How did the United States change between Jan 10, 2025 and Oct 16, 2026?
Every branch of government, compared side by side.
22 files changed, 5,934 insertions(+), 168 deletions(−) · 21 months
Laws enacted
+12112 notable · 11th of 10 since 1974
Executive orders
+296signed · highest of 5 since 2001
Final rules
+4,679355 significant · 6th of 5 since 2001
Supreme Court
0 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+1 −6departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$4.16T$36.2T → $40.3T
The presidency passed from Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. to Donald J. Trump. Congress enacted 121 public laws. 5 senators and 11 representatives took seats that they did not hold before.
Most unusual Laws enacted: 69 a year, the 11th highest of 10 presidencies since 1974.
Executive7 files+5,624−36
executive/presidentThe presidency
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. D
46th president
Donald J. Trump R
47th president · took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
J.D. Vance R
took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+29−28Wikidata ↗
Marco Rubio R
confirmed 99–0 · Jan 20, 2025
Scott Bessent
confirmed 68–29 · Jan 27, 2025
Secretary of Defense · 2 people took this office in between
Pete Hegseth R
confirmed 51–50 · Jan 24, 2025
Attorney General · 2 people took this office in between
Todd Blanche R
confirmed 50–49 · Aug 8, 2026
office vacant or abolished
Show 19 more cabinet offices
Doug Burgum R
confirmed 80–17 · Jan 30, 2025
Brooke Rollins
confirmed 72–28 · Feb 13, 2025
Howard Lutnick R
confirmed 51–45 · Feb 18, 2025
Secretary of Labor · 3 people took this office in between
Secretary of Health and Human Services · 2 people took this office in between
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. I
confirmed 52–48 · Feb 13, 2025
Scott Turner R
confirmed 55–44 · Feb 5, 2025
Sean Duffy R
confirmed 77–22 · Jan 28, 2025
Secretary of Energy · 2 people took this office in between
Chris Wright
confirmed 59–38 · Feb 3, 2025
Linda McMahon R
confirmed 51–45 · Mar 3, 2025
Doug Collins R
confirmed 77–23 · Feb 4, 2025
Secretary of Homeland Security · 2 people took this office in between
Markwayne Mullin R
confirmed 54–45 · Mar 23, 2026
Lee Zeldin R
confirmed 56–42 · Jan 29, 2025
Director of National Intelligence · 2 people took this office in between
Jay Clayton I
confirmed 51–47 · Jul 28, 2026
John Ratcliffe R
confirmed 74–25 · Jan 23, 2025
Kelly Loeffler R
confirmed 52–46 · Feb 19, 2025
Other senior officials (6 changed)
office vacant or abolished
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff · 2 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R (acting)
1 offices unchanged
Solicitor General: D. John Sauer
executive/ordersExecutive orders
296 executive orders signed · Joseph R. Biden Jr. 6 · Donald Trump 290
1,008 → 1,214 orders (issued since 1994) in force · 90 revoked in this window
EO 14141 Advancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure
signed Jan 14, 2025 by Joseph R. Biden Jr. · revoked Jul 23, 2025 by EO 14318 (Trump)
EO 14144 Strengthening and Promoting Innovation in the Nation's Cybersecurity
signed Jan 16, 2025 by Joseph R. Biden Jr.
EO 14257 Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff To Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits
signed Apr 2, 2025 by Donald Trump
EO 14323 Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Brazil
signed Jul 30, 2025 by Donald Trump
EO 14326 Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates
signed Jul 31, 2025 by Donald Trump
EO 14346 Modifying the Scope of Reciprocal Tariffs and Establishing Procedures for Implementing Trade and Security Agreements
signed Sep 5, 2025 by Donald Trump
EO 14360 Modifying the Scope of the Reciprocal Tariffs With Respect to Certain Agricultural Products
signed Nov 14, 2025 by Donald Trump
EO 14361 Modifying the Scope of Tariffs on the Government of Brazil
signed Nov 20, 2025 by Donald Trump
Show 6 more
EO 14368 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 18, 2025 · Donald Trump
EO 14410 Implementing Schedule Policy/Career in the Excepted Service
Jun 3, 2026 · Donald Trump
EO 14142 Taking Additional Steps With Respect to the Situation in Syria
Jan 15, 2025 · Joseph R. Biden Jr.
EO 14143 Providing for the Appointment of Alumni of AmeriCorps to the Competitive Service
Jan 16, 2025 · Joseph R. Biden Jr.
EO 14145 Helping Left-Behind Communities Make a Comeback
Jan 19, 2025 · Joseph R. Biden Jr.
EO 14146 Partial Revocation of Executive Order 13961
Jan 19, 2025 · Joseph R. Biden Jr.
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+617Congress.gov ↗
938 civilian nominations received · 617 confirmed · 73 withdrawn · 91 returned to the President
Marco Rubio, of Florida, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2025 · 99–0
John Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
confirmed Jan 23, 2025 · 74–25
Peter Hegseth, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 24, 2025 · 51–50
Kristi Noem, of South Dakota, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 25, 2025 · 59–34
Scott Bessent, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 27, 2025 · 68–29
Sean Duffy, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 28, 2025 · 77–22
Lee Zeldin, of New York, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 29, 2025 · 56–42
Douglas Burgum, of North Dakota, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2025 · 80–17
Christopher Wright, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 3, 2025 · 59–38
Pamela Bondi, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 54–46
Douglas Collins, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 77–23
Eric Turner, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 5, 2025 · 55–44
Show 15 more top confirmations
Tulsi Gabbard, of Hawaii, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Feb 12, 2025 · 52–48
Brooke Rollins, of Texas, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 72–28
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 52–48
Howard Lutnick, of New York, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 18, 2025 · 51–45
Kelly Loeffler, of Georgia, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Feb 19, 2025 · 52–46
Linda McMahon, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 3, 2025 · 51–45
Lori Chavez-DeRemer, of Oregon, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 10, 2025 · 67–32
Markwayne Mullin, of Oklahoma, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Kristi Noem.
confirmed Mar 23, 2026 · 54–45
Walter Clayton, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Tulsi Gabbard.
confirmed Jul 28, 2026 · 51–47
Todd Blanche, of Florida, to be Attorney General, vice Pamela Bondi.
confirmed Aug 8, 2026 · 50–49
Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Lori Chavez-DeRemer, resigned.
confirmed Sep 30, 2026 · 47–41
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+1−6Wikidata ↗
430 → 425 tracked organizations · 16 → 16 executive departments
U.S. Wildland Fire Service
established Jan 1, 2026 · United States government agency
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Hispanics
abolished Jan 20, 2025 · initiative housed in the United States Department of Education
White House Initiative on Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders
abolished Jan 20, 2025 · United States governmental office
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Black Americans
abolished Jan 20, 2025 · White House initiative housed in the United States Department of Education
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Native Americans and Strengthening Tribal Colleges and Universities
abolished Jan 20, 2025 · government agency housed in the United States Department of Education
Office of Educational Technology
abolished Mar 20, 2025 · office within United States Department of Education
NOAA Environmental Modeling Center
abolished Jan 1, 2026 · United States weather agency · replaced by NOAA Office of Modeling and Development
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
executive/regulationsFederal regulations
+4,679Federal Register API ↗
4,679 final rules published in the Federal Register
from Jan 10, 2025
355 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866
major economic or policy impact
2,857 proposed rules · 35,068 notices
Loading which agencies published the most rules…
Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.
Military2 files+1
military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 6 armed conflicts → 7
Somalia: Islamic State
began Feb 1, 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
6 conflicts active on both dates
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
since Aug 8, 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: al-Shabaab
since 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Iran–Israel conflict
since 2020 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Israel
Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
since Feb 3, 2024 · U.S. a principal party · against Ansarallah (the Houthis)
Syria: Islamic State
since 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Nigeria: Islamic State
since 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded. UCDP data runs through 2025, so "active" on later dates means active at the end of 2025.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
+5,557 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
158,216 → 163,773 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 1,287,184 → 1,335,749 total active duty
10 → 10 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Dec 31, 2024 → as of Mar 31, 2026
Japan 52,603 → 54,891
+2,288
Germany 34,949 → 37,009
+2,060
Largest U.S. deployments as of Mar 31, 2026
Japan 54,891
Germany 37,009
South Korea 23,372
Italy 12,783
United Kingdom 10,158
Guam 7,137
Spain 3,835
Bahrain 3,151
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.
Legislative4 files+137−16
legislative/controlControl of Congress
119
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
119th Congress → 119th Congress · 0 new Congresses elected
0 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Republican majority on both dates
219 R · 215 D → 219 R · 214 D
Senate: Republican majority on both dates
52 R · 47 D → 53 R · 47 D
legislative/senateSenate
5 new members · 4 departed · 95 served on both dates · women 25 → 27 · median age 65 → 66
Who joined and who left (5 in · 4 out)
Ashley Moody R
Florida
Jon Husted R
Ohio
Alan Armstrong R
Oklahoma
Darline Graham R
South Carolina
James C. Justice R
West Virginia
Marco Rubio R
Florida
J.D. Vance R
Ohio
Markwayne Mullin R
Oklahoma
Lindsey Graham R
South Carolina
legislative/houseHouse
+11−12congress-legislators ↗
11 new members · 12 departed · 422 served on both dates · women 125 → 125 · median age 58 → 59
2 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Florida 8 D · 19 R
Florida 7 D · 20 R
Texas 13 D · 25 R
Texas 13 D · 24 R
Who joined and who left (11 in · 12 out)
Adelita S. Grijalva D
Arizona-7
James Gallagher R
California-1
Aisha Wahab D
California-14
Jimmy Patronis R
Florida-1
Randy Fine R
Florida-6
Clay Fuller R
Georgia-14
Everton Blair Jr. D
Georgia-13
Analilia Mejia D
New Jersey-11
Matt Van Epps R
Tennessee-7
Christian D. Menefee D
Texas-18
James R. Walkinshaw D
Virginia-11
Raúl M. Grijalva D
Arizona-7
Doug LaMalfa R
California-1
Eric Swalwell D
California-14
Michael Waltz R
Florida-6
Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick D
Florida-20
Marjorie Taylor Greene R
Georgia-14
David Scott D
Georgia-13
Mikie Sherrill D
New Jersey-11
Mark E. Green R
Tennessee-7
Sylvester Turner D
Texas-18
Tony Gonzales R
Texas-23
Gerald E. Connolly D
Virginia-11
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+121Congress.gov ↗
121 public laws enacted · 1 landmark · 11 notable · 105 routine · 4 ceremonial
Laken Riley Act
Pub. L. 119-1 · Jan 29, 2025
Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025
Pub. L. 119-4 · Mar 15, 2025
Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act (GENIUS Act)
Pub. L. 119-27 · Jul 18, 2025
Rescissions Act of 2025
Pub. L. 119-28 · Jul 24, 2025
Epstein Files Transparency Act
Pub. L. 119-38 · Nov 19, 2025
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
Pub. L. 119-60 · Dec 18, 2025
Whole Milk for Healthy Kids Act of 2025
Pub. L. 119-69 · Jan 14, 2026
Lulu's Law
Pub. L. 119-100 · Jun 26, 2026
Show 2 more notable laws
21st Century ROAD to Housing Act
Pub. L. 119-101 · Jul 11, 2026
Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026
Pub. L. 119-111 · Sep 18, 2026
Judicial3 files+172
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 6 R · 3 D → 6 R · 3 D · every justice ↗
9 justices served on both dates
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991 · confirmed 52–48
John Glover Roberts, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2005 · confirmed 78–22
Samuel A. Alito, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2006 · confirmed 58–42
Sonia Sotomayor D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2009 · confirmed 68–31
Elena Kagan D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2010 · confirmed 63–37
Neil M. Gorsuch R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2017 · confirmed 54–45
Brett M. Kavanaugh R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2018 · confirmed 50–48
Amy Coney Barrett R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2020 · confirmed 52–48
Ketanji Brown Jackson D
appointed by Joseph R. Biden · 2022 · confirmed 53–47
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): 89 R · 88 D → 92 R · 87 D
District courts (active judges): 382 D · 258 R → 373 D · 279 R
Joseph R. Biden D appointed 2 judges
2 district
Donald J. Trump R appointed 56 judges
10 appeals · 45 district · 1 other
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
114 argued decisions · 7 landmark
United States v. Skrmetti
No. 23-477 · Jun 18, 2025 · Decided 6–3 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
Trump v. Casa, Inc.
No. 24A884 · Jun 27, 2025 · Decided 6–3 · Judicial Power
Learning Resources v. Trump
607 U.S. 229 · Feb 20, 2026 · Decided 6–3 · Miscellaneous · Vacated
Louisiana v. Callais
No. 24-109 · Apr 29, 2026 · Decided 6–3 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Struck down state law
Cisco Systems v. Doe
No. 24-856 · Jun 23, 2026 · Decided 6–3 · Judicial Power · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Trump v. Slaughter
No. 25-332 · Jun 29, 2026 · Decided 6–3 · Miscellaneous · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission
No. 24-621 · Jun 30, 2026 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal3 files±0
fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+0.6% real spendingMonthly Treasury Statement ↗
Actual spending and revenue in the 12 months before each date · Dec 2024 → Aug 2026
Spending $6.91T
12 months ending Dec 2024
Spending $7.16T
12 months ending Aug 2026 · +3.6% nominal · +0.6% after inflation
Revenue $4.89T
12 months ending Dec 2024
Revenue $5.39T
12 months ending Aug 2026 · +10% nominal · +7.0% after inflation
Surplus / deficit −$2.02T
12 months ending Dec 2024
Surplus / deficit −$1.77T
12 months ending Aug 2026 · +$250B
Annual budget tables only have final figures through fiscal year 2025, which can't show change over a short or recent span. This compares the latest 12 months of actual Treasury figures before each date instead. Spending in any 12 months mostly reflects budgets passed earlier.
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$4.16TTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$36.2T
as of Jan 9, 2025
$40.3T
as of Oct 14, 2026
fiscal/economyPrices and jobs
+6.8% pricesBureau of Labor Statistics ↗
Prices rose 6.8% · a dollar in Dec 2024 bought what $1.07 buys in Sep 2026
Consumer prices 315.6
CPI-U, Dec 2024
Consumer prices 336.9
CPI-U, Sep 2026 · +6.8%
Unemployment 4.1%
Dec 2024
Unemployment 4.2%
Sep 2026 · +0.1 points
Latest monthly reading on or before each date. Prices are the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (from 1913); unemployment is the seasonally adjusted rate (from 1948).
Constitution & Union1 file±0
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
27 → 27 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.
Reverts1 file−116
revert/undoneWhat was undone
90 executive orders revoked or superseded · 23 rules struck down by Congress · 3 Supreme Court precedents overruled
Trump revoked 90 orders: 80 by Biden, 3 by Clinton, 3 by Obama, 3 by themselves, 1 by Bush
Show 80 more revoked orders
EO 14010 Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework To Address the Causes of Migration, To Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and To Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border
signed Feb 2, 2021 by Biden · revoked Jan 20, 2025 by EO 14148 (Trump)
23 agency rules nullified under the Congressional Review Act
Show 17 more
3 decisions that overruled precedent
Cisco Systems v. Doe
Jun 23, 2026 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Trump v. Slaughter
Jun 29, 2026 · 6-3 · Miscellaneous
National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission
Jun 30, 2026 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted). Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.
Log1 file±0
logEverything in between
31 events
- orderAdvancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure
- orderStrengthening and Promoting Innovation in the Nation's Cybersecurity
- presidentDonald J. Trump takes office
- lawLaken Riley Act
- war+Somalia: Islamic State
- lawFull-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025
- orderRegulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff To Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits
- lawTools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act (TAKE IT DOWN Act)
- rulingUnited States v. Skrmetti
- rulingTrump v. Casa, Inc.
- lawOne Big Beautiful Bill Act
- lawGuiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act (GENIUS Act)
- lawRescissions Act of 2025
- orderAddressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Brazil
- orderFurther Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates
- orderModifying the Scope of Reciprocal Tariffs and Establishing Procedures for Implementing Trade and Security Agreements
- orderModifying the Scope of the Reciprocal Tariffs With Respect to Certain Agricultural Products
- lawEpstein Files Transparency Act
- orderModifying the Scope of Tariffs on the Government of Brazil
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- lawNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
- lawWhole Milk for Healthy Kids Act of 2025
- rulingLearning Resources v. Trump
- rulingLouisiana v. Callais
- orderImplementing Schedule Policy/Career in the Excepted Service
- rulingCisco Systems v. Doe
- lawLulu's Law
- rulingTrump v. Slaughter
- rulingNational Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission
- law21st Century ROAD to Housing Act
- lawLindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026