill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
May 26, 1992 · 8-1 · Economic Activity
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
Jun 29, 1992 · 5-4 · Privacy
United States v. Dixon
Jun 28, 1993 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Nichols v. United States
Jun 6, 1994 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Director v. Greenwich Collieries
Jun 20, 1994 · 6-3 · Economic Activity
Hubbard v. United States
May 15, 1995 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
Jun 12, 1995 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
United States v. Gaudin
Jun 19, 1995 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Fulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
Feb 21, 1996 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
Mar 27, 1996 · 5-4 · Federalism
Inc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association
May 13, 1996 · 9-0 · First Amendment
Lewis v. Fletcher Casey, Jr.
Jun 24, 1996 · 8-1 · Due Process
Rachel Agostini v. Betty-Louise Felton
Jun 23, 1997 · 5-4 · First Amendment
State Oil Company v. Barkat U. Khan and Khan & Associates, Inc.
Nov 4, 1997 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Hudson v. United States
Dec 10, 1997 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Arnold F. Hohn v. United States
Jun 15, 1998 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
Mar 24, 1999 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
Jun 23, 1999 · 5-4 · Federalism
Guy Mitchell v. Helms
Jun 28, 2000 · 6-3 · First Amendment
United States v. Hatter
May 21, 2001 · 5-2 · Federal Taxation
Lapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
May 13, 2002 · 9-0 · Federalism
United States v. Cotton
May 20, 2002 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Daryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
Jun 20, 2002 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Ring v. Arizona
Jun 24, 2002 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Lawrence v. Texas
Jun 26, 2003 · 6-3 · Privacy
Crawford v. Washington
Mar 8, 2004 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Roper v. Simmons
Mar 1, 2005 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Central Virginia Community College v. Katz
Jan 23, 2006 · 5-4 · Federalism
Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
Mar 1, 2006 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Alberto R. Gonzales v. Leroy Carhart
Apr 18, 2007 · 5-4 · Privacy
Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly
May 21, 2007 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Bowles v. Russell
Jun 14, 2007 · 5-4 · Judicial Power
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Cordell Pearson v. Afton Callahan
Jan 21, 2009 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Montejo v. Louisiana
May 26, 2009 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Jan 21, 2010 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Otis McDonald v. City of Chicago
Jun 28, 2010 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Bond v. United States
Jun 16, 2011 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Alleyne v. United States
Jun 17, 2013 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Johnson v. United States
Jun 26, 2015 · 8-1 · Due Process
Obergefell v. Hodges
Jun 26, 2015 · 5-4 · Due Process
Hurst v. Florida
Jan 12, 2016 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
South Dakota v. Wayfair
Jun 21, 2018 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Trump v. Hawaii
Jun 26, 2018 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Janus v. American Federation of State
Jun 27, 2018 · 5-4 · Unions
Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt
May 13, 2019 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Herrera v. Wyoming
May 20, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Knick v. Township of Scott
Jun 21, 2019 · 5-4 · Due Process
Rucho v. Common Cause
Jun 27, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Ramos v. Louisiana
Apr 20, 2020 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Edwards v. Vannoy
May 17, 2021 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Shinn v. Ramirez
May 23, 2022 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
Jun 24, 2022 · 6-3 · Privacy
Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
Jun 27, 2022 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College
Jun 29, 2023 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
Jun 28, 2024 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Cisco Systems v. Doe
Jun 23, 2026 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Trump v. Slaughter
Jun 29, 2026 · 6-3 · Miscellaneous
National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission
Jun 30, 2026 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted), and those records begin in 1994. Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.
Log1 file±0
logEverything in between
798 events · first 600 shown
- presidentJames Buchanan takes office
- rulingDred Scott v. Sandford
- justiceNathan Clifford — Associate Justice
- stateMinnesota
- stateOregon
- stateKansas
- presidentAbraham Lincoln takes office
- justiceNoah Haynes Swayne — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Agriculture
- lawHomestead Act of 1862
- lawMorrill Act of 1862
- justiceSamuel Freeman Miller — Associate Justice
- justiceDavid Davis — Associate Justice
- justiceStephen Johnson Field — Associate Justice
- stateWest Virginia
- stateNevada
- justiceSalmon Portland Chase — Chief Justice
- presidentAbraham Lincoln takes office
- presidentAndrew Johnson takes office
- amendmentAbolition of slavery
- rulingEx parte Milligan
- lawCivil Rights Act of 1866
- rulingEx parte Garland
- stateNebraska
- rulingReichart v. Felps
- amendmentCitizenship, equal protection, due process
- rulingThe Alicia
- presidentUlysses Simpson Grant takes office
- rulingTexas v. White
- amendmentVoting rights regardless of race
- rulingHepburn v. Griswold
- rulingBroderick's Executor v. Magraw
- justiceWilliam Strong — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Dewitt
- rulingThe Justices v. Murray
- justiceJoseph P. Bradley — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Justice
- rulingThe Collector v. Day
- rulingUnited States v. Klein
- justiceWard Hunt — Associate Justice
- presidentUlysses Simpson Grant takes office
- rulingUnited States v. Railroad Company
- rulingSlaughter-House Cases
- justiceMorrison Remick Waite — Chief Justice
- rulingMinor v. Happersett
- rulingUnited States v. Reese
- stateColorado
- rulingMunn v. Illinois
- presidentRutherford Birchard Hayes takes office
- justiceJohn Marshall Harlan — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Fox
- rulingReynolds v. United States
- rulingTrade-Mark Cases
- justiceWilliam Burnham Woods — Associate Justice
- rulingKilbourn v. Thompson
- presidentJames Abram Garfield takes office
- justiceStanley Matthews — Associate Justice
- presidentChester Alan Arthur takes office
- justiceHorace Gray — Associate Justice
- justiceSamuel M. Blatchford — Associate Justice
- lawChinese Exclusion Act
- lawPendleton Civil Service Reform Act
- rulingUnited States v. Harris
- rulingCivil Rights Cases
- presidentGrover Cleveland takes office
- rulingBoyd v. United States
- rulingYick Wo v. Hopkins
- rulingWabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois
- lawInterstate Commerce Act of 1887
- lawDawes Act (Indian General Allotment Act)
- rulingBaldwin v. Franks
- justiceLucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar — Associate Justice
- rulingCallan v. Wilson
- justiceMelville Weston Fuller — Chief Justice
- presidentBenjamin Harrison takes office
- rulingThe Chinese Exclusion Case
- stateNorth Dakota
- stateSouth Dakota
- stateMontana
- stateWashington
- justiceDavid Josiah Brewer — Associate Justice
- lawSherman Antitrust Act of 1890
- stateIdaho
- stateWyoming
- justiceHenry Billings Brown — Associate Justice
- justiceGeorge Shiras, Jr. — Associate Justice
- justiceHowell Edmunds Jackson — Associate Justice
- presidentGrover Cleveland takes office
- rulingMonongahela Navigation Company v. United States
- justiceEdward Douglass White — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. E.C. Knight Company
- rulingPollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company
- rulingHyde v. Continental Trust Company
- rulingPollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company. (Rehearing)
- rulingIn re Debs
- justiceRufus Wheeler Peckham — Associate Justice
- stateUtah
- rulingWong Wing v. United States
- rulingPlessy v. Ferguson
- presidentWilliam McKinley Jr. takes office
- justiceJoseph McKenna — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Wong Kim Ark
- rulingKirby v. United States
- rulingJones v. Meehan
- presidentWilliam McKinley Jr. takes office
- rulingFairbank v. United States
- rulingDownes v. Bidwell
- presidentTheodore Roosevelt takes office
- justiceOliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Commerce and Labor
- justiceWilliam Rufus Day — Associate Justice
- rulingJames v. Bowman
- presidentTheodore Roosevelt takes office
- rulingMatter of Heff
- rulingRassmussen v. United States
- rulingLochner v. New York
- rulingHodges v. United States
- lawPure Food and Drug Act
- justiceWilliam Henry Moody — Associate Justice
- stateOklahoma
- rulingThe Employers' Liability Cases
- rulingAdair v. United States
- rulingMuller v. Oregon
- presidentWilliam Howard Taft takes office
- rulingKeller v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Evans
- justiceHorace Harmon Lurton — Associate Justice
- justiceCharles Evans Hughes — Associate Justice
- justiceEdward Douglass White — Chief Justice
- justiceWillis Van Devanter — Associate Justice
- justiceJoseph Rucker Lamar — Associate Justice
- rulingMuskrat v. United States
- rulingThe Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States
- rulingCoyle v. Smith
- stateNew Mexico
- stateArizona
- justiceMahlon Pitney — Associate Justice
- rulingChoate v. Trapp
- amendmentFederal income tax
- agency−United States Department of Commerce and Labor
- agency+United States Department of Commerce
- agency+United States Department of Labor
- presidentWoodrow Wilson takes office
- amendmentDirect election of senators
- rulingButts v. Merchants & Miners Transportation Co.
- lawFederal Reserve Act
- justiceJames Clark McReynolds — Associate Justice
- lawClayton Antitrust Act of 1914
- rulingUnited States v. Hvoslef
- rulingThames and Mersey Marine Insurance Company, Limited v. United States
- justiceLouis Dembitz Brandeis — Associate Justice
- justiceJohn Hessin Clarke — Associate Justice
- presidentWoodrow Wilson takes office
- rulingHammer v. Dagenhart
- amendmentProhibition of alcohol
- rulingSchenck v. United States
- lawNational Prohibition Act (Volstead Act)
- rulingAbrams v. United States
- rulingEisner v. Macomber
- rulingKnickerbocker ICE Company v. Stewart
- rulingEvans v. Gore
- amendmentWomen's suffrage
- rulingWeeds, Inc. v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. L. Cohen Grocery Company
- rulingC.A. Weed & Company v. Lockwood
- presidentWarren Gamaliel Harding takes office
- rulingNewberry v. United States
- justiceWilliam Howard Taft — Chief Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Moreland
- rulingChild Labor Tax Case
- rulingHill, Jr. v. Wallace
- justiceGeorge Sutherland — Associate Justice
- justicePierce Butler — Associate Justice
- justiceEdward Terry Sanford — Associate Justice
- rulingKeller v. Potomac Electric Power Company
- rulingAdkins v. Children's Hospital of the District of Columbia
- presidentCalvin Coolidge takes office
- rulingWashington v. W.C. Dawson & Company
- justiceHarlan Fiske Stone — Associate Justice
- presidentCalvin Coolidge takes office
- rulingMiles v. Graham
- rulingGitlow v. New York
- rulingTrusler v. Crooks
- rulingMyers v. United States
- rulingByars v. United States
- rulingBuck v. Bell
- rulingNichols v. Coolidge
- rulingBlodgett v. Holden
- rulingUntermyer v. Anderson
- rulingOlmstead v. United States
- rulingNational Life Insurance Company v. United States
- presidentHerbert Clark Hoover takes office
- justiceCharles Evans Hughes — Chief Justice
- justiceOwen Josephus Roberts — Associate Justice
- rulingGo-Bart Importing Company v. United States
- rulingNear v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson
- justiceBenjamin Nathan Cardozo — Associate Justice
- rulingHeiner v. Donnan
- rulingUnited States v. Lefkowitz
- rulingOzie Powell v. Alabama
- rulingGrau v. United States
- amendmentTerms of office ("Lame Duck" amendment)
- presidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt takes office
- lawSecurities Act of 1933
- lawGlass–Steagall Act of 1933 (Banking Act of 1933)
- rulingNathanson v. United States
- amendmentRepeal of Prohibition
- rulingBooth v. United States
- rulingLynch v. United States
- lawSecurities Exchange Act of 1934
- rulingPanama Refining Co. v. Ryan
- rulingPerry v. United States
- rulingRailroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co.
- rulingA. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
- rulingHumphrey's Executor v. United States
- rulingLouisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford
- lawNational Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)
- lawSocial Security Act
- rulingHopkins Federal Savings & Loan Assn. v. Cleary
- rulingUnited States v. Constantine
- rulingUnited States v. Butler
- rulingRickert Rice Mills, Inc. v. Fontenot
- rulingCarter v. Carter Coal Co.
- rulingAshton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. One
- rulingUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
- presidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt takes office
- rulingWest Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
- rulingNational Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
- justiceHugo Lafayette Black — Associate Justice
- justiceStanley Forman Reed — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Carolene Products Co.
- rulingErie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
- lawFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
- lawFair Labor Standards Act of 1938
- justiceFelix Frankfurter — Associate Justice
- justiceWilliam Orville Douglas — Associate Justice
- justiceFrank Murphy — Associate Justice
- lawSelective Training and Service Act of 1940
- presidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt takes office
- lawLend-Lease Act
- justiceJames Francis Byrnes — Associate Justice
- justiceHarlan Fiske Stone — Chief Justice
- justiceRobert Houghwout Jackson — Associate Justice
- rulingWickard v. Filburn
- justiceWiley Blount Rutledge — Associate Justice
- rulingTot v. United States
- rulingWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
- rulingSmith v. Allwright
- lawServicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill)
- rulingKorematsu v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. General Motors Corp
- presidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt takes office
- presidentHarry S. Truman takes office
- justiceHarold Hitz Burton — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Lovett
- justiceFrederick Moore Vinson — Chief Justice
- rulingHalliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. v. Walker
- rulingMacgregor v. Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.
- rulingAngel v. Bullington
- lawTaft–Hartley Act
- lawNational Security Act of 1947
- agency−United States Department of War
- agency+National Military Establishment
- rulingShelley v. Kraemer
- rulingSherrer v. Sherrer
- rulingLincoln Federal Labor Union v. Northwestern Iron & Metal Co.
- rulingCommissioner of Internal Revenue v. Estate of Church
- presidentHarry S. Truman takes office
- rulingOtt v. Mississippi Valley Barge Line Co.
- rulingOklahoma Tax Commission v. Texas Company
- rulingCosmopolitan Shipping Co. v. McAllister
- agency−National Military Establishment
- agency+United States Department of Defense
- justiceTom C. Clark — Associate Justice
- justiceSherman Minton — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Rabinowitz
- rulingDarr v. Burford
- war+Korean War
- war+Puerto Rican Nationalist uprising
- war−Puerto Rican Nationalist uprising
- amendmentPresidential term limits
- rulingStandard Oil Co. v. Peck
- rulingJoseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
- rulingYoungstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
- rulingUnited States v. Cardiff
- presidentDwight David Eisenhower takes office
- agency+United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
- war−Korean War
- justiceEarl Warren — Chief Justice
- rulingBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka
- rulingBolling v. Sharpe
- war+Taiwan Strait crisis
- war−Taiwan Strait crisis
- justiceJohn Marshall Harlan — Associate Justice
- rulingBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka
- rulingCarroll v. Lanza
- rulingUnited States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles
- lawFederal Aid Highway Act of 1956
- presidentDwight David Eisenhower takes office
- justiceWilliam Joseph Brennan, Jr. — Associate Justice
- justiceCharles Evans Whittaker — Associate Justice
- rulingReid v. Covert
- rulingVanderbilt v. Vanderbilt
- rulingTrop v. Dulles
- rulingCooper v. Aaron
- rulingLadner v. United States
- war+Taiwan Strait crisis
- war−Taiwan Strait crisis
- stateAlaska
- justicePotter Stewart — Associate Justice
- stateHawaii
- rulingKinsella v. United States ex rel. Singleton
- rulingGrisham v. Hagan
- rulingMcElroy v. United States ex rel. Guagliardo
- rulingUnited States v. Raines
- rulingElkins v. United States
- presidentJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy takes office
- amendmentElectoral votes for Washington, D.C.
- war+Bay of Pigs invasion
- war−Bay of Pigs invasion
- rulingJames v. United States
- rulingMapp v. Ohio
- war+Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
- rulingBaker v. Carr
- justiceByron Raymond White — Associate Justice
- rulingEngel v. Vitale
- justiceArthur Joseph Goldberg — Associate Justice
- rulingSmith v. Evening News Association
- rulingLocal No. 438 Construction & General Laborers' Union v. Curry
- rulingKennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez
- rulingGideon v. Wainwright
- rulingGray v. Sanders
- rulingFay v. Noia
- rulingFerguson v. Skrupa
- rulingSchool District of Abington Township v. Schempp
- presidentLyndon Baines Johnson takes office
- lawClean Air Act
- war+Laotian Civil War
- amendmentAbolition of poll taxes in federal elections
- rulingWesberry v. Sanders
- rulingNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan
- rulingSchneider v. Rusk
- rulingReynolds v. Sims
- rulingMalloy v. Hogan
- rulingMurphy v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
- rulingJackson v. Denno
- rulingEscobedo v. Illinois
- rulingAptheker v. Secretary of State
- lawCivil Rights Act of 1964
- rulingMcLaughlin v. Florida
- rulingHeart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
- war−Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
- presidentLyndon Baines Johnson takes office
- rulingPointer v. Texas
- lawElementary and Secondary Education Act
- rulingLamont v. Postmaster General
- rulingUnited States v. Brown
- rulingGriswold v. Connecticut
- lawSocial Security Amendments of 1965
- lawVoting Rights Act of 1965
- justiceAbe Fortas — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
- lawImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- lawHigher Education Act of 1965
- rulingAlbertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
- rulingSwift & Co., Inc. v. Wickham
- rulingUnited States v. Romano
- rulingHarris v. United States
- war+Vietnam War
- rulingSouth Carolina v. Katzenbach
- rulingHarper v. Virginia Board of Elections
- rulingMiranda v. Arizona
- lawFreedom of Information Act
- agency+United States Department of Transportation
- rulingSpevack v. Klein
- rulingKeyishian v. Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York
- amendmentPresidential succession and disability
- rulingAfroyim v. Rusk
- rulingWarden v. Hayden
- rulingCamara v. Municipal Court of the City and County of San Francisco
- rulingLoving v. Virginia
- rulingBerger v. New York
- justiceThurgood Marshall — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Robel
- rulingKatz v. United States
- rulingMarchetti v. United States
- rulingGrosso v. United States
- rulingHaynes v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Jackson
- lawCivil Rights Act of 1968
- rulingPeyton v. Rowe
- rulingBruton v. United States
- rulingDuncan v. Louisiana
- rulingCarafas v. Lavallee
- rulingTerry v. Ohio
- rulingLee v. Florida
- rulingJones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
- presidentRichard Milhous Nixon takes office
- rulingTinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
- rulingMoore v. Ogilvie
- rulingLeary v. United States
- rulingO'Callahan v. Parker
- rulingBrandenburg v. Ohio
- rulingLear, Inc. v. Adkins
- justiceWarren Earl Burger — Chief Justice
- rulingChimel v. California
- rulingBenton v. Maryland
- war+Cambodian Civil War
- lawNational Environmental Policy Act
- rulingTurner v. United States
- rulingAshe v. Swenson
- justiceHarry Andrew Blackmun — Associate Justice
- rulingSchacht v. United States
- rulingBoys Markets, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Union
- rulingPrice v. Georgia
- rulingMoragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.
- rulingWilliams v. Florida
- rulingOregon v. Mitchell
- lawOccupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
- rulingBlount v. Rizzi
- rulingUnited States v. United States Coin & Currency
- rulingSwann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
- rulingBlonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation
- rulingPerez v. Campbell
- rulingGriffin v. Breckenridge
- rulingLemon v. Kurtzman
- rulingTilton v. Richardson
- rulingNew York Times Co. v. United States
- agency−United States Post Office Department
- amendmentVoting age lowered to 18
- justiceLewis Franklin Powell, Jr. — Associate Justice
- justiceWilliam Hubbs Rehnquist — Associate Justice
- rulingDunn v. Blumstein
- rulingIllinois v. City of Milwaukee
- rulingAndrews v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co.
- rulingFurman v. Georgia
- lawClean Water Act
- presidentRichard Milhous Nixon takes office
- rulingRoe v. Wade
- rulingLehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
- rulingBraden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Kentucky
- war−Vietnam War
- rulingFrontiero v. Richardson
- rulingMiller v. California
- rulingUnited States Department of Agriculture v. Murry
- rulingUnited States Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
- war−Laotian Civil War
- lawWar Powers Resolution
- rulingNorth Dakota State Board of Pharmacy v. Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc.
- lawEndangered Species Act of 1973
- war−Cambodian Civil War
- rulingEdelman v. Jordan
- rulingMitchell v. W. T. Grant Co.
- rulingJimenez v. Weinberger
- rulingUnited States v. Nixon
- presidentGerald Rudolph Ford Jr. takes office
- rulingTaylor v. Louisiana
- rulingWeinberger v. Wiesenfeld
- rulingUnited States v. Reliable Transfer Co., Inc.
- justiceJohn Paul Stevens — Associate Justice
- rulingMichelin Tire Corp. v. Wages
- rulingBuckley v. Valeo
- rulingHudgens v. National Labor Relations Board
- rulingVirginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.
- rulingHampton v. Mow Sun Wong
- rulingNational League of Cities v. Usery
- rulingLodge 76 v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission
- rulingCity of New Orleans v. Dukes
- rulingGregg v. Georgia
- rulingCraig v. Boren
- rulingOregon ex rel. State Land Board v. Corvallis Sand & Gravel Co.
- presidentJames Earl Carter takes office
- rulingCalifano v. Goldfarb
- rulingComplete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
- rulingContinental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc.
- rulingWainwright v. Sykes
- rulingShaffer v. Heitner
- agency+United States Department of Energy
- rulingDepartment of Revenue of Washington v. Association of Washington Stevedoring Companies
- rulingMarshall v. Barlow's, Inc.
- rulingMonell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
- rulingBurks v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Scott
- rulingRegents of the University of California v. Bakke
- rulingDuren v. Missouri
- rulingHughes v. Oklahoma
- rulingCalifano v. Westcott
- agency+United States Department of Education
- rulingTrammel v. United States
- agency−United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
- agency+United States Department of Health and Human Services
- rulingUnited States v. Salvucci
- rulingThomas v. Washington Gas Light Co.
- rulingUnited States v. Will
- presidentRonald Wilson Reagan takes office
- rulingCommonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
- justiceSandra Day O'Connor — Associate Justice
- rulingRailway Labor Executives' Assn. v. Gibbons
- rulingUnited States v. Ross
- rulingNorthern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
- rulingSporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
- war+Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
- rulingUnited States v. Grace
- rulingBob Jones University v. United States
- rulingIllinois v. Gates
- rulingImmigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
- rulingBolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
- rulingMichigan v. Long
- war+Invasion of Grenada
- war−Invasion of Grenada
- rulingPennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
- rulingUnited States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms
- rulingLimbach v. Hooven & Allison Co.
- rulingCopperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.
- rulingChevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
- rulingFederal Communications Commission v. League of Women Voters of California
- rulingRegan v. Time, Inc.
- war−Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
- presidentRonald Wilson Reagan takes office
- rulingGarcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee
- rulingUnited States v. Miller
- rulingAguilar v. Felton
- rulingDaniels v. Williams
- rulingUnited States v. Lane
- rulingBatson v. Kentucky
- rulingBowsher v. Synar
- justiceWilliam Hubbs Rehnquist — Chief Justice
- justiceAntonin Scalia — Associate Justice
- lawTax Reform Act of 1986
- lawImmigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act)
- rulingFederal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.
- rulingHodel v. Irving
- rulingPuerto Rico v. Branstad
- rulingTyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Department of Revenue
- rulingSolorio v. United States
- rulingWelch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation
- justiceAnthony McLeod Kennedy — Associate Justice
- rulingGulfstream Aerospace Corporation v. Mayacamas Corporation
- rulingBoos v. Marion S. Barry, Jr.
- rulingSouth Carolina v. Baker
- rulingMorrison v. Olson
- presidentGeorge Herbert Walker Bush takes office
- agency+United States Department of Veterans Affairs
- rulingThornburgh v. Abbott
- rulingRodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
- rulingAlabama v. Smith
- rulingHealy v. The Beer Institute
- rulingTexas v. Johnson
- rulingSable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission
- war+Invasion of Panama
- war−Invasion of Panama
- rulingW. S. Kirkpatrick & Co., Inc. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp.
- rulingUnited States v. Shawn D. Eichman
- rulingCollins v. Youngblood
- lawAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- justiceDavid Hackett Souter — Associate Justice
- war+Gulf War
- war−Gulf War
- rulingArizona v. Fulminante
- rulingCalifornia v. Acevedo
- rulingExxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc.
- rulingMetropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for the Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc.
- rulingColeman v. Thompson
- rulingPervis Tyrone Payne v. Tennessee
- justiceClarence Thomas — Associate Justice
- rulingJ. C. Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes
- amendmentCongressional pay changes
- rulingQuill Corporation v. North Dakota by and Through Its Tax Commissioner
- rulingNew York v. United States
- rulingPlanned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
- presidentWilliam Jefferson Clinton takes office
- rulingUnited States v. Dixon
- justiceRuth Bader Ginsburg — Associate Justice
- rulingNichols v. United States
- rulingDirector v. Greenwich Collieries
- justiceStephen Gerald Breyer — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. National Treasury Employees Union
- rulingEd Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
- rulingRubin v. Coors Brewing Company
- rulingUnited States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr.
- rulingHubbard v. United States
- rulingU.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Ray Thornton
- rulingAdarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena
- rulingUnited States v. Gaudin
- lawTelecommunications Act of 1996
- rulingFulton Corporation v. Janice H. Faulkner
- rulingSeminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
- rulingInc. v. Rhode Island and Rhode Island Liquor Stores Association