How did the United States change between Apr 30, 1789 and Oct 15, 2026?
Pick two dates. See the laws, the executive orders, the courts, Congress, federal agencies, the Constitution and the budget, as a diff.
$ civicdiff 1789-04-30..2026-10-15 # 237 years
jsonLaws enacted
+3,600major laws · full counts from 1973
Executive orders
+1,549signed · since 1994 only
Final rules
+119,8359,497 significant
Supreme Court
9 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+532 −125departments & tracked agencies
100 senators and 433 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 9 new justices joined the Supreme Court. 27 constitutional amendments were ratified.
Executive
executive/presidentThe presidencyvacant
president
46 presidents in between
George Washington np
took office Apr 30, 1789
John Adams F
took office Mar 4, 1797
Thomas Jefferson DR
took office Mar 4, 1801
James Madison DR
took office Mar 4, 1809
James Monroe DR
took office Mar 4, 1817
John Quincy Adams DR
took office Mar 4, 1825
Andrew Jackson D
took office Mar 4, 1829
Martin Van Buren D
took office Mar 4, 1837
William Henry Harrison W
took office Mar 4, 1841
John Tyler W
took office Apr 4, 1841
James Knox Polk D
took office Mar 4, 1845
Zachary Taylor W
took office Mar 4, 1849
Millard Fillmore W
took office Jul 9, 1850
Franklin Pierce D
took office Mar 4, 1853
James Buchanan D
took office Mar 4, 1857
Abraham Lincoln R
took office Mar 4, 1861
Andrew Johnson D
took office Apr 15, 1865
Ulysses Simpson Grant R
took office Mar 4, 1869
Rutherford Birchard Hayes R
took office Mar 4, 1877
James Abram Garfield R
took office Mar 4, 1881
Chester Alan Arthur R
took office Sep 19, 1881
Grover Cleveland D
took office Mar 4, 1885
Benjamin Harrison R
took office Mar 4, 1889
Grover Cleveland D
took office Mar 4, 1893
William McKinley Jr. R
took office Mar 4, 1897
Theodore Roosevelt R
took office Sep 14, 1901
William Howard Taft R
took office Mar 4, 1909
Woodrow Wilson D
took office Mar 4, 1913
Warren Gamaliel Harding R
took office Mar 4, 1921
Calvin Coolidge R
took office Aug 2, 1923
Herbert Clark Hoover R
took office Mar 4, 1929
Franklin Delano Roosevelt D
took office Mar 4, 1933
Harry S. Truman D
took office Apr 12, 1945
Dwight David Eisenhower R
took office Jan 20, 1953
John Fitzgerald Kennedy D
took office Jan 20, 1961
Lyndon Baines Johnson D
took office Nov 22, 1963
Richard Milhous Nixon R
took office Jan 20, 1969
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. R
took office Aug 9, 1974
James Earl Carter D
took office Jan 20, 1977
Ronald Wilson Reagan R
took office Jan 20, 1981
George Herbert Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 1989
William Jefferson Clinton D
took office Jan 20, 1993
George Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 2001
Barack Hussein Obama D
took office Jan 20, 2009
Donald J. Trump R
took office Jan 20, 2017
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. D
took office Jan 20, 2021
Donald J. Trump R
47th president · took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidencyJohn Adams F
J.D. Vance R
took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials+30−3Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State · 70 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of the Treasury · 77 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of War · 41 people took this office in between
vacant or abolished
Secretary of Defense · 29 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Attorney General · 86 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Postmaster General · 35 people took this office in between
Show 19 more cabinet offices
Secretary of the Interior · 39 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Agriculture · 25 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Commerce · 28 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Labor · 22 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Health and Human Services · 14 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Transportation · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Energy · 19 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Education · 14 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Veterans Affairs · 12 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Secretary of Homeland Security · 9 people took this office in between
office did not exist
White House Chief of Staff · 36 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Director of the Office of Management and Budget · 45 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency · 16 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Ambassador to the United Nations · 42 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Director of National Intelligence · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency · 10 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Administrator of the Small Business Administration · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
U.S. Trade Representative · 7 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Other senior officials (6 changed)
Postmaster General · 35 people took this office in between
Chair of the Federal Reserve · 18 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff · 24 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Director of the FBI · 9 people took this office in between
office did not exist
National Security Advisor · 29 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Marco Rubio R (acting)
Solicitor General · 24 people took this office in between
office did not exist
executive/ordersExecutive orders+1,549Federal Register API ↗
1,549 executive orders signed · William J. Clinton 308 · George W. Bush 291 · Barack Obama 278 · Donald Trump 510 · Joseph R. Biden Jr. 162
EO 12902 Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at Federal Facilities
Mar 8, 1994 · William J. Clinton · revoked by EO 13123
EO 12919 National Defense Industrial Resources Preparedness
Jun 3, 1994 · William J. Clinton
EO 12936 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
Nov 10, 1994 · William J. Clinton
EO 12940 Amendment to Civil Service Rule VI
Nov 28, 1994 · William J. Clinton
EO 12944 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
Dec 28, 1994 · William J. Clinton · revoked by EO 12984
EO 12958 Classified National Security Information
Apr 17, 1995 · William J. Clinton · revoked by EO 13526
EO 12960 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984
May 12, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 12968 Access to Classified Information
Aug 2, 1995 · William J. Clinton
Show 6 more
EO 12984 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Allowances
Dec 28, 1995 · William J. Clinton
EO 13029 Implementing, for the United States, the Provisions of An- nex 1 of the Decision Concerning Legal Capacity and Privileges and Immunities, Issued by the Council of Ministers of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe on December 1, 1993
Dec 3, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13033 Executive Order 13033 of December 27, 1996
Dec 27, 1996 · William J. Clinton
EO 13071 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 29, 1997 · William J. Clinton
EO 13086 1998 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
May 27, 1998 · William J. Clinton
EO 13101 Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition
Sep 14, 1998 · William J. Clinton
Only orders signed after Dec 30, 1993 are counted; Federal Register coverage starts there.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations+16,930Congress.gov ↗
23,049 civilian nominations received · 16,930 confirmed · 816 withdrawn · 4,883 returned to the President
Caspar Willard Weinberger, of California, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 1981 · 97–2
Richard S. Schweiker, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 99–0
Donald T. Regan, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 98–0
Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr., of Connecticut, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 1981 · 93–6
T. H. Bell, of Utah, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 90–2
Andrew L. Lewis, Jr., of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
James B. Edwards, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 93–3
Samuel R. Pierce, Jr., of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
Malcolm Baldrige, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 97–1
John R. Block, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 98–0
William French Smith, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 96–1
Show 314 more top confirmations
James Gaius Watt, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 22, 1981 · 83–12
David A. Stockman, of Michigan, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 27, 1981 · 93–0
Raymond J. Donovan, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 3, 1981 · 80–17
George P. Shultz, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jul 15, 1982 · 97–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 1, 1983 · 97–0
Margaret M. Heckler, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 3, 1983 · 82–3
William P. Clark, of California, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Nov 18, 1983 · 71–18
James A. Baker III, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 29, 1985 · 95–0
John S. Herrington, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
William J. Bennett, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–0
Donald P. Hodel, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 6, 1985 · 93–1
Edwin Meese III, of California, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 23, 1985 · 63–31
William Emerson Brock III, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 26, 1985
Otis R. Bowen, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Dec 12, 1985 · 93–2
Richard E. Lyng, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Mar 6, 1986 · 95–2
William H. Rehnquist, of Virginia, to be Chief Justice of the United States.
confirmed Sep 17, 1986 · 65–33
C. William Verity, Jr., of Ohio, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Oct 13, 1987 · 84–11
Frank C. Carlucci, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Nov 20, 1987 · 91–1
James H. Burnley IV, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Nov 30, 1987 · 74–0
Ann Dore McLaughlin, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Dec 11, 1987 · 94–0
Richard L. Thornburgh, of Pennsylvania, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Aug 11, 1988 · 85–0
Nicholas F. Brady, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Sep 14, 1988 · 92–2
Lauro F. Cavazos, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Sep 20, 1988 · 94–0
Richard G. Darman, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Elizabeth Hanford Dole, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
James Addison Baker, III, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 25, 1989 · 99–0
Samuel Knox Skinner, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
Robert Adam Mosbacher, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 31, 1989 · 100–0
William Kane Reilly, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Jack Kemp, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Manuel Lujan, Jr., of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Feb 2, 1989 · 100–0
Clayton Yeutter, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 8, 1989 · 100–0
Louis W. Sullivan, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 1, 1989 · 98–1
Edward J. Derwinski, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Mar 2, 1989 · 94–0
Richard B. Cheney, of Wyoming, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Mar 17, 1989 · 92–0
Lynn Martin, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 7, 1991 · 94–0
Edward R. Madigan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Clayton Yeutter, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 1991 · 99–0
Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr., of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 14, 1991
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Nov 20, 1991
Andrew H. Card, Jr., of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 21, 1992
Barbara Hackman Franklin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 1992
Warren Christopher, of California, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Lloyd Bentsen, of Texas, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Les Aspin, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 1993
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Richard W. Riley, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Donna E. Shalala, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Jesse Brown, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Robert B. Reich, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Henry G. Cisneros, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Hazel Rollins O'Leary, of Minnesota, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Federico Pena, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Mike Espy, of Mississippi, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Bruce Babbitt, of Arizona, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Ronald H. Brown, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 21, 1993
Janet Reno, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 11, 1993 · 98–0
William J. Perry, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Les Aspin, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 1994 · 97–0
Robert E. Rubin, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Lloyd Bentsen, resigned.
confirmed Jan 10, 1995 · 99–0
Daniel Robert Glickman, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Agriculture, vice Mike Espy, resigned.
confirmed Mar 30, 1995 · 94–0
Madeleine Korbel Albright, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of State, vice Warren Christopher, resigned.
confirmed Jan 22, 1997 · 99–0
William M. Daley, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Michael Kantor.
confirmed Jan 30, 1997 · 95–2
Rodney E. Slater, of Arkansas, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Federico Pena.
confirmed Feb 6, 1997 · 98–0
Federico Pena, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Hazel Rollins O'Leary, retired.
confirmed Mar 12, 1997 · 99–1
Alexis M. Herman, of Alabama, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Robert B. Reich.
confirmed Apr 30, 1997 · 85–13
Bill Richardson, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Federico Pena, resigned.
confirmed Jul 31, 1998
Lawrence H. Summers, of Maryland, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Robert E. Rubin.
confirmed Jul 1, 1999 · 97–2
Norman Y. Mineta, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice William M. Daley.
confirmed Jul 20, 2000
Roderick R. Paige, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Colin Luther Powell, of Virginia, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Paul Henry O'Neill, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Donald Henry Rumsfeld, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Donald Louis Evans, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Spencer Abraham, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Ann Margaret Veneman, of California, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., of Indiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Anthony Joseph Principi, of California, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Melquiades Rafael Martinez, of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Tommy G. Thompson, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 24, 2001 · 100–0
Elaine Lan Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 29, 2001
Gale Ann Norton, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 75–24
Christine Todd Whitman, of New Jersey, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 99–0
John Ashcroft, of Missouri, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 1, 2001 · 58–42
Thomas J. Ridge, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Homeland Security. (New Position)
confirmed Jan 22, 2003 · 94–0
Condoleezza Rice, of California, to be Secretary of State, vice Colin Luther Powell, resigned.
confirmed Jan 26, 2005 · 85–13
Alberto R. Gonzales, of Texas, to be Attorney General, vice John Ashcroft, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 2005 · 60–36
Michael Chertoff, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Thomas J. Ridge, resigned.
confirmed Feb 15, 2005 · 98–0
John D. Negroponte, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence. (New Position)
confirmed Apr 21, 2005 · 98–2
John G. Roberts, Jr., of Maryland, to be Chief Justice of the United States, vice William H. Rehnquist, deceased.
confirmed Sep 29, 2005 · 78–22
Robert M. Gates, of Texas, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Donald Henry Rumsfeld, resigned.
confirmed Dec 6, 2006 · 95–2
Jim Nussle, of Iowa, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Robert J. Portman.
confirmed Sep 4, 2007 · 69–24
Michael B. Mukasey, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Alberto R. Gonzales, resigned.
confirmed Nov 8, 2007 · 53–40
Janet Ann Napolitano, of Arizona, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Kenneth Lee Salazar, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Eric K. Shinseki, of Hawaii, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Arne Duncan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Steven Chu, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Hillary Rodham Clinton, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 2009 · 94–2
Ray LaHood, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Timothy F. Geithner, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 26, 2009 · 60–34
Eric H. Holder, Jr., of the District of Columbia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 2, 2009 · 75–21
Hilda L. Solis, of California, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 24, 2009 · 80–17
Gary Locke, of Washington, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 24, 2009
Kathleen Sebelius, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Apr 28, 2009 · 65–31
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Robert M. Gates.
confirmed Jun 21, 2011 · 100–0
David H. Petraeus, of New Hampshire, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Jun 30, 2011 · 94–0
John Edgar Bryson, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Gary Locke.
confirmed Oct 20, 2011 · 74–26
John Forbes Kerry, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of State, vice Hillary Rodham Clinton.
confirmed Jan 29, 2013 · 94–3
Charles Timothy Hagel, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Feb 26, 2013 · 58–41
Jacob J. Lew, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Timothy F. Geithner.
confirmed Feb 27, 2013 · 71–26
John Owen Brennan, of Virginia, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice David H. Petraeus, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 2013 · 63–34
Sarah Jewell, of Washington, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Kenneth Lee Salazar.
confirmed Apr 10, 2013 · 87–11
Ernest J. Moniz, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Steven Chu.
confirmed May 16, 2013 · 97–0
Penny Pritzker, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice John Edgar Bryson, resigned.
confirmed Jun 25, 2013 · 97–1
Anthony Renard Foxx, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Ray LaHood.
confirmed Jun 27, 2013 · 100–0
Thomas Edward Perez, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Hilda L. Solis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 18, 2013 · 54–46
Jeh Charles Johnson, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Janet Ann Napolitano, resigned.
confirmed Dec 16, 2013 · 78–16
Sylvia Mathews Burwell, of West Virginia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Kathleen Sebelius.
confirmed Jun 5, 2014 · 78–17
Julian Castro, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, vice Shaun L. S. Donovan.
confirmed Jul 9, 2014 · 71–26
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Sylvia Mathews Burwell.
confirmed Jul 10, 2014 · 75–22
Robert Alan McDonald, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice Eric K. Shinseki, resigned.
confirmed Jul 29, 2014 · 97–0
Ashton B. Carter, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Charles Timothy Hagel.
confirmed Feb 12, 2015 · 93–5
Loretta E. Lynch, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Eric H. Holder, Jr.
confirmed Apr 23, 2015 · 56–43
John B. King, of New York, to be Secretary of Education, vice Arne Duncan.
confirmed Mar 14, 2016 · 49–40
John F. Kelly, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 88–11
James Mattis, of Washington, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 98–1
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice John Owen Brennan.
confirmed Jan 23, 2017 · 66–32
Elaine L. Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 2017 · 93–6
Rex W. Tillerson, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Feb 1, 2017 · 55–43
Jeff Sessions, of Alabama, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 8, 2017 · 52–47
Thomas Price, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 10, 2017 · 52–47
David J. Shulkin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 100–0
Steven T. Mnuchin, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 53–47
Scott Pruitt, of Oklahoma, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 17, 2017 · 52–46
Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 2017 · 72–27
Ryan Zinke, of Montana, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 1, 2017 · 68–31
Benjamin S. Carson, Sr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 58–41
James Richard Perry, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 62–37
Daniel Coats, of Indiana, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice James R. Clapper, Jr.
confirmed Mar 15, 2017 · 85–12
Sonny Perdue, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Apr 24, 2017 · 87–11
R. Alexander Acosta, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 27, 2017 · 60–38
Kirstjen Nielsen, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice John F. Kelly, resigned.
confirmed Dec 5, 2017 · 62–37
Alex Michael Azar II, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Thomas Price, resigned.
confirmed Jan 24, 2018 · 55–43
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Secretary of State, vice Rex W. Tillerson.
confirmed Apr 26, 2018 · 57–42
Gina Haspel, of Kentucky, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Mike Pompeo.
confirmed May 17, 2018 · 54–45
Robert L. Wilkie, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice David J. Shulkin.
confirmed Jul 23, 2018 · 86–9
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General, vice Jeff Sessions, resigned.
confirmed Feb 14, 2019 · 54–45
Andrew Wheeler, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice Scott Pruitt.
confirmed Feb 28, 2019 · 52–47
David Bernhardt, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Ryan Zinke.
confirmed Apr 11, 2019 · 56–41
Mark T. Esper, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense, vice James Mattis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 23, 2019 · 90–8
Eugene Scalia, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Labor, vice R. Alexander Acosta, resigned.
confirmed Sep 26, 2019 · 53–44
Dan R. Brouillette, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy, vice James Richard Perry, resigning.
confirmed Dec 2, 2019 · 70–15
Jovita Carranza, of Illinois, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Linda E. McMahon.
confirmed Jan 7, 2020 · 88–5
John L. Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Daniel Coats, resigned.
confirmed May 21, 2020 · 49–44
Russell Vought, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Mick Mulvaney.
confirmed Jul 20, 2020 · 51–45
Avril Danica Haines, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Jan 20, 2021 · 84–10
Lloyd James Austin, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 22, 2021 · 93–2
Janet Louise Yellen, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 25, 2021 · 84–15
Antony John Blinken, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 26, 2021 · 78–22
Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 86–13
Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 56–43
Denis Richard McDonough, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 8, 2021 · 87–7
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 23, 2021 · 92–7
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 25, 2021 · 64–35
Miguel A. Cardona, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 1, 2021 · 64–33
Gina Marie Raimondo, of Rhode Island, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 2, 2021 · 84–15
Merrick Brian Garland, of Maryland, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 70–30
Marcia Louise Fudge, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 66–34
Debra Anne Haaland, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 15, 2021 · 51–40
Isabella Casillas Guzman, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Mar 16, 2021 · 81–17
Xavier Becerra, of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 18, 2021 · 50–49
Martin Joseph Walsh, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 22, 2021 · 68–29
Shalanda D. Young, of Louisiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Russell Vought.
confirmed Mar 15, 2022 · 61–36
Marco Rubio, of Florida, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2025 · 99–0
John Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
confirmed Jan 23, 2025 · 74–25
Peter Hegseth, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 24, 2025 · 51–50
Kristi Noem, of South Dakota, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 25, 2025 · 59–34
Scott Bessent, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 27, 2025 · 68–29
Sean Duffy, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 28, 2025 · 77–22
Lee Zeldin, of New York, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 29, 2025 · 56–42
Douglas Burgum, of North Dakota, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2025 · 80–17
Christopher Wright, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 3, 2025 · 59–38
Pamela Bondi, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 54–46
Douglas Collins, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 77–23
Eric Turner, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 5, 2025 · 55–44
Tulsi Gabbard, of Hawaii, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Feb 12, 2025 · 52–48
Brooke Rollins, of Texas, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 72–28
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 52–48
Howard Lutnick, of New York, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 18, 2025 · 51–45
Kelly Loeffler, of Georgia, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Feb 19, 2025 · 52–46
Linda McMahon, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 3, 2025 · 51–45
Lori Chavez-DeRemer, of Oregon, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 10, 2025 · 67–32
Markwayne Mullin, of Oklahoma, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Kristi Noem.
confirmed Mar 23, 2026 · 54–45
Walter Clayton, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Tulsi Gabbard.
confirmed Jul 28, 2026 · 51–47
Todd Blanche, of Florida, to be Attorney General, vice Pamela Bondi.
confirmed Aug 8, 2026 · 50–49
Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Lori Chavez-DeRemer, resigned.
confirmed Sep 30, 2026 · 47–41
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair. Records start with the 97th Congress (1981).
executive/agenciesFederal agencies+532−125Wikidata ↗
6 → 425 tracked organizations · 1 → 16 executive departments
United States Department of State department
established Jul 27, 1789 · executive department of the U.S. federal government
United States Department of the Treasury department
established Sep 2, 1789 · United States federal executive department
United States Post Office Department department
established Feb 20, 1792 · former US federal department (1872–1971)
United States Department of the Navy department
established Apr 30, 1798 · military department within the Department of Defense of the United States of America
United States Department of the Interior department
established Mar 3, 1849 · U.S. federal executive department
United States Department of Agriculture department
established May 15, 1862 · department of the US government
United States Department of Justice department
established Jul 1, 1870 · United States federal executive department
United States Department of Commerce and Labor department
established Feb 14, 1903 · former executive department of the United States government; split into two departments in 1913
United States Department of Commerce department
established Mar 4, 1913 · U.S. federal executive department overseeing commerce
United States Department of Labor department
established Mar 4, 1913 · U.S. federal department that regulates workers' rights and labor markets
Show 647 more
National Military Establishment department
established Sep 18, 1947 · United States federal department which later became the Department of Defense
United States Department of Defense department
established Aug 10, 1949 · executive department of the United States federal government
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare department
established Apr 11, 1953 · defunct United States federal executive department
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development department
established Sep 9, 1965 · cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government
United States Department of Transportation department
established Oct 15, 1966 · U.S. federal executive department overseeing highways, railroads, aviation, transit, and other modes of transportation
United States Department of Energy department
established Aug 4, 1977 · cabinet-level department of the United States government
United States Department of Education department
established Oct 17, 1979 · U.S. federal government department concerning education
United States Department of Health and Human Services department
established May 4, 1980 · United States federal executive department
United States Department of Veterans Affairs department
established Mar 15, 1989 · department of the United States government
United States Department of Homeland Security department
established Nov 25, 2002 · United States federal executive department
United States Commission of Fine Arts
established May 17, 1910 · independent agency of the United States with review authority over Washington, D.C. design and aesthetics
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
established Dec 23, 1913 · governing body of the U.S. Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve System
established Dec 23, 1913 · central banking system of the United States
Federal Trade Commission
established Jan 1, 1914 · United States federal government agency
United States International Trade Commission
established Jan 1, 1916 · government agency
Selective Service System
established Jan 1, 1917 · US federal government agency that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription
Committee on Public Information
established Jan 1, 1917 · former independent agency of the government of the United States
American Battle Monuments Commission
established Jan 1, 1923 · United States independent agency
United States Tax Court
established Jan 1, 1924 · federal trial court of record established by Congress under §8, Article I of the U.S. Constitution; adjudicates disputes over federal income tax, generally prior to the time at which formal tax assessments are made by the Internal Revenue Service
National Capital Planning Commission
established Jun 6, 1924 · United States federal government's planning agency for the National Capital Region
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
established Jan 22, 1932 · former American independent agency
Farm Credit Administration
established Mar 27, 1933 · US federal government independent agency regulating farm loans
Emergency Conservation Work
established Apr 5, 1933 · United States government program and predecessor to the Civilian Conservation Corps
Civilian Conservation Corps
established Apr 5, 1933 · United States federal government public work relief program part of the New Deal
Tennessee Valley Authority
established May 18, 1933 · federally-owned electric utility corporation in the United States
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
established Jun 16, 1933 · US government agency providing deposit insurance
National Mediation Board
established Jan 1, 1934 · labor relations in U.S. rail and air industries
Export-Import Bank of the United States
established Feb 2, 1934 · American public bank
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
established Jun 6, 1934 · U.S. federal agency that enforces securities laws and regulates securities markets and major market participants (public companies, brokers, exchanges, and asset managers)
Federal Communications Commission
established Jun 19, 1934 · independent U.S. government agency
National Archives and Records Administration
established Jun 19, 1934 · United States government agency
Resettlement Administration
established May 1, 1935 · New Deal agency relocated urban and rural families to United States federal government planned communities
Works Progress Administration
established May 6, 1935 · United States government New Deal agency (1935–1939) employing millions of unemployed people to carry out public works projects
National Labor Relations Board
established Jul 5, 1935 · independent agency of the United States Government
Social Security Administration
established Aug 14, 1935 · independent agency of the U.S. federal government
U.S. AbilityOne Commission
established Jan 1, 1938 · United States independent federal government agency
Maritime Labor Board
established Jan 1, 1938
Federal Security Agency
established Jul 1, 1939 · United States government agency from 1939 to 1953
Council of Economic Advisers
established Jan 1, 1946 · U.S. presidential advisory committee on economic policy
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
established Jun 23, 1947 · independent agency of the United States government
Central Intelligence Agency
established Sep 18, 1947 · national foreign intelligence agency of the United States
General Services Administration
established Jul 1, 1949 · US government agency, formed 1949
National Science Foundation
established May 10, 1950 · United States government agency
Federal Renegotiation Board
established May 22, 1951 · former independent agency of the United States executive branch
Small Business Administration
established Jul 30, 1953 · United States government agency that supports entrepreneurs and small businesses
United States Information Agency
established Aug 1, 1953 · former United States government agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
established Jul 29, 1958 · American space and aeronautics agency
National Capital Transportation Agency
established Jul 14, 1960 · agency created in 1960 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to comprehensively plan different modes of transportation in the Washington, D.C. area
Federal Maritime Commission
established Jan 1, 1961 · regulatory agency of the United States federal government
United States Agency for International Development
established Jan 1, 1961 · US government civilian foreign aid agency
Space Nuclear Propulsion Office
established Jan 1, 1961 · agency researching nuclear rockets
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
established Sep 26, 1961 · independent agency
Administrative Conference of the United States
established Jan 1, 1964 · independent agency of the United States government dedicated to improving federal agency administrative processes and procedures
Appalachian Regional Commission
established Jan 1, 1965 · United States independent federal agency that works for sustainable community and economic development in Appalachia
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
established Jan 1, 1965 · American government agency
National Endowment for the Arts
established Jan 1, 1965 · independent agency of the United States federal government
National Endowment for the Humanities
established Sep 29, 1965 · independent federal agency of the United States government
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
established Jan 1, 1966 · United States federal agency that encourages the preservation of historic properties across the nation
National Transportation Safety Board
established Apr 1, 1967 · United States government investigative agency for civil transportation accidents
Postal Regulatory Commission
established Jan 1, 1970 · US regulatory agency
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
established Jan 1, 1970 · U.S. government agency
National Credit Union Administration
established Mar 10, 1970 · independent federal agency of United States
United States Environmental Protection Agency
established Dec 2, 1970 · U.S. federal government agency
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
established Jan 1, 1971 · government agency of the United States of America
United States Postal Service
established Jul 1, 1971 · independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for providing postal service
Inter-American Foundation
established Jan 1, 1972 · independent agency of the United States government that funds community-led development in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Marine Mammal Commission
established Jan 1, 1972 · government organization in Bethesda, United States
United States Consumer Product Safety Commission
established Jan 1, 1972 · United States government agency
United States Access Board
established Jan 1, 1973 · United States government agency devoted to accessibility for people with disabilities
Energy Research and Development Administration
established Oct 11, 1974 · predecessor to the United States Department of Energy
Federal Election Commission
established Oct 15, 1974 · United States independent regulatory agency that regulates federal elections
Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation
established Dec 22, 1974 · US government independent agency
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
established Jan 19, 1975 · government agency of the United States
United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission
established Apr 15, 1975 · government agency
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
established Jan 1, 1976 · independent agency of the United States government
Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission
established Jan 1, 1977 · independent Federal government agency in the USA
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
established Oct 1, 1977 · independent agency of the United States federal government
Federal Labor Relations Authority
established Jan 1, 1978 · U.S. government agency
United States Merit Systems Protection Board
established Jan 1, 1979 · United States agency
United States Office of Special Counsel
established Jan 1, 1979 · Independent investigative and prosecutorial body of the United States federal government.
United States African Development Foundation
established Jan 1, 1980 · independent agency of the United States that provides grants to community groups and small enterprises that benefit under-served and marginalized groups in Africa
United States Arctic Research Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · United States independent federal agency that develops and recommends a national Arctic research policy
United States Sentencing Commission
established Jan 1, 1984 · independent agency of the U.S. federal judiciary which determines sentencing guidelines
Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship
established Jan 1, 1986 · American merit-based scholarship awarded to prospective scientists
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board
established Jan 1, 1986 · Independent agency of the US government
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1986 · foundation established by United States Congress in 1986
United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
established Jan 1, 1987 · U.S. independent federal agency
Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · nonprofit organization in Arlington, United States
Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation
established Jan 1, 1992 · Memorial U.S. indepedent executive branch
United States Trade and Development Agency
established Jan 1, 1992 · government agency
AmeriCorps
established Jan 1, 1993 · independent agency of the United States federal government
AmeriCorps Seniors
established Jan 1, 1993 · United States federal network of volunteer programs for Americans 55 years and older
Surface Transportation Board
established Jan 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States federal government
Institute of Museum and Library Services
established Oct 1, 1996 · independent agency of the United States government, supporting libraries and museums
Denali Commission
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent agency of the United States government
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent U.S. federal agency charged with investigating industrial chemical accidents
U.S. Agency for Global Media
established Oct 1, 1999 · independent agency of the United States government that broadcasts news and information about the United States and the world to audiences abroad
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
established Oct 25, 1999
Delta Regional Authority
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency of the United States federal government
United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission
established Oct 1, 2000 · independent agency of the United States government
Election Assistance Commission
established Jan 1, 2002 · independent agency of the United States government
Millennium Challenge Corporation
established Jan 1, 2004 · government agency
Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
established Oct 13, 2004
Federal Housing Finance Agency
established Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. federal agency
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
established Jul 21, 2011 · agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector
National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service
established Sep 19, 2017
United States International Development Finance Corporation
established Dec 20, 2019 · an executive agency of the US federal government responsible for providing foreign aid
White House Office
established Jan 1, 1857 · entity within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP)
National Labor Board
established Aug 5, 1933 · independent agency of the United States Government
Executive Office of the President of the United States
established Jan 1, 1939 · U.S. federal government office of the president of the United States
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
executive/regulationsFederal regulations+119,835Federal Register API ↗
119,835 final rules published in the Federal Register
from Jan 1, 1994
9,497 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866
major economic or policy impact
76,891 proposed rules · 767,703 notices
Loading which agencies published the most rules…
Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.
Military
military/conflictsArmed conflictsU.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 7
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
began Aug 8, 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: al-Shabaab
began 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Iran–Israel conflict
began 2020 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Israel
Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
began Feb 3, 2024 · U.S. a principal party · against Ansarallah (the Houthis)
Syria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Nigeria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: Islamic State
began Feb 1, 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
27 conflicts began and ended in between
Korean War
Jun 27, 1950 – Jul 27, 1953 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against South Korea
Puerto Rican Nationalist uprising
Oct 30, 1950 – Nov 1, 1950 · U.S. a principal party · against Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
Taiwan Strait crisis
Dec 31, 1954 – Dec 31, 1954 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Taiwan
Taiwan Strait crisis
Dec 31, 1958 – Dec 31, 1958 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Taiwan
Bay of Pigs invasion
Apr 17, 1961 – Apr 20, 1961 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Cuban Revolutionary Council
Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
1962 – Dec 31, 1964 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against FNL
Laotian Civil War
Dec 31, 1963 – Sep 14, 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Pathet Lao
Vietnam War
Dec 31, 1965 – Mar 29, 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against North Vietnam
Cambodian Civil War
1970 – 1973 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against KR
Lebanese Civil War (Multinational Force)
1983 – 1984 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Amal, NSF
Invasion of Grenada
Oct 25, 1983 – Oct 27, 1983 · U.S. a principal party · against Grenada
Invasion of Panama
Dec 23, 1989 – Dec 23, 1989 · U.S. a principal party · against Panama
Gulf War
Jan 17, 1991 – Mar 1, 1991 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Kuwait
Kosovo War
Mar 24, 1999 – Nov 21, 1999 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against UCK
War against al-Qaida
Sep 11, 2001 – Dec 4, 2017 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Invasion of Afghanistan
Oct 7, 2001 – Nov 13, 2001 · U.S. a principal party · against Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
2003 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against the Taliban
Invasion of Iraq
Mar 23, 2003 – Apr 28, 2003 · U.S. a principal party · against Iraq
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
Jan 18, 2004 – Dec 18, 2011 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansar al-Islam, IS
Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
2009 – 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansarallah, AQAP
Afghanistan: Islamic State
Mar 3, 2015 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Libya: Islamic State
2016 – Sep 29, 2019 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Niger: Islamic State
2017 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Kenya: al-Shabaab
2019 – 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Somalia: Islamic State
Jun 4, 2019 – Dec 19, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
War against al-Qaida
Jul 31, 2019 – Sep 7, 2019 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Niger: JNIM
Dec 9, 2021 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against JNIM
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded. UCDP data runs through 2025, so "active" on later dates means active at the end of 2025.
military/authorizationsDeclarations of war & authorizationsDeclaration of war on the United Kingdom
Jun 18, 1812 · War of 1812.
Declaration of war on Mexico
May 13, 1846 · Mexican–American War.
Declaration of war on Spain
Apr 25, 1898 · Spanish–American War.
Declaration of war on Germany
Apr 6, 1917 · World War I.
Declaration of war on Austria-Hungary
Dec 7, 1917 · World War I.
Declaration of war on Japan
Dec 8, 1941 · World War II.
Declarations of war on Germany and Italy
Dec 11, 1941 · World War II.
Declarations of war on Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania
Jun 5, 1942 · World War II.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Aug 10, 1964 · Authorized military force in Southeast Asia (Pub. L. 88-408).
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution repealed
Jan 12, 1971 · Repealed by Pub. L. 91-672.
War Powers Resolution
Nov 7, 1973 · Congress overrode a veto to require the President to notify Congress of deployments and end them within 60 days without authorization.
Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution
Oct 12, 1983 · Authorized U.S. participation in the Multinational Force in Lebanon (Pub. L. 98-119).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq
Jan 14, 1991 · Authorized the Gulf War (Pub. L. 102-1).
Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)
Sep 18, 2001 · Authorized force against those responsible for the September 11 attacks (Pub. L. 107-40).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq (2002)
Oct 16, 2002 · Authorized the Iraq War (Pub. L. 107-243).
Legislative
legislative/controlControl of CongressTop: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublicanOther
1st Congress → 119th Congress · 118 new Congresses elected
68 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Republican majority on both dates
29 U · 11 F → 219 R · 214 D
Senate: Pro-Administration majority
14 PA · 6 AA
Senate: Republican majority
53 R · 47 D
legislative/senateSenate+100−24congress-legislators ↗
100 new members · 24 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 0 → 27 · median age 48 → 66
24 seats changed party
Paine Wingate AA
New Hampshire
Jeanne Shaheen D
New Hampshire
Richard Henry Lee AA
Virginia
Mark R. Warner D
Virginia
Richard Bassett AA
Delaware
Christopher A. Coons D
Delaware
Caleb Strong PA
Massachusetts
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts
Show 20 more seat flips
William Paterson PA
New Jersey
Cory A. Booker D
New Jersey
Samuel Johnston PA
North Carolina
Thom Tillis R
North Carolina
William Few AA
Georgia
Jon Ossoff D
Georgia
William Samuel Johnson PA
Connecticut
Richard Blumenthal D
Connecticut
Rufus King F
New York
Charles E. Schumer D
New York
Ralph Izard PA
South Carolina
Tim Scott R
South Carolina
John Henry PA
Maryland
Chris Van Hollen D
Maryland
John Langdon DR
New Hampshire
Margaret Wood Hassan D
New Hampshire
Benjamin Hawkins PA
North Carolina
Ted Budd R
North Carolina
James Gunn F
Georgia
Raphael G. Warnock D
Georgia
Robert Morris PA
Pennsylvania
John Fetterman D
Pennsylvania
Philip John Schuyler PA
New York
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D
New York
Oliver Ellsworth PA
Connecticut
Christopher Murphy D
Connecticut
Tristram Dalton PA
Massachusetts
Elizabeth Warren D
Massachusetts
William Grayson AA
Virginia
Tim Kaine D
Virginia
George Read PA
Delaware
Lisa Blunt Rochester D
Delaware
Jonathan Elmer PA
New Jersey
Andy Kim D
New Jersey
Charles Carroll PA
Maryland
Angela D. Alsobrooks D
Maryland
William Maclay AA
Pennsylvania
David McCormick R
Pennsylvania
Pierce Butler DR
South Carolina
Darline Graham R
South Carolina
Who joined and who left (100 in · 24 out)
Dan Sullivan R
Alaska
Lisa Murkowski R
Alaska
Tommy Tuberville R
Alabama
Katie Boyd Britt R
Alabama
Tom Cotton R
Arkansas
John Boozman R
Arkansas
Mark Kelly D
Arizona
Ruben Gallego D
Arizona
Alex Padilla D
California
Adam B. Schiff D
California
John W. Hickenlooper D
Colorado
Michael F. Bennet D
Colorado
Richard Blumenthal D
Connecticut
Christopher Murphy D
Connecticut
Christopher A. Coons D
Delaware
Lisa Blunt Rochester D
Delaware
Rick Scott R
Florida
Ashley Moody R
Florida
Jon Ossoff D
Georgia
Raphael G. Warnock D
Georgia
Brian Schatz D
Hawaii
Mazie K. Hirono D
Hawaii
Joni Ernst R
Iowa
Chuck Grassley R
Iowa
James E. Risch R
Idaho
Mike Crapo R
Idaho
Richard J. Durbin D
Illinois
Tammy Duckworth D
Illinois
Todd Young R
Indiana
Jim Banks R
Indiana
Roger Marshall R
Kansas
Jerry Moran R
Kansas
Mitch McConnell R
Kentucky
Rand Paul R
Kentucky
Bill Cassidy R
Louisiana
John Kennedy R
Louisiana
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts
Elizabeth Warren D
Massachusetts
Chris Van Hollen D
Maryland
Angela D. Alsobrooks D
Maryland
Susan M. Collins R
Maine
Angus S. King, Jr. I
Maine
Gary C. Peters D
Michigan
Elissa Slotkin D
Michigan
Tina Smith D
Minnesota
Amy Klobuchar D
Minnesota
Eric Schmitt R
Missouri
Josh Hawley R
Missouri
Cindy Hyde-Smith R
Mississippi
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi
Steve Daines R
Montana
Tim Sheehy R
Montana
Thom Tillis R
North Carolina
Ted Budd R
North Carolina
John Hoeven R
North Dakota
Kevin Cramer R
North Dakota
Pete Ricketts R
Nebraska
Deb Fischer R
Nebraska
Jeanne Shaheen D
New Hampshire
Margaret Wood Hassan D
New Hampshire
Cory A. Booker D
New Jersey
Andy Kim D
New Jersey
Ben Ray Luján D
New Mexico
Martin Heinrich D
New Mexico
Catherine Cortez Masto D
Nevada
Jacky Rosen D
Nevada
Charles E. Schumer D
New York
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D
New York
Bernie Moreno R
Ohio
Jon Husted R
Ohio
James Lankford R
Oklahoma
Alan Armstrong R
Oklahoma
Jeff Merkley D
Oregon
Ron Wyden D
Oregon
John Fetterman D
Pennsylvania
David McCormick R
Pennsylvania
Jack Reed D
Rhode Island
Sheldon Whitehouse D
Rhode Island
Tim Scott R
South Carolina
Darline Graham R
South Carolina
Mike Rounds R
South Dakota
John Thune R
South Dakota
Bill Hagerty R
Tennessee
Marsha Blackburn R
Tennessee
John Cornyn R
Texas
Ted Cruz R
Texas
Mike Lee R
Utah
John R. Curtis R
Utah
Mark R. Warner D
Virginia
Tim Kaine D
Virginia
Peter Welch D
Vermont
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont
Patty Murray D
Washington
Maria Cantwell D
Washington
Ron Johnson R
Wisconsin
Tammy Baldwin D
Wisconsin
Shelley Moore Capito R
West Virginia
James C. Justice R
West Virginia
Cynthia M. Lummis R
Wyoming
John Barrasso R
Wyoming
Oliver Ellsworth PA
Connecticut
William Samuel Johnson PA
Connecticut
George Read PA
Delaware
Richard Bassett AA
Delaware
William Few AA
Georgia
James Gunn F
Georgia
Tristram Dalton PA
Massachusetts
Caleb Strong PA
Massachusetts
Charles Carroll PA
Maryland
John Henry PA
Maryland
Samuel Johnston PA
North Carolina
Benjamin Hawkins PA
North Carolina
Paine Wingate AA
New Hampshire
John Langdon DR
New Hampshire
Jonathan Elmer PA
New Jersey
William Paterson PA
New Jersey
Philip John Schuyler PA
New York
Rufus King F
New York
William Maclay AA
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris PA
Pennsylvania
Pierce Butler DR
South Carolina
Ralph Izard PA
South Carolina
William Grayson AA
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee AA
Virginia
legislative/houseHouse+433−49congress-legislators ↗
433 new members · 49 departed · 0 served on both dates · women 0 → 125 · median age 44 → 59
50 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Alaska 0 D · 0 R
Alaska 0 D · 1 R
Alabama 0 D · 0 R
Alabama 2 D · 5 R
Arkansas 0 D · 0 R
Arkansas 0 D · 4 R
Arizona 0 D · 0 R
Arizona 3 D · 6 R
California 0 D · 0 R
California 43 D · 9 R
Colorado 0 D · 0 R
Colorado 4 D · 4 R
Connecticut 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Connecticut 5 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Florida 0 D · 0 R
Florida 7 D · 20 R
Georgia 0 D · 1 R · 2 other
Georgia 5 D · 9 R
Hawaii 0 D · 0 R
Hawaii 2 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 0 R
Iowa 0 D · 4 R
Idaho 0 D · 0 R
Idaho 0 D · 2 R
Illinois 0 D · 0 R
Illinois 14 D · 3 R
Indiana 0 D · 0 R
Indiana 2 D · 7 R
Kansas 0 D · 0 R
Kansas 1 D · 3 R
Kentucky 0 D · 0 R
Kentucky 1 D · 5 R
Louisiana 0 D · 0 R
Louisiana 2 D · 4 R
Massachusetts 0 D · 0 R · 8 other
Massachusetts 9 D · 0 R
Maryland 0 D · 0 R · 6 other
Maryland 7 D · 1 R
Maine 0 D · 0 R
Maine 2 D · 0 R
Michigan 0 D · 0 R
Michigan 6 D · 7 R
Minnesota 0 D · 0 R
Minnesota 4 D · 4 R
Missouri 0 D · 0 R
Missouri 2 D · 6 R
Mississippi 0 D · 0 R
Mississippi 1 D · 3 R
Montana 0 D · 0 R
Montana 0 D · 2 R
North Carolina 0 D · 1 R · 4 other
North Carolina 4 D · 10 R
North Dakota 0 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 1 R
Nebraska 0 D · 0 R
Nebraska 0 D · 3 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
New Hampshire 2 D · 0 R
New Jersey 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
New Jersey 9 D · 3 R
New Mexico 0 D · 0 R
New Mexico 3 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 0 R
Nevada 3 D · 1 R
New York 0 D · 1 R · 5 other
New York 19 D · 7 R
Ohio 0 D · 0 R
Ohio 5 D · 10 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 0 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 5 R
Oregon 0 D · 0 R
Oregon 5 D · 1 R
Pennsylvania 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Pennsylvania 7 D · 10 R
Rhode Island 0 D · 0 R · 1 other
Rhode Island 2 D · 0 R
South Carolina 0 D · 0 R · 5 other
South Carolina 1 D · 6 R
South Dakota 0 D · 0 R
South Dakota 0 D · 1 R
Tennessee 0 D · 0 R
Tennessee 1 D · 8 R
Texas 0 D · 0 R
Texas 13 D · 24 R
Utah 0 D · 0 R
Utah 0 D · 4 R
Virginia 0 D · 3 R · 7 other
Virginia 6 D · 5 R
Vermont 0 D · 0 R
Vermont 1 D · 0 R
Washington 0 D · 0 R
Washington 8 D · 2 R
Wisconsin 0 D · 0 R
Wisconsin 2 D · 6 R
West Virginia 0 D · 0 R
West Virginia 0 D · 2 R
Wyoming 0 D · 0 R
Wyoming 0 D · 1 R
Who joined and who left (433 in · 49 out)
Nicholas J. Begich III R
Alaska-AL
Robert B. Aderholt R
Alabama-4
Mike Rogers R
Alabama-3
Terri A. Sewell D
Alabama-7
Gary J. Palmer R
Alabama-6
Barry Moore R
Alabama-1
Dale W. Strong R
Alabama-5
Shomari Figures D
Alabama-2
Eric A. "Rick" Crawford R
Arkansas-1
Steve Womack R
Arkansas-3
J. French Hill R
Arkansas-2
Bruce Westerman R
Arkansas-4
Paul A. Gosar R
Arizona-9
David Schweikert R
Arizona-1
Andy Biggs R
Arizona-5
Greg Stanton D
Arizona-4
Elijah Crane R
Arizona-2
Juan Ciscomani R
Arizona-6
Yassamin Ansari D
Arizona-3
Abraham J. Hamadeh R
Arizona-8
Adelita S. Grijalva D
Arizona-7
Ken Calvert R
California-41
Judy Chu D
California-28
Jim Costa D
California-21
John Garamendi D
California-8
Zoe Lofgren D
California-18
Doris O. Matsui D
California-7
Tom McClintock R
California-5
Nancy Pelosi D
California-11
Brad Sherman D
California-32
Linda T. Sánchez D
California-38
Mike Thompson D
California-4
Maxine Waters D
California-43
Jared Huffman D
California-2
Ami Bera D
California-6
Julia Brownley D
California-26
Raul Ruiz D
California-25
Mark Takano D
California-39
Juan Vargas D
California-52
Scott H. Peters D
California-50
Mark DeSaulnier D
California-10
Pete Aguilar D
California-33
Ted Lieu D
California-36
Norma J. Torres D
California-35
Ro Khanna D
California-17
Jimmy Panetta D
California-19
Salud O. Carbajal D
California-24
Nanette Diaz Barragán D
California-44
J. Luis Correa D
California-46
Jimmy Gomez D
California-34
Josh Harder D
California-9
Mike Levin D
California-49
Darrell Issa R
California-48
David G. Valadao R
California-22
Jay Obernolte R
California-23
Young Kim R
California-40
Sara Jacobs D
California-51
Kevin Mullin D
California-15
Sydney Kamlager-Dove D
California-37
Robert Garcia D
California-42
Vince Fong R
California-20
Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr. D
California-31
Lateefah Simon D
California-12
Adam Gray D
California-13
Sam T. Liccardo D
California-16
George Whitesides D
California-27
Luz M. Rivas D
California-29
Laura Friedman D
California-30
Derek Tran D
California-45
Dave Min D
California-47
Kevin Kiley I
California-3
James Gallagher R
California-1
Aisha Wahab D
California-14
Diana DeGette D
Colorado-1
Joe Neguse D
Colorado-2
Jason Crow D
Colorado-6
Lauren Boebert R
Colorado-4
Brittany Pettersen D
Colorado-7
Jeff Hurd R
Colorado-3
Jeff Crank R
Colorado-5
Gabe Evans R
Colorado-8
Joe Courtney D
Connecticut-2
Rosa L. DeLauro D
Connecticut-3
James A. Himes D
Connecticut-4
John B. Larson D
Connecticut-1
Jahana Hayes D
Connecticut-5
Sarah McBride D
Delaware-AL
Gus M. Bilirakis R
Florida-12
Vern Buchanan R
Florida-16
Kathy Castor D
Florida-14
Mario Diaz-Balart R
Florida-26
Debbie Wasserman Schultz D
Florida-25
Daniel Webster R
Florida-11
Frederica S. Wilson D
Florida-24
Lois Frankel D
Florida-22
Neal P. Dunn R
Florida-2
John H. Rutherford R
Florida-5
Darren Soto D
Florida-9
Brian J. Mast R
Florida-21
W. Gregory Steube R
Florida-17
Kat Cammack R
Florida-3
Scott Franklin R
Florida-18
Byron Donalds R
Florida-19
Carlos A. Gimenez R
Florida-28
Maria Elvira Salazar R
Florida-27
Aaron Bean R
Florida-4
Cory Mills R
Florida-7
Maxwell Frost D
Florida-10
Anna Paulina Luna R
Florida-13
Laurel M. Lee R
Florida-15
Jared Moskowitz D
Florida-23
Mike Haridopolos R
Florida-8
Jimmy Patronis R
Florida-1
Randy Fine R
Florida-6
Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. D
Georgia-2
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. D
Georgia-4
Austin Scott R
Georgia-8
Earl L. "Buddy" Carter R
Georgia-1
Barry Loudermilk R
Georgia-11
Rick W. Allen R
Georgia-12
Lucy McBath D
Georgia-6
Nikema Williams D
Georgia-5
Andrew S. Clyde R
Georgia-9
Richard McCormick R
Georgia-7
Mike Collins R
Georgia-10
Brian Jack R
Georgia-3
Clay Fuller R
Georgia-14
Everton Blair Jr. D
Georgia-13
Ed Case D
Hawaii-1
Jill N. Tokuda D
Hawaii-2
Ashley Hinson R
Iowa-2
Mariannette Miller-Meeks R
Iowa-1
Randy Feenstra R
Iowa-4
Zachary Nunn R
Iowa-3
Michael K. Simpson R
Idaho-2
Russ Fulcher R
Idaho-1
Danny K. Davis D
Illinois-7
Mike Quigley D
Illinois-5
Janice D. Schakowsky D
Illinois-9
Bill Foster D
Illinois-11
Robin L. Kelly D
Illinois-2
Mike Bost R
Illinois-12
Darin LaHood R
Illinois-16
Bradley Scott Schneider D
Illinois-10
Raja Krishnamoorthi D
Illinois-8
Jesús G. "Chuy" García D
Illinois-4
Sean Casten D
Illinois-6
Lauren Underwood D
Illinois-14
Mary E. Miller R
Illinois-15
Jonathan L. Jackson D
Illinois-1
Delia C. Ramirez D
Illinois-3
Nikki Budzinski D
Illinois-13
Eric Sorensen D
Illinois-17
André Carson D
Indiana-7
James R. Baird R
Indiana-4
Frank J. Mrvan D
Indiana-1
Victoria Spartz R
Indiana-5
Rudy Yakym III R
Indiana-2
Erin Houchin R
Indiana-9
Marlin A. Stutzman R
Indiana-3
Jefferson Shreve R
Indiana-6
Mark B. Messmer R
Indiana-8
Ron Estes R
Kansas-4
Sharice Davids D
Kansas-3
Tracey Mann R
Kansas-1
Derek Schmidt R
Kansas-2
Brett Guthrie R
Kentucky-2
Harold Rogers R
Kentucky-5
Thomas Massie R
Kentucky-4
Andy Barr R
Kentucky-6
James Comer R
Kentucky-1
Morgan McGarvey D
Kentucky-3
Steve Scalise R
Louisiana-1
Clay Higgins R
Louisiana-3
Mike Johnson R
Louisiana-4
Julia Letlow R
Louisiana-5
Troy A. Carter D
Louisiana-2
Cleo Fields D
Louisiana-6
William R. Keating D
Massachusetts-9
Stephen F. Lynch D
Massachusetts-8
James P. McGovern D
Massachusetts-2
Richard E. Neal D
Massachusetts-1
Katherine M. Clark D
Massachusetts-5
Seth Moulton D
Massachusetts-6
Lori Trahan D
Massachusetts-3
Ayanna Pressley D
Massachusetts-7
Jake Auchincloss D
Massachusetts-4
Andy Harris R
Maryland-1
Steny H. Hoyer D
Maryland-5
Jamie Raskin D
Maryland-8
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Glenn Ivey D
Maryland-4
Johnny Olszewski, Jr. D
Maryland-2
Sarah Elfreth D
Maryland-3
April McClain Delaney D
Maryland-6
Chellie Pingree D
Maine-1
Jared F. Golden D
Maine-2
Bill Huizenga R
Michigan-4
Tim Walberg R
Michigan-5
John R. Moolenaar R
Michigan-2
Debbie Dingell D
Michigan-6
Jack Bergman R
Michigan-1
Haley M. Stevens D
Michigan-11
Rashida Tlaib D
Michigan-12
Lisa C. McClain R
Michigan-9
Hillary J. Scholten D
Michigan-3
John James R
Michigan-10
Shri Thanedar D
Michigan-13
Tom Barrett R
Michigan-7
Kristen McDonald Rivet D
Michigan-8
Betty McCollum D
Minnesota-4
Tom Emmer R
Minnesota-6
Angie Craig D
Minnesota-2
Ilhan Omar D
Minnesota-5
Pete Stauber R
Minnesota-8
Michelle Fischbach R
Minnesota-7
Brad Finstad R
Minnesota-1
Kelly Morrison D
Minnesota-3
Emanuel Cleaver D
Missouri-5
Sam Graves R
Missouri-6
Ann Wagner R
Missouri-2
Jason Smith R
Missouri-8
Mark Alford R
Missouri-4
Eric Burlison R
Missouri-7
Wesley Bell D
Missouri-1
Robert F. Onder, Jr. R
Missouri-3
Bennie G. Thompson D
Mississippi-2
Trent Kelly R
Mississippi-1
Michael Guest R
Mississippi-3
Mike Ezell R
Mississippi-4
Ryan K. Zinke R
Montana-1
Troy Downing R
Montana-2
Virginia Foxx R
North Carolina-5
Richard Hudson R
North Carolina-9
Alma S. Adams D
North Carolina-12
David Rouzer R
North Carolina-7
Gregory F. Murphy R
North Carolina-3
Deborah K. Ross D
North Carolina-2
Donald G. Davis D
North Carolina-1
Valerie P. Foushee D
North Carolina-4
Chuck Edwards R
North Carolina-11
Addison P. McDowell R
North Carolina-6
Mark Harris R
North Carolina-8
Pat Harrigan R
North Carolina-10
Brad Knott R
North Carolina-13
Tim Moore R
North Carolina-14
Julie Fedorchak R
North Dakota-AL
Adrian Smith R
Nebraska-3
Don Bacon R
Nebraska-2
Mike Flood R
Nebraska-1
Chris Pappas D
New Hampshire-1
Maggie Goodlander D
New Hampshire-2
Frank Pallone, Jr. D
New Jersey-6
Christopher H. Smith R
New Jersey-4
Donald Norcross D
New Jersey-1
Bonnie Watson Coleman D
New Jersey-12
Josh Gottheimer D
New Jersey-5
Jefferson Van Drew R
New Jersey-2
Thomas H. Kean, Jr. R
New Jersey-7
Robert Menendez D
New Jersey-8
LaMonica McIver D
New Jersey-10
Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. D
New Jersey-3
Nellie Pou D
New Jersey-9
Analilia Mejia D
New Jersey-11
Teresa Leger Fernandez D
New Mexico-3
Melanie A. Stansbury D
New Mexico-1
Gabe Vasquez D
New Mexico-2
Mark E. Amodei R
Nevada-2
Dina Titus D
Nevada-1
Steven Horsford D
Nevada-4
Susie Lee D
Nevada-3
Yvette D. Clarke D
New York-9
Gregory W. Meeks D
New York-5
Jerrold Nadler D
New York-12
Paul Tonko D
New York-20
Nydia M. Velázquez D
New York-7
Grace Meng D
New York-6
Hakeem S. Jeffries D
New York-8
Elise M. Stefanik R
New York-21
Adriano Espaillat D
New York-13
Joseph D. Morelle D
New York-25
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D
New York-14
Andrew R. Garbarino R
New York-2
Nicole Malliotakis R
New York-11
Ritchie Torres D
New York-15
Claudia Tenney R
New York-24
Patrick Ryan D
New York-18
Nick LaLota R
New York-1
Daniel S. Goldman D
New York-10
Michael Lawler R
New York-17
Nicholas A. Langworthy R
New York-23
Thomas R. Suozzi D
New York-3
Timothy M. Kennedy D
New York-26
Laura Gillen D
New York-4
George Latimer D
New York-16
Josh Riley D
New York-19
John W. Mannion D
New York-22
Jim Jordan R
Ohio-4
Marcy Kaptur D
Ohio-9
Robert E. Latta R
Ohio-5
Michael R. Turner R
Ohio-10
Joyce Beatty D
Ohio-3
David P. Joyce R
Ohio-14
Warren Davidson R
Ohio-8
Troy Balderson R
Ohio-12
Shontel M. Brown D
Ohio-11
Mike Carey R
Ohio-15
Greg Landsman D
Ohio-1
Max L. Miller R
Ohio-7
Emilia Strong Sykes D
Ohio-13
Michael A. Rulli R
Ohio-6
David J. Taylor R
Ohio-2
Tom Cole R
Oklahoma-4
Frank D. Lucas R
Oklahoma-3
Kevin Hern R
Oklahoma-1
Stephanie I. Bice R
Oklahoma-5
Josh Brecheen R
Oklahoma-2
Suzanne Bonamici D
Oregon-1
Cliff Bentz R
Oregon-2
Val T. Hoyle D
Oregon-4
Andrea Salinas D
Oregon-6
Maxine Dexter D
Oregon-3
Janelle S. Bynum D
Oregon-5
Mike Kelly R
Pennsylvania-16
Glenn Thompson R
Pennsylvania-15
Scott Perry R
Pennsylvania-10
Brendan F. Boyle D
Pennsylvania-2
Dwight Evans D
Pennsylvania-3
Brian K. Fitzpatrick R
Pennsylvania-1
Lloyd Smucker R
Pennsylvania-11
Mary Gay Scanlon D
Pennsylvania-5
Madeleine Dean D
Pennsylvania-4
Chrissy Houlahan D
Pennsylvania-6
Daniel Meuser R
Pennsylvania-9
John Joyce R
Pennsylvania-13
Guy Reschenthaler R
Pennsylvania-14
Summer L. Lee D
Pennsylvania-12
Christopher R. Deluzio D
Pennsylvania-17
Ryan Mackenzie R
Pennsylvania-7
Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. R
Pennsylvania-8
Seth Magaziner D
Rhode Island-2
Gabe Amo D
Rhode Island-1
James E. Clyburn D
South Carolina-6
Joe Wilson R
South Carolina-2
Ralph Norman R
South Carolina-5
William R. Timmons IV R
South Carolina-4
Nancy Mace R
South Carolina-1
Russell Fry R
South Carolina-7
Sheri Biggs R
South Carolina-3
Dusty Johnson R
South Dakota-AL
Steve Cohen D
Tennessee-9
Scott DesJarlais R
Tennessee-4
Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann R
Tennessee-3
David Kustoff R
Tennessee-8
Tim Burchett R
Tennessee-2
John W. Rose R
Tennessee-6
Diana Harshbarger R
Tennessee-1
Andrew Ogles R
Tennessee-5
Matt Van Epps R
Tennessee-7
John R. Carter R
Texas-31
Henry Cuellar D
Texas-28
Lloyd Doggett D
Texas-37
Al Green D
Texas-9
Michael T. McCaul R
Texas-10
Randy K. Weber, Sr. R
Texas-14
Joaquin Castro D
Texas-20
Roger Williams R
Texas-25
Marc A. Veasey D
Texas-33
Brian Babin R
Texas-36
Vicente Gonzalez D
Texas-34
Jodey C. Arrington R
Texas-19
Michael Cloud R
Texas-27
Dan Crenshaw R
Texas-2
Lance Gooden R
Texas-5
Lizzie Fletcher D
Texas-7
Veronica Escobar D
Texas-16
Chip Roy R
Texas-21
Sylvia R. Garcia D
Texas-29
Pete Sessions R
Texas-17
Pat Fallon R
Texas-4
August Pfluger R
Texas-11
Ronny Jackson R
Texas-13
Troy E. Nehls R
Texas-22
Beth Van Duyne R
Texas-24
Jake Ellzey R
Texas-6
Nathaniel Moran R
Texas-1
Keith Self R
Texas-3
Morgan Luttrell R
Texas-8
Monica De La Cruz R
Texas-15
Jasmine Crockett D
Texas-30
Greg Casar D
Texas-35
Wesley Hunt R
Texas-38
Craig A. Goldman R
Texas-12
Brandon Gill R
Texas-26
Julie Johnson D
Texas-32
Christian D. Menefee D
Texas-18
Blake D. Moore R
Utah-1
Burgess Owens R
Utah-4
Celeste Maloy R
Utah-2
Mike Kennedy R
Utah-3
H. Morgan Griffith R
Virginia-9
Robert C. "Bobby" Scott D
Virginia-3
Robert J. Wittman R
Virginia-1
Donald S. Beyer, Jr. D
Virginia-8
Ben Cline R
Virginia-6
Jennifer A. Kiggans R
Virginia-2
Jennifer L. McClellan D
Virginia-4
John J. McGuire III R
Virginia-5
Eugene Simon Vindman D
Virginia-7
Suhas Subramanyam D
Virginia-10
James R. Walkinshaw D
Virginia-11
Becca Balint D
Vermont-AL
Rick Larsen D
Washington-2
Adam Smith D
Washington-9
Suzan K. DelBene D
Washington-1
Dan Newhouse R
Washington-4
Pramila Jayapal D
Washington-7
Kim Schrier D
Washington-8
Marilyn Strickland D
Washington-10
Marie Gluesenkamp Perez D
Washington-3
Michael Baumgartner R
Washington-5
Emily Randall D
Washington-6
Gwen Moore D
Wisconsin-4
Mark Pocan D
Wisconsin-2
Glenn Grothman R
Wisconsin-6
Bryan Steil R
Wisconsin-1
Thomas P. Tiffany R
Wisconsin-7
Scott Fitzgerald R
Wisconsin-5
Derrick Van Orden R
Wisconsin-3
Tony Wied R
Wisconsin-8
Carol D. Miller R
West Virginia-1
Riley M. Moore R
West Virginia-2
Harriet M. Hageman R
Wyoming-AL
Benjamin Huntington
Connecticut-AL
John Vining PA
Delaware-AL
George Mathews
Georgia-3
James Jackson R
Georgia-1
Abraham Baldwin DR
Georgia-2
Jonathan Grout
Massachusetts-8
George Partridge
Massachusetts-5
Elbridge Gerry
Massachusetts-3
Fisher Ames F
Massachusetts-1
George Leonard F
Massachusetts-7
Benjamin Goodhue F
Massachusetts-2
Theodore Sedgwick F
Massachusetts-4
George Thatcher F
Massachusetts-6
Daniel Carroll
Maryland-6
Benjamin Contee
Maryland-3
George Gale
Maryland-5
William Smith
Maryland-4
Michael Jenifer Stone
Maryland-1
Joshua Seney
Maryland-2
John Baptista Ashe
North Carolina-1
John Steele
North Carolina-4
Hugh Williamson F
North Carolina-2
Timothy Bloodworth
North Carolina-3
John Sevier R
North Carolina-5
Samuel Livermore F
New Hampshire-AL
Elias Boudinot
New Jersey-AL
William Floyd
New York-1
Jeremiah Van Rensselaer
New York-6
Peter Silvester
New York-5
John Hathorn R
New York-4
John Laurance
New York-2
Egbert Benson F
New York-3
George Clymer
Pennsylvania-AL
Benjamin Bourne F
Rhode Island-1
Aedanus Burke
South Carolina-2
Daniel Huger
South Carolina-3
Thomas Tudor Tucker
South Carolina-5
William Loughton Smith F
South Carolina-1
Thomas Sumter
South Carolina-4
Theodorick Bland
Virginia-9
Alexander White
Virginia-1
Samuel Griffin
Virginia-10
Richard Bland Lee
Virginia-4
Isaac Coles R
Virginia-6
John Page R
Virginia-7
John Brown
Virginia-AL
Josiah Parker F
Virginia-8
Andrew Moore DR
Virginia-3
James Madison R
Virginia-5
legislative/lawsLaws enacted+13,673Congress.gov ↗
Complete lists of public laws start with the 93rd Congress (Jan 3, 1973). Earlier years show notable and landmark acts only.
13,673 laws recorded · 64 landmark · 3,536 notable
An Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States. (Judiciary Act of 1789) landmark
Ch. 20, Sess. 1, 1st Cong. · Sep 24, 1789
Show 30 more notable laws
Judicial
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme CourtBench by appointing party: → 6 R · 3 D
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991
John Glover Roberts, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2005
Samuel A. Alito, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2006
Sonia Sotomayor D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2009
Elena Kagan D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2010
Neil M. Gorsuch R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2017
Brett M. Kavanaugh R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2018
Amy Coney Barrett R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2020
Ketanji Brown Jackson D
appointed by Joseph R. Biden · 2022
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courtsCourts of appeals (active judges): → 92 R · 87 D
District courts (active judges): → 373 D · 279 R
George Washington appointed 39 judges
11 Supreme Court · 28 district
John Adams F appointed 23 judges
3 Supreme Court · 4 district · 16 other
Thomas Jefferson JR appointed 19 judges
3 Supreme Court · 9 district · 7 other
James Madison JR appointed 14 judges
2 Supreme Court · 10 district · 2 other
James Monroe JR appointed 23 judges
1 Supreme Court · 22 district
John Quincy Adams JR appointed 13 judges
1 Supreme Court · 12 district
Andrew Jackson D appointed 26 judges
6 Supreme Court · 20 district
Martin Van Buren D appointed 12 judges
2 Supreme Court · 10 district
John Tyler W appointed 8 judges
1 Supreme Court · 7 district
James K. Polk D appointed 10 judges
2 Supreme Court · 7 district · 1 other
Zachary Taylor W appointed 6 judges
6 district
Millard Fillmore W appointed 5 judges
1 Supreme Court · 4 district
Franklin Pierce D appointed 21 judges
1 Supreme Court · 14 district · 6 other
James Buchanan D appointed 12 judges
1 Supreme Court · 9 district · 2 other
Abraham Lincoln R appointed 44 judges
5 Supreme Court · 34 district · 5 other
Andrew Johnson D appointed 12 judges
11 district · 1 other
Ulysses Grant R appointed 50 judges
4 Supreme Court · 34 district · 12 other
Rutherford B. Hayes R appointed 25 judges
2 Supreme Court · 17 district · 6 other
James A. Garfield R appointed 6 judges
1 Supreme Court · 3 district · 2 other
Chester A. Arthur R appointed 24 judges
2 Supreme Court · 14 district · 8 other
Grover Cleveland D appointed 54 judges
4 Supreme Court · 9 appeals · 31 district · 10 other
Benjamin Harrison R appointed 54 judges
4 Supreme Court · 10 appeals · 27 district · 13 other
None (assignment) N( appointed 15 judges
10 appeals · 5 district
William McKinley R appointed 42 judges
1 Supreme Court · 6 appeals · 29 district · 6 other
Theodore Roosevelt R appointed 98 judges
3 Supreme Court · 19 appeals · 57 district · 19 other
William H. Taft R appointed 74 judges
6 Supreme Court · 13 appeals · 38 district · 17 other
Woodrow Wilson D appointed 82 judges
3 Supreme Court · 20 appeals · 55 district · 4 other
None (reassignment) N( appointed 139 judges
39 appeals · 79 district · 21 other
Warren G. Harding R appointed 57 judges
4 Supreme Court · 6 appeals · 43 district · 4 other
Calvin Coolidge R appointed 88 judges
1 Supreme Court · 17 appeals · 62 district · 8 other
Herbert Hoover R appointed 72 judges
3 Supreme Court · 16 appeals · 46 district · 7 other
Franklin D. Roosevelt D appointed 222 judges
9 Supreme Court · 51 appeals · 149 district · 13 other
Harry S Truman D appointed 152 judges
4 Supreme Court · 27 appeals · 112 district · 9 other
Dwight D. Eisenhower R appointed 191 judges
5 Supreme Court · 45 appeals · 131 district · 10 other
John F. Kennedy D appointed 134 judges
2 Supreme Court · 21 appeals · 109 district · 2 other
Lyndon B. Johnson D appointed 187 judges
2 Supreme Court · 40 appeals · 132 district · 13 other
Richard M. Nixon R appointed 239 judges
4 Supreme Court · 46 appeals · 182 district · 7 other
Gerald Ford R appointed 67 judges
1 Supreme Court · 11 appeals · 55 district
Jimmy Carter D appointed 267 judges
56 appeals · 208 district · 3 other
Ronald Reagan R appointed 387 judges
4 Supreme Court · 83 appeals · 294 district · 6 other
George H.W. Bush R appointed 194 judges
2 Supreme Court · 42 appeals · 149 district · 1 other
William J. Clinton D appointed 383 judges
2 Supreme Court · 66 appeals · 310 district · 5 other
George W. Bush R appointed 328 judges
2 Supreme Court · 61 appeals · 263 district · 2 other
Barack Obama D appointed 330 judges
2 Supreme Court · 55 appeals · 269 district · 4 other
Donald J. Trump R appointed 293 judges
3 Supreme Court · 64 appeals · 222 district · 4 other
Joseph R. Biden D appointed 235 judges
1 Supreme Court · 45 appeals · 187 district · 2 other
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions+27,737Supreme Court Database ↗
27,737 argued decisions · 30 landmark
Hayburn's Case
2 U.S. 409 · Aug 11, 1792 · Decided 6–0 · Judicial Power · Dismissed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Chisholm v. Georgia
2 U.S. 419 · Feb 19, 1793 · Decided 4–1 · Federalism
Marbury v. Madison
5 U.S. 137 · Feb 24, 1803 · Decided 6–0 · Judicial Power · Dismissed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Fletcher v. Peck
10 U.S. 87 · Mar 16, 1810 · Decided 4–1 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Struck down state law
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
14 U.S. 304 · Mar 20, 1816 · Decided 6–0 · Judicial Power · Reversed
The Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward
17 U.S. 518 · Feb 25, 1819 · Decided 5–1 · Economic Activity · Reversed · Struck down state law
McCulloch v. Maryland
17 U.S. 316 · Mar 6, 1819 · Decided 6–0 · Federalism · Reversed · Struck down state law
Gibbons v. Ogden
22 U.S. 1 · Mar 2, 1824 · Decided 5–0 · Economic Activity · Reversed
The Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
30 U.S. 1 · Mar 18, 1831 · Decided 4–2 · Civil Rights · Dismissed
Worcester v. Georgia
31 U.S. 515 · Mar 3, 1832 · Decided 6–0 · Civil Rights · Reversed
Show 20 more
Barron v. The Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
Feb 16, 1833 · Decided 6–0 · Due Process · Dismissed
The Proprietors of the Charles River Bridge v. The Proprietors of the Warren Bridge
Feb 14, 1837 · Decided 4–3 · Economic Activity · Affirmed
United States v. The of the Schooner Amistad
Mar 9, 1841 · Decided 8–0 · Civil Rights · Affirmed in part, reversed in part
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Mar 1, 1842 · Decided 8–1 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Struck down state law
United States v. Ferreira
Mar 2, 1852 · Decided 8–0 · Judicial Power · Dismissed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Mar 6, 1857 · Decided 7–2 · Civil Rights · Dismissed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Ex parte Milligan
Apr 3, 1866 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure
Ex parte Garland
Jan 14, 1867 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Reichart v. Felps
Mar 16, 1868 · Decided 8–0 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
The Alicia
Jan 25, 1869 · Decided 8–0 · Judicial Power · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Texas v. White
Apr 12, 1869 · Decided 7–1 · Judicial Power · Struck down state law
Hepburn v. Griswold
Feb 7, 1870 · Decided 4–3 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Broderick's Executor v. Magraw
Feb 7, 1870 · Decided 7–0 · Economic Activity · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Dewitt
Feb 21, 1870 · Decided 8–0 · Federalism · Declared federal law unconstitutional
The Justices v. Murray
Mar 14, 1870 · Decided 7–0 · Federalism · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
The Collector v. Day
Apr 3, 1871 · Decided 7–1 · Federalism · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Klein
Jan 29, 1872 · Decided 6–2 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Railroad Company
Apr 7, 1873 · Decided 7–2 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Slaughter-House Cases
Apr 14, 1873 · Decided 5–4 · Economic Activity · Affirmed
Minor v. Happersett
Mar 29, 1875 · Decided 9–0 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal
fiscal/budgetThe federal budgetFiscal year undefined → fiscal year undefined · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Constitution & Union
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood0 → 27 amendments in force · 11 → 50 states
Amendment I Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment II Right to keep and bear arms
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment III Quartering of soldiers
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment IV Search and seizure
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment V Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment VI Rights of the accused in criminal trials
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment VII Jury trial in civil cases
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment VIII Excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment IX Rights retained by the people
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment X Powers reserved to the states or the people
ratified Dec 15, 1791 · Bill of Rights.
Amendment XI Suits against states
ratified Feb 7, 1795 · Limits federal court jurisdiction over suits against states by citizens of other states.
Amendment XII Election of President and Vice President
ratified Jun 15, 1804 · Separate electoral votes for President and Vice President.
Amendment XIII Abolition of slavery
ratified Dec 6, 1865 · Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
Amendment XIV Citizenship, equal protection, due process
ratified Jul 9, 1868 · Birthright citizenship; equal protection and due process applied to the states.
Amendment XV Voting rights regardless of race
ratified Feb 3, 1870 · Prohibits denying the vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Amendment XVI Federal income tax
ratified Feb 3, 1913 · Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportionment among the states.
Amendment XVII Direct election of senators
ratified Apr 8, 1913 · Senators elected by popular vote instead of state legislatures.
Amendment XVIII Prohibition of alcohol
ratified Jan 16, 1919 · Prohibits manufacture, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors. Repealed by the 21st Amendment.
Amendment XIX Women's suffrage
ratified Aug 18, 1920 · Prohibits denying the vote on account of sex.
Amendment XX Terms of office ("Lame Duck" amendment)
ratified Jan 23, 1933 · Moves inauguration to January 20 and the start of Congress to January 3.
Amendment XXI Repeal of Prohibition
ratified Dec 5, 1933 · Repeals the 18th Amendment.
Amendment XXII Presidential term limits
ratified Feb 27, 1951 · Limits a president to two elected terms.
Amendment XXIII Electoral votes for Washington, D.C.
ratified Mar 29, 1961 · Grants the District of Columbia electors in presidential elections.
Amendment XXIV Abolition of poll taxes in federal elections
ratified Jan 23, 1964 · Prohibits poll taxes in federal elections.
Amendment XXV Presidential succession and disability
ratified Feb 10, 1967 · Procedures for presidential succession, vice-presidential vacancies, and incapacity.
Amendment XXVI Voting age lowered to 18
ratified Jul 1, 1971 · Prohibits denying the vote to citizens 18 or older on account of age.
Amendment XXVII Congressional pay changes
ratified May 7, 1992 · Delays congressional pay changes until after the next House election. Proposed in 1789.
North Carolina joins the Union
admitted Nov 21, 1789
Rhode Island joins the Union
admitted May 29, 1790
Vermont joins the Union
admitted Mar 4, 1791
Kentucky joins the Union
admitted Jun 1, 1792
Tennessee joins the Union
admitted Jun 1, 1796
Ohio joins the Union
admitted Mar 1, 1803
Louisiana joins the Union
admitted Apr 30, 1812
Indiana joins the Union
admitted Dec 11, 1816
Mississippi joins the Union
admitted Dec 10, 1817
Illinois joins the Union
admitted Dec 3, 1818
Alabama joins the Union
admitted Dec 14, 1819
Maine joins the Union
admitted Mar 15, 1820
Missouri joins the Union
admitted Aug 10, 1821
Arkansas joins the Union
admitted Jun 15, 1836
Michigan joins the Union
admitted Jan 26, 1837
Florida joins the Union
admitted Mar 3, 1845
Texas joins the Union
admitted Dec 29, 1845
Iowa joins the Union
admitted Dec 28, 1846
Wisconsin joins the Union
admitted May 29, 1848
California joins the Union
admitted Sep 9, 1850
Minnesota joins the Union
admitted May 11, 1858
Oregon joins the Union
admitted Feb 14, 1859
Kansas joins the Union
admitted Jan 29, 1861
West Virginia joins the Union
admitted Jun 20, 1863
Nevada joins the Union
admitted Oct 31, 1864
Nebraska joins the Union
admitted Mar 1, 1867
Colorado joins the Union
admitted Aug 1, 1876
North Dakota joins the Union
admitted Nov 2, 1889
South Dakota joins the Union
admitted Nov 2, 1889
Montana joins the Union
admitted Nov 8, 1889
Washington joins the Union
admitted Nov 11, 1889
Idaho joins the Union
admitted Jul 3, 1890
Wyoming joins the Union
admitted Jul 10, 1890
Utah joins the Union
admitted Jan 4, 1896
Oklahoma joins the Union
admitted Nov 16, 1907
New Mexico joins the Union
admitted Jan 6, 1912
Arizona joins the Union
admitted Feb 14, 1912
Alaska joins the Union
admitted Jan 3, 1959
Hawaii joins the Union
admitted Aug 21, 1959
Log
logEverything in between899 events · first 600 shown
- presidentGeorge Washington takes office
- agency+United States Department of State
- agency+United States Department of the Treasury
- lawAn Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States. (Judiciary Act of 1789)
- justiceJohn Jay — Chief Justice
- justiceJohn Rutledge — Associate Justice
- justiceWilliam Cushing — Associate Justice
- justiceJames Wilson — Associate Justice
- justiceJohn Blair, Jr. — Associate Justice
- stateNorth Carolina
- justiceJames Iredell — Associate Justice
- stateRhode Island
- stateVermont
- justiceThomas Johnson — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Post Office Department
- stateKentucky
- rulingHayburn's Case
- rulingChisholm v. Georgia
- justiceWilliam Paterson — Associate Justice
- presidentGeorge Washington takes office
- amendmentSuits against states
- justiceJohn Rutledge — Chief Justice
- justiceSamuel Chase — Associate Justice
- justiceOliver Ellsworth — Chief Justice
- stateTennessee
- presidentJohn Adams takes office
- agency+United States Department of the Navy
- justiceBushrod Washington — Associate Justice
- justiceAlfred Moore — Associate Justice
- justiceJohn Marshall — Chief Justice
- presidentThomas Jefferson takes office
- rulingMarbury v. Madison
- stateOhio
- justiceWilliam Johnson, Jr. — Associate Justice
- amendmentElection of President and Vice President
- presidentThomas Jefferson takes office
- justiceHenry Brockholst Livingston — Associate Justice
- justiceThomas Todd — Associate Justice
- presidentJames Madison takes office
- rulingFletcher v. Peck
- justiceGabriel Duvall — Associate Justice
- justiceJoseph Story — Associate Justice
- stateLouisiana
- presidentJames Madison takes office
- rulingMartin v. Hunter's Lessee
- stateIndiana
- presidentJames Monroe takes office
- stateMississippi
- stateIllinois
- rulingThe Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward
- rulingMcCulloch v. Maryland
- stateAlabama
- lawMissouri Compromise
- stateMaine
- presidentJames Monroe takes office
- stateMissouri
- justiceSmith Thompson — Associate Justice
- rulingGibbons v. Ogden
- presidentJohn Quincy Adams takes office
- justiceRobert Trimble — Associate Justice
- presidentAndrew Jackson takes office
- justiceJohn McLean — Associate Justice
- justiceHenry Baldwin — Associate Justice
- lawIndian Removal Act
- rulingThe Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
- rulingWorcester v. Georgia
- rulingBarron v. The Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
- presidentAndrew Jackson takes office
- justiceJames Moore Wayne — Associate Justice
- justicePhilip Pendleton Barbour — Associate Justice
- justiceRoger Brooke Taney — Chief Justice
- stateArkansas
- stateMichigan
- rulingThe Proprietors of the Charles River Bridge v. The Proprietors of the Warren Bridge
- presidentMartin Van Buren takes office
- justiceJohn Catron — Associate Justice
- justiceJohn McKinley — Associate Justice
- justicePeter Vivian Daniel — Associate Justice
- presidentWilliam Henry Harrison takes office
- rulingUnited States v. The of the Schooner Amistad
- presidentJohn Tyler takes office
- rulingPrigg v. Pennsylvania
- justiceSamuel Nelson — Associate Justice
- stateFlorida
- presidentJames Knox Polk takes office
- stateTexas
- justiceLevi Woodbury — Associate Justice
- justiceRobert Cooper Grier — Associate Justice
- stateIowa
- stateWisconsin
- agency+United States Department of the Interior
- presidentZachary Taylor takes office
- presidentMillard Fillmore takes office
- stateCalifornia
- justiceBenjamin Robbins Curtis — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Ferreira
- presidentFranklin Pierce takes office
- justiceJohn Archibald Campbell — Associate Justice
- lawKansas–Nebraska Act
- presidentJames Buchanan takes office
- rulingDred Scott v. Sandford
- justiceNathan Clifford — Associate Justice
- stateMinnesota
- stateOregon
- stateKansas
- presidentAbraham Lincoln takes office
- justiceNoah Haynes Swayne — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Agriculture
- lawHomestead Act of 1862
- lawMorrill Act of 1862
- justiceSamuel Freeman Miller — Associate Justice
- justiceDavid Davis — Associate Justice
- justiceStephen Johnson Field — Associate Justice
- stateWest Virginia
- stateNevada
- justiceSalmon Portland Chase — Chief Justice
- presidentAbraham Lincoln takes office
- presidentAndrew Johnson takes office
- amendmentAbolition of slavery
- rulingEx parte Milligan
- lawCivil Rights Act of 1866
- rulingEx parte Garland
- stateNebraska
- rulingReichart v. Felps
- amendmentCitizenship, equal protection, due process
- rulingThe Alicia
- presidentUlysses Simpson Grant takes office
- rulingTexas v. White
- amendmentVoting rights regardless of race
- rulingHepburn v. Griswold
- rulingBroderick's Executor v. Magraw
- justiceWilliam Strong — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Dewitt
- rulingThe Justices v. Murray
- justiceJoseph P. Bradley — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Justice
- rulingThe Collector v. Day
- rulingUnited States v. Klein
- justiceWard Hunt — Associate Justice
- presidentUlysses Simpson Grant takes office
- rulingUnited States v. Railroad Company
- rulingSlaughter-House Cases
- justiceMorrison Remick Waite — Chief Justice
- rulingMinor v. Happersett
- rulingUnited States v. Reese
- stateColorado
- rulingMunn v. Illinois
- presidentRutherford Birchard Hayes takes office
- justiceJohn Marshall Harlan — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Fox
- rulingReynolds v. United States
- rulingTrade-Mark Cases
- justiceWilliam Burnham Woods — Associate Justice
- rulingKilbourn v. Thompson
- presidentJames Abram Garfield takes office
- justiceStanley Matthews — Associate Justice
- presidentChester Alan Arthur takes office
- justiceHorace Gray — Associate Justice
- justiceSamuel M. Blatchford — Associate Justice
- lawChinese Exclusion Act
- lawPendleton Civil Service Reform Act
- rulingUnited States v. Harris
- rulingCivil Rights Cases
- presidentGrover Cleveland takes office
- rulingBoyd v. United States
- rulingYick Wo v. Hopkins
- rulingWabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois
- lawInterstate Commerce Act of 1887
- lawDawes Act (Indian General Allotment Act)
- rulingBaldwin v. Franks
- justiceLucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar — Associate Justice
- rulingCallan v. Wilson
- justiceMelville Weston Fuller — Chief Justice
- presidentBenjamin Harrison takes office
- rulingThe Chinese Exclusion Case
- stateNorth Dakota
- stateSouth Dakota
- stateMontana
- stateWashington
- justiceDavid Josiah Brewer — Associate Justice
- lawSherman Antitrust Act of 1890
- stateIdaho
- stateWyoming
- justiceHenry Billings Brown — Associate Justice
- justiceGeorge Shiras, Jr. — Associate Justice
- justiceHowell Edmunds Jackson — Associate Justice
- presidentGrover Cleveland takes office
- rulingMonongahela Navigation Company v. United States
- justiceEdward Douglass White — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. E.C. Knight Company
- rulingPollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company
- rulingHyde v. Continental Trust Company
- rulingPollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company. (Rehearing)
- rulingIn re Debs
- justiceRufus Wheeler Peckham — Associate Justice
- stateUtah
- rulingWong Wing v. United States
- rulingPlessy v. Ferguson
- presidentWilliam McKinley Jr. takes office
- justiceJoseph McKenna — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Wong Kim Ark
- rulingKirby v. United States
- rulingJones v. Meehan
- presidentWilliam McKinley Jr. takes office
- rulingFairbank v. United States
- rulingDownes v. Bidwell
- presidentTheodore Roosevelt takes office
- justiceOliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Commerce and Labor
- justiceWilliam Rufus Day — Associate Justice
- rulingJames v. Bowman
- presidentTheodore Roosevelt takes office
- rulingMatter of Heff
- rulingRassmussen v. United States
- rulingLochner v. New York
- rulingHodges v. United States
- lawPure Food and Drug Act
- justiceWilliam Henry Moody — Associate Justice
- stateOklahoma
- rulingThe Employers' Liability Cases
- rulingAdair v. United States
- rulingMuller v. Oregon
- presidentWilliam Howard Taft takes office
- rulingKeller v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Evans
- justiceHorace Harmon Lurton — Associate Justice
- justiceCharles Evans Hughes — Associate Justice
- justiceEdward Douglass White — Chief Justice
- justiceWillis Van Devanter — Associate Justice
- justiceJoseph Rucker Lamar — Associate Justice
- rulingMuskrat v. United States
- rulingThe Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States
- rulingCoyle v. Smith
- stateNew Mexico
- stateArizona
- justiceMahlon Pitney — Associate Justice
- rulingChoate v. Trapp
- amendmentFederal income tax
- agency−United States Department of Commerce and Labor
- agency+United States Department of Commerce
- agency+United States Department of Labor
- presidentWoodrow Wilson takes office
- amendmentDirect election of senators
- rulingButts v. Merchants & Miners Transportation Co.
- lawFederal Reserve Act
- justiceJames Clark McReynolds — Associate Justice
- lawClayton Antitrust Act of 1914
- rulingUnited States v. Hvoslef
- rulingThames and Mersey Marine Insurance Company, Limited v. United States
- justiceLouis Dembitz Brandeis — Associate Justice
- justiceJohn Hessin Clarke — Associate Justice
- presidentWoodrow Wilson takes office
- rulingHammer v. Dagenhart
- amendmentProhibition of alcohol
- rulingSchenck v. United States
- lawNational Prohibition Act (Volstead Act)
- rulingAbrams v. United States
- rulingEisner v. Macomber
- rulingKnickerbocker ICE Company v. Stewart
- rulingEvans v. Gore
- amendmentWomen's suffrage
- rulingWeeds, Inc. v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. L. Cohen Grocery Company
- rulingC.A. Weed & Company v. Lockwood
- presidentWarren Gamaliel Harding takes office
- rulingNewberry v. United States
- justiceWilliam Howard Taft — Chief Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Moreland
- rulingChild Labor Tax Case
- rulingHill, Jr. v. Wallace
- justiceGeorge Sutherland — Associate Justice
- justicePierce Butler — Associate Justice
- justiceEdward Terry Sanford — Associate Justice
- rulingKeller v. Potomac Electric Power Company
- rulingAdkins v. Children's Hospital of the District of Columbia
- presidentCalvin Coolidge takes office
- rulingWashington v. W.C. Dawson & Company
- justiceHarlan Fiske Stone — Associate Justice
- presidentCalvin Coolidge takes office
- rulingMiles v. Graham
- rulingGitlow v. New York
- rulingTrusler v. Crooks
- rulingMyers v. United States
- rulingByars v. United States
- rulingBuck v. Bell
- rulingNichols v. Coolidge
- rulingBlodgett v. Holden
- rulingUntermyer v. Anderson
- rulingOlmstead v. United States
- rulingNational Life Insurance Company v. United States
- presidentHerbert Clark Hoover takes office
- justiceCharles Evans Hughes — Chief Justice
- justiceOwen Josephus Roberts — Associate Justice
- rulingGo-Bart Importing Company v. United States
- rulingNear v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson
- justiceBenjamin Nathan Cardozo — Associate Justice
- rulingHeiner v. Donnan
- rulingUnited States v. Lefkowitz
- rulingOzie Powell v. Alabama
- rulingGrau v. United States
- amendmentTerms of office ("Lame Duck" amendment)
- presidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt takes office
- lawSecurities Act of 1933
- lawGlass–Steagall Act of 1933 (Banking Act of 1933)
- rulingNathanson v. United States
- amendmentRepeal of Prohibition
- rulingBooth v. United States
- rulingLynch v. United States
- lawSecurities Exchange Act of 1934
- rulingPanama Refining Co. v. Ryan
- rulingPerry v. United States
- rulingRailroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co.
- rulingA. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
- rulingHumphrey's Executor v. United States
- rulingLouisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford
- lawNational Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)
- lawSocial Security Act
- rulingHopkins Federal Savings & Loan Assn. v. Cleary
- rulingUnited States v. Constantine
- rulingUnited States v. Butler
- rulingRickert Rice Mills, Inc. v. Fontenot
- rulingCarter v. Carter Coal Co.
- rulingAshton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. One
- rulingUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
- presidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt takes office
- rulingWest Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
- rulingNational Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
- justiceHugo Lafayette Black — Associate Justice
- justiceStanley Forman Reed — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Carolene Products Co.
- rulingErie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
- lawFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
- lawFair Labor Standards Act of 1938
- justiceFelix Frankfurter — Associate Justice
- justiceWilliam Orville Douglas — Associate Justice
- justiceFrank Murphy — Associate Justice
- lawSelective Training and Service Act of 1940
- presidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt takes office
- lawLend-Lease Act
- justiceJames Francis Byrnes — Associate Justice
- justiceHarlan Fiske Stone — Chief Justice
- justiceRobert Houghwout Jackson — Associate Justice
- rulingWickard v. Filburn
- justiceWiley Blount Rutledge — Associate Justice
- rulingTot v. United States
- rulingWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
- rulingSmith v. Allwright
- lawServicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill)
- rulingKorematsu v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. General Motors Corp
- presidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt takes office
- presidentHarry S. Truman takes office
- justiceHarold Hitz Burton — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Lovett
- justiceFrederick Moore Vinson — Chief Justice
- rulingHalliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. v. Walker
- rulingMacgregor v. Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.
- rulingAngel v. Bullington
- lawTaft–Hartley Act
- lawNational Security Act of 1947
- agency−United States Department of War
- agency+National Military Establishment
- rulingShelley v. Kraemer
- rulingSherrer v. Sherrer
- rulingLincoln Federal Labor Union v. Northwestern Iron & Metal Co.
- rulingCommissioner of Internal Revenue v. Estate of Church
- presidentHarry S. Truman takes office
- rulingOtt v. Mississippi Valley Barge Line Co.
- rulingOklahoma Tax Commission v. Texas Company
- rulingCosmopolitan Shipping Co. v. McAllister
- agency−National Military Establishment
- agency+United States Department of Defense
- justiceTom C. Clark — Associate Justice
- justiceSherman Minton — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Rabinowitz
- rulingDarr v. Burford
- war+Korean War
- war+Puerto Rican Nationalist uprising
- war−Puerto Rican Nationalist uprising
- amendmentPresidential term limits
- rulingStandard Oil Co. v. Peck
- rulingJoseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
- rulingYoungstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
- rulingUnited States v. Cardiff
- presidentDwight David Eisenhower takes office
- agency+United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
- war−Korean War
- justiceEarl Warren — Chief Justice
- rulingBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka
- rulingBolling v. Sharpe
- war+Taiwan Strait crisis
- war−Taiwan Strait crisis
- justiceJohn Marshall Harlan — Associate Justice
- rulingBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka
- rulingCarroll v. Lanza
- rulingUnited States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles
- lawFederal Aid Highway Act of 1956
- presidentDwight David Eisenhower takes office
- justiceWilliam Joseph Brennan, Jr. — Associate Justice
- justiceCharles Evans Whittaker — Associate Justice
- rulingReid v. Covert
- rulingVanderbilt v. Vanderbilt
- rulingTrop v. Dulles
- rulingCooper v. Aaron
- rulingLadner v. United States
- war+Taiwan Strait crisis
- war−Taiwan Strait crisis
- stateAlaska
- justicePotter Stewart — Associate Justice
- stateHawaii
- rulingKinsella v. United States ex rel. Singleton
- rulingGrisham v. Hagan
- rulingMcElroy v. United States ex rel. Guagliardo
- rulingUnited States v. Raines
- rulingElkins v. United States
- presidentJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy takes office
- amendmentElectoral votes for Washington, D.C.
- war+Bay of Pigs invasion
- war−Bay of Pigs invasion
- rulingJames v. United States
- rulingMapp v. Ohio
- war+Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
- rulingBaker v. Carr
- justiceByron Raymond White — Associate Justice
- rulingEngel v. Vitale
- justiceArthur Joseph Goldberg — Associate Justice
- rulingSmith v. Evening News Association
- rulingLocal No. 438 Construction & General Laborers' Union v. Curry
- rulingKennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez
- rulingGideon v. Wainwright
- rulingGray v. Sanders
- rulingFay v. Noia
- rulingFerguson v. Skrupa
- rulingSchool District of Abington Township v. Schempp
- presidentLyndon Baines Johnson takes office
- lawClean Air Act
- war+Laotian Civil War
- amendmentAbolition of poll taxes in federal elections
- rulingWesberry v. Sanders
- rulingNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan
- rulingSchneider v. Rusk
- rulingReynolds v. Sims
- rulingMalloy v. Hogan
- rulingMurphy v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
- rulingJackson v. Denno
- rulingEscobedo v. Illinois
- rulingAptheker v. Secretary of State
- lawCivil Rights Act of 1964
- rulingMcLaughlin v. Florida
- rulingHeart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
- war−Vietnam: South Vietnam vs. the Viet Cong
- presidentLyndon Baines Johnson takes office
- rulingPointer v. Texas
- lawElementary and Secondary Education Act
- rulingLamont v. Postmaster General
- rulingUnited States v. Brown
- rulingGriswold v. Connecticut
- lawSocial Security Amendments of 1965
- lawVoting Rights Act of 1965
- justiceAbe Fortas — Associate Justice
- agency+United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
- lawImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- lawHigher Education Act of 1965
- rulingAlbertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
- rulingSwift & Co., Inc. v. Wickham
- rulingUnited States v. Romano
- rulingHarris v. United States
- war+Vietnam War
- rulingSouth Carolina v. Katzenbach
- rulingHarper v. Virginia Board of Elections
- rulingMiranda v. Arizona
- lawFreedom of Information Act
- agency+United States Department of Transportation
- rulingSpevack v. Klein
- rulingKeyishian v. Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York
- amendmentPresidential succession and disability
- rulingAfroyim v. Rusk
- rulingWarden v. Hayden
- rulingCamara v. Municipal Court of the City and County of San Francisco
- rulingLoving v. Virginia
- rulingBerger v. New York
- justiceThurgood Marshall — Associate Justice
- rulingUnited States v. Robel
- rulingKatz v. United States
- rulingMarchetti v. United States
- rulingGrosso v. United States
- rulingHaynes v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Jackson
- lawCivil Rights Act of 1968
- rulingPeyton v. Rowe
- rulingBruton v. United States
- rulingDuncan v. Louisiana
- rulingCarafas v. Lavallee
- rulingTerry v. Ohio
- rulingLee v. Florida
- rulingJones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
- presidentRichard Milhous Nixon takes office
- rulingTinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
- rulingMoore v. Ogilvie
- rulingLeary v. United States
- rulingO'Callahan v. Parker
- rulingBrandenburg v. Ohio
- rulingLear, Inc. v. Adkins
- justiceWarren Earl Burger — Chief Justice
- rulingChimel v. California
- rulingBenton v. Maryland
- war+Cambodian Civil War
- lawNational Environmental Policy Act
- rulingTurner v. United States
- rulingAshe v. Swenson
- justiceHarry Andrew Blackmun — Associate Justice
- rulingSchacht v. United States
- rulingBoys Markets, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Union
- rulingPrice v. Georgia
- rulingMoragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.
- rulingWilliams v. Florida
- rulingOregon v. Mitchell
- lawOccupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
- rulingBlount v. Rizzi
- rulingUnited States v. United States Coin & Currency
- rulingSwann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
- rulingBlonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation
- rulingPerez v. Campbell
- rulingGriffin v. Breckenridge
- rulingLemon v. Kurtzman
- rulingTilton v. Richardson
- rulingNew York Times Co. v. United States
- agency−United States Post Office Department
- amendmentVoting age lowered to 18
- justiceLewis Franklin Powell, Jr. — Associate Justice
- justiceWilliam Hubbs Rehnquist — Associate Justice
- rulingDunn v. Blumstein
- rulingIllinois v. City of Milwaukee
- rulingAndrews v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co.
- rulingFurman v. Georgia
- lawClean Water Act
- presidentRichard Milhous Nixon takes office
- rulingRoe v. Wade
- rulingLehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
- rulingBraden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Kentucky
- war−Vietnam War
- rulingFrontiero v. Richardson
- rulingMiller v. California
- rulingUnited States Department of Agriculture v. Murry
- rulingUnited States Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
- war−Laotian Civil War
- lawWar Powers Resolution
- rulingNorth Dakota State Board of Pharmacy v. Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc.
- lawEndangered Species Act of 1973
- war−Cambodian Civil War
- rulingEdelman v. Jordan
- rulingMitchell v. W. T. Grant Co.
- rulingJimenez v. Weinberger
- rulingUnited States v. Nixon
- presidentGerald Rudolph Ford Jr. takes office
- rulingTaylor v. Louisiana
- rulingWeinberger v. Wiesenfeld
- rulingUnited States v. Reliable Transfer Co., Inc.
- justiceJohn Paul Stevens — Associate Justice
- rulingMichelin Tire Corp. v. Wages
- rulingBuckley v. Valeo
- rulingHudgens v. National Labor Relations Board
- rulingVirginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.
- rulingHampton v. Mow Sun Wong
- rulingNational League of Cities v. Usery
- rulingLodge 76 v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission
- rulingCity of New Orleans v. Dukes
- rulingGregg v. Georgia
- rulingCraig v. Boren
- rulingOregon ex rel. State Land Board v. Corvallis Sand & Gravel Co.
- presidentJames Earl Carter takes office
- rulingCalifano v. Goldfarb
- rulingComplete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
- rulingContinental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc.
- rulingWainwright v. Sykes
- rulingShaffer v. Heitner
- agency+United States Department of Energy
- rulingDepartment of Revenue of Washington v. Association of Washington Stevedoring Companies
- rulingMarshall v. Barlow's, Inc.
- rulingMonell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
- rulingBurks v. United States
- rulingUnited States v. Scott
- rulingRegents of the University of California v. Bakke
- rulingDuren v. Missouri
- rulingHughes v. Oklahoma
- rulingCalifano v. Westcott
- agency+United States Department of Education
- rulingTrammel v. United States
- agency−United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare