How did the United States change between Dec 23, 2000 and Oct 16, 2026?
Every branch of government, compared side by side.
24 files changed, 110,008 insertions(+), 965 deletions(−) · 26 years
Laws enacted
+4,6691,700 notable · 8th of 10 since 1974
Executive orders
+1,257signed · 3rd of 5 since 2001
Final rules
+91,6368,101 significant · 3rd of 5 since 2001
Supreme Court
8 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+88 −38departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$34.7T$5.66T → $40.3T
The presidency passed from William Jefferson Clinton to Donald J. Trump across 5 transitions. Congress enacted 4,669 public laws. 91 senators and 402 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 8 new justices joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +118% (FY2001 → FY2025).
Most unusual Laws enacted: 181 a year, the 8th highest of 10 presidencies since 1974.
Executive7 files+101,864−65
executive/presidentThe presidency
William Jefferson Clinton D
42nd president
4 presidents in between
George Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 2001
Barack Hussein Obama D
took office Jan 20, 2009
Donald J. Trump R
took office Jan 20, 2017
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. D
took office Jan 20, 2021
Donald J. Trump R
47th president · took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. D
J.D. Vance R
took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+30−25Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State · 8 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R
confirmed 99–0 · Jan 20, 2025
Secretary of the Treasury · 8 people took this office in between
Scott Bessent
confirmed 68–29 · Jan 27, 2025
Secretary of Defense · 10 people took this office in between
Pete Hegseth R
confirmed 51–50 · Jan 24, 2025
Attorney General · 10 people took this office in between
Todd Blanche R
confirmed 50–49 · Aug 8, 2026
Postmaster General · 5 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 15 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Show 20 more cabinet offices
Secretary of the Interior · 8 people took this office in between
Doug Burgum R
confirmed 80–17 · Jan 30, 2025
Secretary of Agriculture · 8 people took this office in between
Brooke Rollins
confirmed 72–28 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Commerce · 10 people took this office in between
Howard Lutnick R
confirmed 51–45 · Feb 18, 2025
Secretary of Labor · 9 people took this office in between
Secretary of Health and Human Services · 9 people took this office in between
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. I
confirmed 52–48 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development · 8 people took this office in between
Scott Turner R
confirmed 55–44 · Feb 5, 2025
Secretary of Transportation · 8 people took this office in between
Sean Duffy R
confirmed 77–22 · Jan 28, 2025
Secretary of Energy · 11 people took this office in between
Chris Wright
confirmed 59–38 · Feb 3, 2025
Secretary of Education · 8 people took this office in between
Linda McMahon R
confirmed 51–45 · Mar 3, 2025
Secretary of Veterans Affairs · 9 people took this office in between
Hershel W. Gober D (acting)
Doug Collins R
confirmed 77–23 · Feb 4, 2025
Secretary of Homeland Security · 9 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Markwayne Mullin R
confirmed 54–45 · Mar 23, 2026
White House Chief of Staff · 13 people took this office in between
Director of the Office of Management and Budget · 14 people took this office in between
Jack Lew D
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency · 9 people took this office in between
Lee Zeldin R
confirmed 56–42 · Jan 29, 2025
Ambassador to the United Nations · 17 people took this office in between
Director of National Intelligence · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Jay Clayton I
confirmed 51–47 · Jul 28, 2026
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency · 10 people took this office in between
office did not exist
John Ratcliffe R
confirmed 74–25 · Jan 23, 2025
Administrator of the Small Business Administration · 9 people took this office in between
Kelly Loeffler R
confirmed 52–46 · Feb 19, 2025
office vacant or abolished
U.S. Trade Representative · 6 people took this office in between
Other senior officials (7 changed)
Postmaster General · 5 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 15 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Chair of the Federal Reserve · 4 people took this office in between
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff · 9 people took this office in between
Director of the FBI · 4 people took this office in between
National Security Advisor · 12 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R (acting)
Solicitor General · 8 people took this office in between
executive/ordersExecutive orders
+1,257Federal Register API ↗
1,257 executive orders signed · William J. Clinton 16 · George W. Bush 291 · Barack Obama 278 · Donald Trump 510 · Joseph R. Biden Jr. 162
261 → 1,214 orders (issued since 1994) in force · 304 revoked in this window
EO 13182 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
signed Dec 23, 2000 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 28, 2001 by EO 13249 (Bush)
EO 13231 Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age
signed Oct 16, 2001 by George W. Bush
EO 13249 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
signed Dec 28, 2001 by George W. Bush
EO 13262 2002 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
signed Apr 11, 2002 by George W. Bush
EO 13282 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
signed Dec 31, 2002 by George W. Bush · revoked Dec 30, 2003 by EO 13322 (Bush)
EO 13286 Amendment of Executive Orders, and Other Actions, in Connection With the Transfer of Certain Functions to the Secretary of Homeland Security
signed Feb 28, 2003 by George W. Bush
EO 13292 Further Amendment to Executive Order 12958, as Amended, Classified National Security Information
signed Mar 25, 2003 by George W. Bush · revoked Dec 29, 2009 by EO 13526 (Obama)
EO 13304 Termination of Emergencies With Respect to Yugoslavia and Modification of Executive Order 13219 of June 26, 2001
signed May 28, 2003 by George W. Bush
Show 6 more
EO 13315 Blocking Property of the Former Iraqi Regime, Its Senior Officials and Their Family Members, and Taking Certain Other Actions
Aug 28, 2003 · George W. Bush
EO 13322 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 30, 2003 · George W. Bush
EO 13332 Further Adjustment of Certain Rates of Pay
Mar 3, 2004 · George W. Bush
EO 13350 Termination of Emergency Declared in Executive Order 12722 With Respect to Iraq and Modification of Executive Order 13290, Executive Order 13303, and Executive Order 13315
Jul 29, 2004 · George W. Bush
EO 13368 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 30, 2004 · George W. Bush
EO 13387 2005 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
Oct 14, 2005 · George W. Bush
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+8,851Congress.gov ↗
13,002 civilian nominations received · 8,851 confirmed · 608 withdrawn · 3,362 returned to the President
Roderick R. Paige, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Colin Luther Powell, of Virginia, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Paul Henry O'Neill, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Donald Henry Rumsfeld, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Donald Louis Evans, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Spencer Abraham, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Ann Margaret Veneman, of California, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., of Indiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Anthony Joseph Principi, of California, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Melquiades Rafael Martinez, of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Tommy G. Thompson, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 24, 2001 · 100–0
Elaine Lan Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 29, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Show 192 more top confirmations
Gale Ann Norton, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 75–24
Christine Todd Whitman, of New Jersey, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 99–0
John Ashcroft, of Missouri, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 1, 2001 · 58–42
Thomas J. Ridge, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Homeland Security. (New Position)
confirmed Jan 22, 2003 · 94–0
Condoleezza Rice, of California, to be Secretary of State, vice Colin Luther Powell, resigned.
confirmed Jan 26, 2005 · 85–13
Alberto R. Gonzales, of Texas, to be Attorney General, vice John Ashcroft, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 2005 · 60–36
Michael Chertoff, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Thomas J. Ridge, resigned.
confirmed Feb 15, 2005 · 98–0
John D. Negroponte, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence. (New Position)
confirmed Apr 21, 2005 · 98–2
John G. Roberts, Jr., of Maryland, to be Chief Justice of the United States, vice William H. Rehnquist, deceased.
confirmed Sep 29, 2005 · 78–22
Robert M. Gates, of Texas, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Donald Henry Rumsfeld, resigned.
confirmed Dec 6, 2006 · 95–2
Jim Nussle, of Iowa, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Robert J. Portman.
confirmed Sep 4, 2007 · 69–24
Michael B. Mukasey, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Alberto R. Gonzales, resigned.
confirmed Nov 8, 2007 · 53–40
Janet Ann Napolitano, of Arizona, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Kenneth Lee Salazar, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Eric K. Shinseki, of Hawaii, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Arne Duncan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Steven Chu, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Hillary Rodham Clinton, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 2009 · 94–2
Ray LaHood, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Timothy F. Geithner, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 26, 2009 · 60–34
Eric H. Holder, Jr., of the District of Columbia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 2, 2009 · 75–21
Hilda L. Solis, of California, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 24, 2009 · 80–17
Gary Locke, of Washington, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 24, 2009
Kathleen Sebelius, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Apr 28, 2009 · 65–31
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Robert M. Gates.
confirmed Jun 21, 2011 · 100–0
David H. Petraeus, of New Hampshire, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Jun 30, 2011 · 94–0
John Edgar Bryson, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Gary Locke.
confirmed Oct 20, 2011 · 74–26
John Forbes Kerry, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of State, vice Hillary Rodham Clinton.
confirmed Jan 29, 2013 · 94–3
Charles Timothy Hagel, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Feb 26, 2013 · 58–41
Jacob J. Lew, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Timothy F. Geithner.
confirmed Feb 27, 2013 · 71–26
John Owen Brennan, of Virginia, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice David H. Petraeus, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 2013 · 63–34
Sarah Jewell, of Washington, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Kenneth Lee Salazar.
confirmed Apr 10, 2013 · 87–11
Ernest J. Moniz, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Steven Chu.
confirmed May 16, 2013 · 97–0
Penny Pritzker, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice John Edgar Bryson, resigned.
confirmed Jun 25, 2013 · 97–1
Anthony Renard Foxx, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Ray LaHood.
confirmed Jun 27, 2013 · 100–0
Thomas Edward Perez, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Hilda L. Solis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 18, 2013 · 54–46
Jeh Charles Johnson, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Janet Ann Napolitano, resigned.
confirmed Dec 16, 2013 · 78–16
Sylvia Mathews Burwell, of West Virginia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Kathleen Sebelius.
confirmed Jun 5, 2014 · 78–17
Julian Castro, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, vice Shaun L. S. Donovan.
confirmed Jul 9, 2014 · 71–26
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Sylvia Mathews Burwell.
confirmed Jul 10, 2014 · 75–22
Robert Alan McDonald, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice Eric K. Shinseki, resigned.
confirmed Jul 29, 2014 · 97–0
Ashton B. Carter, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Charles Timothy Hagel.
confirmed Feb 12, 2015 · 93–5
Loretta E. Lynch, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Eric H. Holder, Jr.
confirmed Apr 23, 2015 · 56–43
John B. King, of New York, to be Secretary of Education, vice Arne Duncan.
confirmed Mar 14, 2016 · 49–40
John F. Kelly, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 88–11
James Mattis, of Washington, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 98–1
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice John Owen Brennan.
confirmed Jan 23, 2017 · 66–32
Elaine L. Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 2017 · 93–6
Rex W. Tillerson, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Feb 1, 2017 · 55–43
Jeff Sessions, of Alabama, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 8, 2017 · 52–47
Thomas Price, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 10, 2017 · 52–47
David J. Shulkin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 100–0
Steven T. Mnuchin, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 53–47
Scott Pruitt, of Oklahoma, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 17, 2017 · 52–46
Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 2017 · 72–27
Ryan Zinke, of Montana, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 1, 2017 · 68–31
Benjamin S. Carson, Sr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 58–41
James Richard Perry, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 62–37
Daniel Coats, of Indiana, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice James R. Clapper, Jr.
confirmed Mar 15, 2017 · 85–12
Sonny Perdue, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Apr 24, 2017 · 87–11
R. Alexander Acosta, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 27, 2017 · 60–38
Kirstjen Nielsen, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice John F. Kelly, resigned.
confirmed Dec 5, 2017 · 62–37
Alex Michael Azar II, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Thomas Price, resigned.
confirmed Jan 24, 2018 · 55–43
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Secretary of State, vice Rex W. Tillerson.
confirmed Apr 26, 2018 · 57–42
Gina Haspel, of Kentucky, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Mike Pompeo.
confirmed May 17, 2018 · 54–45
Robert L. Wilkie, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice David J. Shulkin.
confirmed Jul 23, 2018 · 86–9
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General, vice Jeff Sessions, resigned.
confirmed Feb 14, 2019 · 54–45
Andrew Wheeler, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice Scott Pruitt.
confirmed Feb 28, 2019 · 52–47
David Bernhardt, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Ryan Zinke.
confirmed Apr 11, 2019 · 56–41
Mark T. Esper, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense, vice James Mattis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 23, 2019 · 90–8
Eugene Scalia, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Labor, vice R. Alexander Acosta, resigned.
confirmed Sep 26, 2019 · 53–44
Dan R. Brouillette, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy, vice James Richard Perry, resigning.
confirmed Dec 2, 2019 · 70–15
Jovita Carranza, of Illinois, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Linda E. McMahon.
confirmed Jan 7, 2020 · 88–5
John L. Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Daniel Coats, resigned.
confirmed May 21, 2020 · 49–44
Russell Vought, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Mick Mulvaney.
confirmed Jul 20, 2020 · 51–45
Avril Danica Haines, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Jan 20, 2021 · 84–10
Lloyd James Austin, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 22, 2021 · 93–2
Janet Louise Yellen, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 25, 2021 · 84–15
Antony John Blinken, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 26, 2021 · 78–22
Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 86–13
Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 56–43
Denis Richard McDonough, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 8, 2021 · 87–7
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 23, 2021 · 92–7
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 25, 2021 · 64–35
Miguel A. Cardona, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 1, 2021 · 64–33
Gina Marie Raimondo, of Rhode Island, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 2, 2021 · 84–15
Merrick Brian Garland, of Maryland, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 70–30
Marcia Louise Fudge, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 66–34
Debra Anne Haaland, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 15, 2021 · 51–40
Isabella Casillas Guzman, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Mar 16, 2021 · 81–17
Xavier Becerra, of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 18, 2021 · 50–49
Martin Joseph Walsh, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 22, 2021 · 68–29
Shalanda D. Young, of Louisiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Russell Vought.
confirmed Mar 15, 2022 · 61–36
Marco Rubio, of Florida, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2025 · 99–0
John Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
confirmed Jan 23, 2025 · 74–25
Peter Hegseth, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 24, 2025 · 51–50
Kristi Noem, of South Dakota, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 25, 2025 · 59–34
Scott Bessent, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 27, 2025 · 68–29
Sean Duffy, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 28, 2025 · 77–22
Lee Zeldin, of New York, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 29, 2025 · 56–42
Douglas Burgum, of North Dakota, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2025 · 80–17
Christopher Wright, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 3, 2025 · 59–38
Pamela Bondi, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 54–46
Douglas Collins, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 77–23
Eric Turner, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 5, 2025 · 55–44
Tulsi Gabbard, of Hawaii, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Feb 12, 2025 · 52–48
Brooke Rollins, of Texas, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 72–28
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 52–48
Howard Lutnick, of New York, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 18, 2025 · 51–45
Kelly Loeffler, of Georgia, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Feb 19, 2025 · 52–46
Linda McMahon, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 3, 2025 · 51–45
Lori Chavez-DeRemer, of Oregon, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 10, 2025 · 67–32
Markwayne Mullin, of Oklahoma, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Kristi Noem.
confirmed Mar 23, 2026 · 54–45
Walter Clayton, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Tulsi Gabbard.
confirmed Jul 28, 2026 · 51–47
Todd Blanche, of Florida, to be Attorney General, vice Pamela Bondi.
confirmed Aug 8, 2026 · 50–49
Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Lori Chavez-DeRemer, resigned.
confirmed Sep 30, 2026 · 47–41
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+88−38Wikidata ↗
369 → 425 tracked organizations · 15 → 16 executive departments
United States Department of Homeland Security department
established Nov 25, 2002 · United States federal executive department
Election Assistance Commission
established Jan 1, 2002 · independent agency of the United States government
Millennium Challenge Corporation
established Jan 1, 2004 · government agency
Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
established Oct 13, 2004
Federal Housing Finance Agency
established Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. federal agency
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
established Jul 21, 2011 · agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector
National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service
established Sep 19, 2017
United States International Development Finance Corporation
established Dec 20, 2019 · an executive agency of the US federal government responsible for providing foreign aid
United States Homeland Security Council
established Jan 1, 2001 · U.S. federal executive public safety, immigration and disaster relief forum
Homeland Security Advisory Council
established Mar 19, 2002 · part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
Show 116 more
United States Digital Service
established Aug 11, 2014 · former digital services department of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
Office of the National Cyber Director
established Jan 1, 2021 · US government agency on cybersecurity
Bureau of Industry and Security
established Jan 1, 2001 · federal law enforcement agency of the United States
Federal Reserve Police
established Jan 1, 2001 · law enforcement unit of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
established Jan 1, 2001 · facility in Atlanta, United States
Transportation Security Administration
established Jan 1, 2001 · United States federal government agency
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
established Oct 1, 2001 · office of the United States Department of State
Office of Force Transformation
established Oct 29, 2001 · office of the United States Department of Defense Office, 2001–2006
HSARPA
established Jan 1, 2002 · agency of the US Department of Homeland Security
Information Awareness Office
established Jan 1, 2002 · government agency established by the DARPA to achieve "Total Information Awareness"
Institute of Education Sciences
established Jan 1, 2002 · United States Department of Education research branch
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
established Jan 1, 2002 · U.S. government biodefense research laboratory
National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance
established Jan 1, 2002 · center of the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
established Jan 1, 2002 · United States federal agency
Pentagon Force Protection Agency
established Jan 1, 2002 · federal law enforcement agency within the U.S. Department of Defense
Privacy Office of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
established Jan 1, 2002
Office of Special Plans
established Sep 1, 2002 · U.S. intelligence unit
Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate
established Jan 1, 2003 · U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security Research and Development units
DHS Management Directorate
established Jan 1, 2003 · U.S. government body support agency
DHS Office of Health Affairs
established Jan 1, 2003 · office in the United States Department of Homeland Security
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
established Jan 1, 2003 · US Department of Energy program office
United States Chief Human Capital Officers Council
established Jan 1, 2003 · organization of chief human capital officers of United States executive departments
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
established Jan 24, 2003 · United States Treasury bureau which regulates and collects taxes on alcohol, tobacco, and firearms
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
established Mar 1, 2003 · customs service of the United States since 2003
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
established Mar 1, 2003 · immigration benefits agency of the United States government
United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement
established Mar 1, 2003 · United States federal law enforcement agency
Air Traffic Organization
established Nov 1, 2003 · FAA terminology
Alhurra
established Jan 1, 2004 · US TV station broadcasting to the Arab world
Office of Intelligence and Analysis
established Jan 1, 2004 · agency of the United States Department of the Treasury
Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence
established Jan 1, 2004 · United States government agency
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
established Jan 1, 2004 · United States government agency
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board
established Jan 1, 2004 · U.S. government agency
Office of Under Secretary of Energy for Science
established Jan 1, 2005 · American government agency
Research and Innovative Technology Administration
established Feb 22, 2005 · research programs agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation
Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response
established Jan 1, 2006 · United States federal government agency
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
established Jan 1, 2006 · government organization in Washington D.C., United States
CBP Air and Marine Operations
established Jan 1, 2006 · law enforcement agency
Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
established Jan 1, 2006 · American government agency
United States Department of Justice National Security Division
established Jan 1, 2006 · national Security Division
DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis
established Jan 1, 2007 · office of the United States Department of Homeland Security
Joint BioEnergy Institute
established Jan 1, 2007 · research institute in Emeryville, California
Civilian Board of Contract Appeals
established Jan 6, 2007 · United States government agency
Operationally Responsive Space Office
established May 21, 2007 · joint initiative of several agencies within the United States Department of Defense
Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency
established Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. government executive branch office created by 2008 Inspector General Reform Act
United States Capitol Visitor Center
established Jan 1, 2008 · underground visitor center in Washington, D.C.
Defense Academic Information Technology Consortium
established May 1, 2008
Office of Financial Stability
established Oct 1, 2008 · office of the United States Department of the Treasury
Office of Congressional Accessibility Services
established Oct 20, 2008 · office providing accessibility services and information in the United States Capitol Complex
ARPA-E
established Jan 1, 2009 · organization
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
established Jan 1, 2009
Office of Nuclear Energy
established Jan 1, 2009 · US government agency
Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board
established Jan 1, 2009 · former agency of the United States federal government
Office of Digital Strategy
established Jan 20, 2009 · Executive Branch agency that promotes the U.S. president's messaging through traditional and social media
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
established Feb 17, 2009 · U.S. federal agency responsible for national health IT leadership
Office of Government Information Services
established Sep 1, 2009 · office within the National Archives and Records Administration
Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance
established Jan 1, 2010 · bureau within the U.S. Department of State
Young African Leaders Initiative
established Jan 1, 2010 · US Department of State project
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
established Oct 1, 2011 · US Water Energy Agency
Bureau of the Fiscal Service
established Jan 1, 2012 · United States federal agency
Defense Forensics and Biometrics Agency
established Jan 1, 2012 · government organization in Charlotte, United States
Northeast Climate Science Center
established Jan 1, 2012 · government organization in Amherst Center, United States
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Black Americans
established Jul 26, 2012 · White House initiative housed in the United States Department of Education
Administration for Community Living
established Jan 1, 2014 · United States federal agency that supports the needs of the aging and disability populations, and improves access health care and long-term services
Defense Digital Service
established Jan 1, 2015
Defense Innovation Unit
established Aug 1, 2015 · technological research agency of the United States Department of Defense
National Background Investigations Bureau
established Jan 1, 2016 · succesor Agency to the Federal Investigative Services Division
Global Engagement Center
established Jan 1, 2016 · U.S. federal government agency
Build America Bureau
established Jul 20, 2016
Department of Homeland Security Office of Strategy, Policy, and Plans
established Dec 23, 2016 · office of the United States Department of Homeland Security
NOAA National Weather Service Pacific Region
established Jan 1, 2017 · administers the programs and facilities of the NWS throughout a large expanse of the Pacific
National Vetting Center
established Jan 1, 2018 · United States government agency
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
established Nov 16, 2018 · agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security
Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office
established Dec 21, 2018
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Native Americans and Strengthening Tribal Colleges and Universities
established Oct 11, 2021 · government agency housed in the United States Department of Education
Disinformation Governance Board
established Jan 1, 2022 · board of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health
established Mar 15, 2022 · United States federal agency established in 2022
Office of Long COVID Research and Practice
established Jan 1, 2023
U.S. Wildland Fire Service
established Jan 1, 2026 · United States government agency
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
abolished Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. government agency
Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
abolished Mar 7, 2015
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
abolished Dec 20, 2019 · government agency of the United States of America · replaced by United States International Development Finance Corporation
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
abolished Sep 17, 2020
U.S. Census Monitoring Board
abolished Sep 30, 2001 · former agency
Ballistic Missile Defense Organization
abolished Jan 1, 2002 · former agency of the United States Department of Defense · replaced by Missile Defense Agency
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
abolished Jan 1, 2003 · former American federal agency · replaced by Q434371,Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
United States Customs Service
abolished Mar 1, 2003 · former customs service of the United States (1789-2003) · replaced by U.S. Customs and Border Protection
United States Immigration and Naturalization Service
abolished Mar 1, 2003 · former immigration service of the United States · replaced by U.S. Customs and Border Protection,United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement,United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
Office of Special Plans
abolished Jun 1, 2003 · U.S. intelligence unit
Research and Special Programs Administration
abolished Jan 1, 2004 · replaced by Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel
abolished Jan 1, 2005 · American copyright agency · replaced by Copyright Royalty Board
Farmers Home Administration
abolished Jan 1, 2006 · U.S. federal agency with mission and programs involved in extending credit for agriculture and rural development
Office of Force Transformation
abolished Oct 1, 2006 · office of the United States Department of Defense Office, 2001–2006 · replaced by Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
Department of Energy Board of Contract Appeals
abolished Jan 6, 2007 · replaced by Civilian Board of Contract Appeals
General Services Administration Board of Contract Appeals
abolished Jan 6, 2007 · replaced by Civilian Board of Contract Appeals
Technology Administration
abolished Aug 9, 2007 · former agency in the Department of Commerce that worked with United States industries
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
abolished Sep 1, 2009 · agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (1994-2009) · replaced by National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Employment Standards Administration
abolished Nov 8, 2009 · large agency within the U.S. Department of Labor, ESA was eliminated on November 8, 2009
Tropical Prediction Center
abolished Jan 1, 2010
U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division
abolished Jan 1, 2010 · defunct division of the U.S. Geological Survey · replaced by USGS Ecosystems Mission Area
Minerals Management Service
abolished Jan 1, 2011 · government agency · replaced by Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
Office of Thrift Supervision
abolished Jul 21, 2011 · U.S. Treasury Department agency · replaced by Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Networks and Information Integration, Information Management
abolished Jan 11, 2012 · former office of the United States Department of Defense
Research and Innovative Technology Administration
abolished Jan 1, 2014 · research programs agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation
Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office
abolished Jan 30, 2015 · agency of the United States Department of Defense · replaced by Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency
Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board
abolished Sep 30, 2015 · former agency of the United States federal government
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
abolished Sep 30, 2017 · organization
National Background Investigations Bureau
abolished Jan 1, 2019 · succesor Agency to the Federal Investigative Services Division · replaced by Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency
Development Credit Authority
abolished Dec 20, 2019 · replaced by United States International Development Finance Corporation
Disinformation Governance Board
abolished Aug 24, 2022 · board of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Global Engagement Center
abolished Dec 24, 2024 · U.S. federal government agency
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
executive/regulationsFederal regulations
+91,636Federal Register API ↗
91,636 final rules published in the Federal Register
from Dec 23, 2000
8,101 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866
major economic or policy impact
58,655 proposed rules · 618,391 notices
Loading which agencies published the most rules…
Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.
Military4 files+22−13
military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 7
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
began Aug 8, 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: al-Shabaab
began 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Iran–Israel conflict
began 2020 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Israel
Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
began Feb 3, 2024 · U.S. a principal party · against Ansarallah (the Houthis)
Syria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Nigeria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: Islamic State
began Feb 1, 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
13 conflicts began and ended in between
War against al-Qaida
Sep 11, 2001 – Dec 4, 2017 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Invasion of Afghanistan
Oct 7, 2001 – Nov 13, 2001 · U.S. a principal party · against Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
2003 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against the Taliban
Invasion of Iraq
Mar 23, 2003 – Apr 28, 2003 · U.S. a principal party · against Iraq
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
Jan 18, 2004 – Dec 18, 2011 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansar al-Islam, IS
Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
2009 – 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansarallah, AQAP
Afghanistan: Islamic State
Mar 3, 2015 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Libya: Islamic State
2016 – Sep 29, 2019 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Niger: Islamic State
2017 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Kenya: al-Shabaab
2019 – 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Somalia: Islamic State
Jun 4, 2019 – Dec 19, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
War against al-Qaida
Jul 31, 2019 – Sep 7, 2019 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Niger: JNIM
Dec 9, 2021 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against JNIM
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded. UCDP data runs through 2025, so "active" on later dates means active at the end of 2025.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
−51,705 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
215,478 → 163,773 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 1,350,839 → 1,335,749 total active duty
16 → 10 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Sep 30, 2000 → as of Mar 31, 2026
Germany 69,203 → 37,009
−32,194
Japan 40,159 → 54,891
+14,732
South Korea 36,565 → 23,372
−13,193
Saudi Arabia 7,053 → 264
−6,789
Bosnia and Herzegovina 5,708 → 17
−5,691
Yugoslavia 5,427 → 0
−5,427
Kuwait 4,602 → 540
−4,062
Guam 3,266 → 7,137
+3,871
Puerto Rico 2,896 → 673
−2,223
Bahrain 949 → 3,151
+2,202
Spain 2,007 → 3,835
+1,828
Iceland 1,636 → 1
−1,635
Largest U.S. deployments as of Mar 31, 2026
Japan 54,891
Germany 37,009
South Korea 23,372
Italy 12,783
United Kingdom 10,158
Guam 7,137
Spain 3,835
Bahrain 3,151
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.
military/spendingCost of war
$1.78T war fundingDoD Cost of War reports · CRS ↗
$1.78T spent on named war operations, fiscal years 2001–2024 · Defense Department obligations
Afghanistan $895B
Enduring Freedom → Freedom's Sentinel → Enduring Sentinel · FY2001–FY2024
Iraq & Syria $805B
Iraqi Freedom → New Dawn → Inherent Resolve · FY2001–FY2024
Ukraine $79.1B
U.S. support operations · FY2022–FY2024
Lifetime cost of wars fought in this window · constant FY2011 dollars (CRS)
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency) $321B
0.7% of GDP in its peak year · 2001–2021
Iraq War $784B
1% of GDP in its peak year · 2003–2011
Operation spending is what the Defense Department obligated to each named operation in each fiscal year, from its Cost of War reports; it excludes State Department and USAID programs, veterans' care, interest, and base budgets. Lifetime costs are the Congressional Research Service's estimates of direct military spending for each war, in FY2011 dollars.
military/authorizationsDeclarations of war & authorizations
Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)
Sep 18, 2001 · Authorized force against those responsible for the September 11 attacks (Pub. L. 107-40).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq (2002)
Oct 16, 2002 · Authorized the Iraq War (Pub. L. 107-243).
Legislative4 files+5,162−494
legislative/controlControl of Congress
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
106th Congress → 119th Congress · 13 new Congresses elected
10 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Republican majority on both dates
222 R · 211 D → 219 R · 214 D
Senate: Republican majority on both dates
54 R · 46 D → 53 R · 47 D
legislative/senateSenate
+91−91congress-legislators ↗
91 new members · 91 departed · 9 served on both dates · women 9 → 27 · median age 59 → 66
35 seats changed party
Show 31 more seat flips
Who joined and who left (91 in · 91 out)
Dan Sullivan R
Alaska
Lisa Murkowski R
Alaska
Tommy Tuberville R
Alabama
Katie Boyd Britt R
Alabama
Tom Cotton R
Arkansas
John Boozman R
Arkansas
Mark Kelly D
Arizona
Ruben Gallego D
Arizona
Alex Padilla D
California
Adam B. Schiff D
California
John W. Hickenlooper D
Colorado
Michael F. Bennet D
Colorado
Richard Blumenthal D
Connecticut
Christopher Murphy D
Connecticut
Christopher A. Coons D
Delaware
Lisa Blunt Rochester D
Delaware
Rick Scott R
Florida
Ashley Moody R
Florida
Jon Ossoff D
Georgia
Raphael G. Warnock D
Georgia
Brian Schatz D
Hawaii
Mazie K. Hirono D
Hawaii
Joni Ernst R
Iowa
James E. Risch R
Idaho
Tammy Duckworth D
Illinois
Todd Young R
Indiana
Jim Banks R
Indiana
Roger Marshall R
Kansas
Jerry Moran R
Kansas
Rand Paul R
Kentucky
Bill Cassidy R
Louisiana
John Kennedy R
Louisiana
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts
Elizabeth Warren D
Massachusetts
Chris Van Hollen D
Maryland
Angela D. Alsobrooks D
Maryland
Angus S. King, Jr. I
Maine
Gary C. Peters D
Michigan
Elissa Slotkin D
Michigan
Tina Smith D
Minnesota
Amy Klobuchar D
Minnesota
Eric Schmitt R
Missouri
Josh Hawley R
Missouri
Cindy Hyde-Smith R
Mississippi
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi
Steve Daines R
Montana
Tim Sheehy R
Montana
Thom Tillis R
North Carolina
Ted Budd R
North Carolina
John Hoeven R
North Dakota
Kevin Cramer R
North Dakota
Pete Ricketts R
Nebraska
Deb Fischer R
Nebraska
Jeanne Shaheen D
New Hampshire
Margaret Wood Hassan D
New Hampshire
Cory A. Booker D
New Jersey
Andy Kim D
New Jersey
Ben Ray Luján D
New Mexico
Martin Heinrich D
New Mexico
Catherine Cortez Masto D
Nevada
Jacky Rosen D
Nevada
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D
New York
Bernie Moreno R
Ohio
Jon Husted R
Ohio
James Lankford R
Oklahoma
Alan Armstrong R
Oklahoma
Jeff Merkley D
Oregon
John Fetterman D
Pennsylvania
David McCormick R
Pennsylvania
Sheldon Whitehouse D
Rhode Island
Tim Scott R
South Carolina
Darline Graham R
South Carolina
Mike Rounds R
South Dakota
John Thune R
South Dakota
Bill Hagerty R
Tennessee
Marsha Blackburn R
Tennessee
John Cornyn R
Texas
Ted Cruz R
Texas
Mike Lee R
Utah
John R. Curtis R
Utah
Mark R. Warner D
Virginia
Tim Kaine D
Virginia
Peter Welch D
Vermont
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont
Maria Cantwell D
Washington
Ron Johnson R
Wisconsin
Tammy Baldwin D
Wisconsin
Shelley Moore Capito R
West Virginia
James C. Justice R
West Virginia
Cynthia M. Lummis R
Wyoming
John Barrasso R
Wyoming
Ted F. Stevens R
Alaska
Frank H. Murkowski R
Alaska
Jeff Sessions R
Alabama
Richard C. Shelby R
Alabama
Tim Hutchinson R
Arkansas
Blanche Lambert Lincoln D
Arkansas
Jon Kyl R
Arizona
John McCain R
Arizona
Dianne Feinstein D
California
Barbara Boxer D
California
Wayne A. Allard R
Colorado
Ben Nighthorse Campbell R
Colorado
Joseph I. Lieberman D
Connecticut
Christopher J. Dodd D
Connecticut
William V. Roth Jr. R
Delaware
Joseph R. Biden Jr. D
Delaware
Connie Mack III R
Florida
Bob Graham D
Florida
J. Maxwell Cleland D
Georgia
Zell Bryan Miller D
Georgia
Daniel K. Akaka D
Hawaii
Daniel K. Inouye D
Hawaii
Tom Harkin D
Iowa
Larry E. Craig R
Idaho
Peter G. Fitzgerald R
Illinois
Richard G. Lugar R
Indiana
Evan Bayh D
Indiana
Pat Roberts R
Kansas
Samuel D. Brownback R
Kansas
Jim Bunning R
Kentucky
Mary L. Landrieu D
Louisiana
John B. Breaux D
Louisiana
Edward M. Kennedy D
Massachusetts
John F. Kerry D
Massachusetts
Paul S. Sarbanes D
Maryland
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland
Olympia J. Snowe R
Maine
Spencer Abraham R
Michigan
Carl Levin D
Michigan
Rod Grams R
Minnesota
Paul David Wellstone D
Minnesota
John Ashcroft R
Missouri
Christopher S. Bond R
Missouri
Trent Lott R
Mississippi
Thad Cochran R
Mississippi
Conrad Burns R
Montana
Max Baucus D
Montana
Jesse Helms R
North Carolina
John Reid Edwards D
North Carolina
Kent Conrad D
North Dakota
Byron L. Dorgan D
North Dakota
J. Robert Kerrey D
Nebraska
Charles T. Hagel R
Nebraska
Robert Smith R
New Hampshire
Judd A. Gregg R
New Hampshire
Frank R. Lautenberg D
New Jersey
Robert Torricelli D
New Jersey
Jeff Bingaman D
New Mexico
Pete V. Domenici R
New Mexico
Richard H. Bryan D
Nevada
Harry Reid D
Nevada
Daniel Patrick Moynihan D
New York
Michael DeWine R
Ohio
George V. Voinovich R
Ohio
James M. Inhofe R
Oklahoma
Don Nickles R
Oklahoma
Gordon Harold Smith R
Oregon
Richard J. Santorum R
Pennsylvania
Arlen Specter R
Pennsylvania
Lincoln D. Chafee R
Rhode Island
J. Strom Thurmond R
South Carolina
Ernest F. Hollings D
South Carolina
Tim Johnson D
South Dakota
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota
William H. Frist R
Tennessee
Fred Thompson R
Tennessee
Kay Bailey Hutchison R
Texas
Phil Gramm R
Texas
Orrin G. Hatch R
Utah
Robert F. Bennett R
Utah
Charles S. Robb D
Virginia
John W. Warner R
Virginia
James M. Jeffords R
Vermont
Patrick J. Leahy D
Vermont
T. Slade Gorton R
Washington
Herb Kohl D
Wisconsin
Russell D. Feingold D
Wisconsin
Robert C. Byrd D
West Virginia
John D. Rockefeller, IV D
West Virginia
Craig Thomas R
Wyoming
Michael B. Enzi R
Wyoming
legislative/houseHouse
+402−403congress-legislators ↗
402 new members · 403 departed · 31 served on both dates · women 56 → 125 · median age 54 → 59
38 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Arkansas 2 D · 2 R
Arkansas 0 D · 4 R
Arizona 1 D · 5 R
Arizona 3 D · 6 R
California 27 D · 25 R
California 43 D · 9 R
Colorado 2 D · 4 R
Colorado 4 D · 4 R
Connecticut 4 D · 2 R
Connecticut 5 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 1 R
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Florida 8 D · 15 R
Florida 7 D · 20 R
Georgia 3 D · 8 R
Georgia 5 D · 9 R
Iowa 1 D · 4 R
Iowa 0 D · 4 R
Illinois 10 D · 10 R
Illinois 14 D · 3 R
Indiana 4 D · 6 R
Indiana 2 D · 7 R
Louisiana 2 D · 5 R
Louisiana 2 D · 4 R
Massachusetts 10 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 9 D · 0 R
Maryland 4 D · 4 R
Maryland 7 D · 1 R
Michigan 10 D · 6 R
Michigan 6 D · 7 R
Minnesota 6 D · 2 R
Minnesota 4 D · 4 R
Missouri 5 D · 4 R
Missouri 2 D · 6 R
Mississippi 3 D · 2 R
Mississippi 1 D · 3 R
Montana 0 D · 1 R
Montana 0 D · 2 R
North Carolina 5 D · 7 R
North Carolina 4 D · 10 R
North Dakota 1 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 1 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 2 D · 0 R
New Jersey 7 D · 6 R
New Jersey 9 D · 3 R
New Mexico 1 D · 2 R
New Mexico 3 D · 0 R
Nevada 1 D · 1 R
Nevada 3 D · 1 R
New York 19 D · 12 R
New York 19 D · 7 R
Ohio 8 D · 11 R
Ohio 5 D · 10 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 6 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 5 R
Oregon 4 D · 1 R
Oregon 5 D · 1 R
Pennsylvania 11 D · 10 R
Pennsylvania 7 D · 10 R
South Carolina 2 D · 4 R
South Carolina 1 D · 6 R
Tennessee 4 D · 5 R
Tennessee 1 D · 8 R
Texas 17 D · 13 R
Texas 13 D · 24 R
Utah 0 D · 3 R
Utah 0 D · 4 R
Virginia 5 D · 4 R · 1 other
Virginia 6 D · 5 R
Washington 5 D · 4 R
Washington 8 D · 2 R
Wisconsin 5 D · 4 R
Wisconsin 2 D · 6 R
West Virginia 3 D · 0 R
West Virginia 0 D · 2 R
Who joined and who left (402 in · 403 out)
Nicholas J. Begich III R
Alaska-AL
Mike Rogers R
Alabama-3
Terri A. Sewell D
Alabama-7
Gary J. Palmer R
Alabama-6
Barry Moore R
Alabama-1
Dale W. Strong R
Alabama-5
Shomari Figures D
Alabama-2
Eric A. "Rick" Crawford R
Arkansas-1
Steve Womack R
Arkansas-3
J. French Hill R
Arkansas-2
Bruce Westerman R
Arkansas-4
Paul A. Gosar R
Arizona-9
David Schweikert R
Arizona-1
Andy Biggs R
Arizona-5
Greg Stanton D
Arizona-4
Elijah Crane R
Arizona-2
Juan Ciscomani R
Arizona-6
Yassamin Ansari D
Arizona-3
Abraham J. Hamadeh R
Arizona-8
Adelita S. Grijalva D
Arizona-7
Judy Chu D
California-28
Jim Costa D
California-21
John Garamendi D
California-8
Doris O. Matsui D
California-7
Tom McClintock R
California-5
Linda T. Sánchez D
California-38
Jared Huffman D
California-2
Ami Bera D
California-6
Julia Brownley D
California-26
Raul Ruiz D
California-25
Mark Takano D
California-39
Juan Vargas D
California-52
Scott H. Peters D
California-50
Mark DeSaulnier D
California-10
Pete Aguilar D
California-33
Ted Lieu D
California-36
Norma J. Torres D
California-35
Ro Khanna D
California-17
Jimmy Panetta D
California-19
Salud O. Carbajal D
California-24
Nanette Diaz Barragán D
California-44
J. Luis Correa D
California-46
Jimmy Gomez D
California-34
Josh Harder D
California-9
Mike Levin D
California-49
Darrell Issa R
California-48
David G. Valadao R
California-22
Jay Obernolte R
California-23
Young Kim R
California-40
Sara Jacobs D
California-51
Kevin Mullin D
California-15
Sydney Kamlager-Dove D
California-37
Robert Garcia D
California-42
Vince Fong R
California-20
Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr. D
California-31
Lateefah Simon D
California-12
Adam Gray D
California-13
Sam T. Liccardo D
California-16
George Whitesides D
California-27
Luz M. Rivas D
California-29
Laura Friedman D
California-30
Derek Tran D
California-45
Dave Min D
California-47
Kevin Kiley I
California-3
James Gallagher R
California-1
Aisha Wahab D
California-14
Joe Neguse D
Colorado-2
Jason Crow D
Colorado-6
Lauren Boebert R
Colorado-4
Brittany Pettersen D
Colorado-7
Jeff Hurd R
Colorado-3
Jeff Crank R
Colorado-5
Gabe Evans R
Colorado-8
Joe Courtney D
Connecticut-2
James A. Himes D
Connecticut-4
Jahana Hayes D
Connecticut-5
Sarah McBride D
Delaware-AL
Gus M. Bilirakis R
Florida-12
Vern Buchanan R
Florida-16
Kathy Castor D
Florida-14
Mario Diaz-Balart R
Florida-26
Debbie Wasserman Schultz D
Florida-25
Daniel Webster R
Florida-11
Frederica S. Wilson D
Florida-24
Lois Frankel D
Florida-22
Neal P. Dunn R
Florida-2
John H. Rutherford R
Florida-5
Darren Soto D
Florida-9
Brian J. Mast R
Florida-21
W. Gregory Steube R
Florida-17
Kat Cammack R
Florida-3
Scott Franklin R
Florida-18
Byron Donalds R
Florida-19
Carlos A. Gimenez R
Florida-28
Maria Elvira Salazar R
Florida-27
Aaron Bean R
Florida-4
Cory Mills R
Florida-7
Maxwell Frost D
Florida-10
Anna Paulina Luna R
Florida-13
Laurel M. Lee R
Florida-15
Jared Moskowitz D
Florida-23
Mike Haridopolos R
Florida-8
Jimmy Patronis R
Florida-1
Randy Fine R
Florida-6
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. D
Georgia-4
Austin Scott R
Georgia-8
Earl L. "Buddy" Carter R
Georgia-1
Barry Loudermilk R
Georgia-11
Rick W. Allen R
Georgia-12
Lucy McBath D
Georgia-6
Nikema Williams D
Georgia-5
Andrew S. Clyde R
Georgia-9
Richard McCormick R
Georgia-7
Mike Collins R
Georgia-10
Brian Jack R
Georgia-3
Clay Fuller R
Georgia-14
Everton Blair Jr. D
Georgia-13
Ed Case D
Hawaii-1
Jill N. Tokuda D
Hawaii-2
Ashley Hinson R
Iowa-2
Mariannette Miller-Meeks R
Iowa-1
Randy Feenstra R
Iowa-4
Zachary Nunn R
Iowa-3
Russ Fulcher R
Idaho-1
Mike Quigley D
Illinois-5
Bill Foster D
Illinois-11
Robin L. Kelly D
Illinois-2
Mike Bost R
Illinois-12
Darin LaHood R
Illinois-16
Bradley Scott Schneider D
Illinois-10
Raja Krishnamoorthi D
Illinois-8
Jesús G. "Chuy" García D
Illinois-4
Sean Casten D
Illinois-6
Lauren Underwood D
Illinois-14
Mary E. Miller R
Illinois-15
Jonathan L. Jackson D
Illinois-1
Delia C. Ramirez D
Illinois-3
Nikki Budzinski D
Illinois-13
Eric Sorensen D
Illinois-17
André Carson D
Indiana-7
James R. Baird R
Indiana-4
Frank J. Mrvan D
Indiana-1
Victoria Spartz R
Indiana-5
Rudy Yakym III R
Indiana-2
Erin Houchin R
Indiana-9
Marlin A. Stutzman R
Indiana-3
Jefferson Shreve R
Indiana-6
Mark B. Messmer R
Indiana-8
Ron Estes R
Kansas-4
Sharice Davids D
Kansas-3
Tracey Mann R
Kansas-1
Derek Schmidt R
Kansas-2
Brett Guthrie R
Kentucky-2
Thomas Massie R
Kentucky-4
Andy Barr R
Kentucky-6
James Comer R
Kentucky-1
Morgan McGarvey D
Kentucky-3
Steve Scalise R
Louisiana-1
Clay Higgins R
Louisiana-3
Mike Johnson R
Louisiana-4
Julia Letlow R
Louisiana-5
Troy A. Carter D
Louisiana-2
Cleo Fields D
Louisiana-6
William R. Keating D
Massachusetts-9
Stephen F. Lynch D
Massachusetts-8
Katherine M. Clark D
Massachusetts-5
Seth Moulton D
Massachusetts-6
Lori Trahan D
Massachusetts-3
Ayanna Pressley D
Massachusetts-7
Jake Auchincloss D
Massachusetts-4
Andy Harris R
Maryland-1
Jamie Raskin D
Maryland-8
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Glenn Ivey D
Maryland-4
Johnny Olszewski, Jr. D
Maryland-2
Sarah Elfreth D
Maryland-3
April McClain Delaney D
Maryland-6
Chellie Pingree D
Maine-1
Jared F. Golden D
Maine-2
Bill Huizenga R
Michigan-4
Tim Walberg R
Michigan-5
John R. Moolenaar R
Michigan-2
Debbie Dingell D
Michigan-6
Jack Bergman R
Michigan-1
Haley M. Stevens D
Michigan-11
Rashida Tlaib D
Michigan-12
Lisa C. McClain R
Michigan-9
Hillary J. Scholten D
Michigan-3
John James R
Michigan-10
Shri Thanedar D
Michigan-13
Tom Barrett R
Michigan-7
Kristen McDonald Rivet D
Michigan-8
Betty McCollum D
Minnesota-4
Tom Emmer R
Minnesota-6
Angie Craig D
Minnesota-2
Ilhan Omar D
Minnesota-5
Pete Stauber R
Minnesota-8
Michelle Fischbach R
Minnesota-7
Brad Finstad R
Minnesota-1
Kelly Morrison D
Minnesota-3
Emanuel Cleaver D
Missouri-5
Sam Graves R
Missouri-6
Ann Wagner R
Missouri-2
Jason Smith R
Missouri-8
Mark Alford R
Missouri-4
Eric Burlison R
Missouri-7
Wesley Bell D
Missouri-1
Robert F. Onder, Jr. R
Missouri-3
Trent Kelly R
Mississippi-1
Michael Guest R
Mississippi-3
Mike Ezell R
Mississippi-4
Ryan K. Zinke R
Montana-1
Troy Downing R
Montana-2
Virginia Foxx R
North Carolina-5
Richard Hudson R
North Carolina-9
Alma S. Adams D
North Carolina-12
David Rouzer R
North Carolina-7
Gregory F. Murphy R
North Carolina-3
Deborah K. Ross D
North Carolina-2
Donald G. Davis D
North Carolina-1
Valerie P. Foushee D
North Carolina-4
Chuck Edwards R
North Carolina-11
Addison P. McDowell R
North Carolina-6
Mark Harris R
North Carolina-8
Pat Harrigan R
North Carolina-10
Brad Knott R
North Carolina-13
Tim Moore R
North Carolina-14
Julie Fedorchak R
North Dakota-AL
Adrian Smith R
Nebraska-3
Don Bacon R
Nebraska-2
Mike Flood R
Nebraska-1
Chris Pappas D
New Hampshire-1
Maggie Goodlander D
New Hampshire-2
Donald Norcross D
New Jersey-1
Bonnie Watson Coleman D
New Jersey-12
Josh Gottheimer D
New Jersey-5
Jefferson Van Drew R
New Jersey-2
Thomas H. Kean, Jr. R
New Jersey-7
Robert Menendez D
New Jersey-8
LaMonica McIver D
New Jersey-10
Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. D
New Jersey-3
Nellie Pou D
New Jersey-9
Analilia Mejia D
New Jersey-11
Teresa Leger Fernandez D
New Mexico-3
Melanie A. Stansbury D
New Mexico-1
Gabe Vasquez D
New Mexico-2
Mark E. Amodei R
Nevada-2
Dina Titus D
Nevada-1
Steven Horsford D
Nevada-4
Susie Lee D
Nevada-3
Yvette D. Clarke D
New York-9
Paul Tonko D
New York-20
Grace Meng D
New York-6
Hakeem S. Jeffries D
New York-8
Elise M. Stefanik R
New York-21
Adriano Espaillat D
New York-13
Joseph D. Morelle D
New York-25
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D
New York-14
Andrew R. Garbarino R
New York-2
Nicole Malliotakis R
New York-11
Ritchie Torres D
New York-15
Claudia Tenney R
New York-24
Patrick Ryan D
New York-18
Nick LaLota R
New York-1
Daniel S. Goldman D
New York-10
Michael Lawler R
New York-17
Nicholas A. Langworthy R
New York-23
Thomas R. Suozzi D
New York-3
Timothy M. Kennedy D
New York-26
Laura Gillen D
New York-4
George Latimer D
New York-16
Josh Riley D
New York-19
John W. Mannion D
New York-22
Jim Jordan R
Ohio-4
Robert E. Latta R
Ohio-5
Michael R. Turner R
Ohio-10
Joyce Beatty D
Ohio-3
David P. Joyce R
Ohio-14
Warren Davidson R
Ohio-8
Troy Balderson R
Ohio-12
Shontel M. Brown D
Ohio-11
Mike Carey R
Ohio-15
Greg Landsman D
Ohio-1
Max L. Miller R
Ohio-7
Emilia Strong Sykes D
Ohio-13
Michael A. Rulli R
Ohio-6
David J. Taylor R
Ohio-2
Tom Cole R
Oklahoma-4
Kevin Hern R
Oklahoma-1
Stephanie I. Bice R
Oklahoma-5
Josh Brecheen R
Oklahoma-2
Suzanne Bonamici D
Oregon-1
Cliff Bentz R
Oregon-2
Val T. Hoyle D
Oregon-4
Andrea Salinas D
Oregon-6
Maxine Dexter D
Oregon-3
Janelle S. Bynum D
Oregon-5
Mike Kelly R
Pennsylvania-16
Glenn Thompson R
Pennsylvania-15
Scott Perry R
Pennsylvania-10
Brendan F. Boyle D
Pennsylvania-2
Dwight Evans D
Pennsylvania-3
Brian K. Fitzpatrick R
Pennsylvania-1
Lloyd Smucker R
Pennsylvania-11
Mary Gay Scanlon D
Pennsylvania-5
Madeleine Dean D
Pennsylvania-4
Chrissy Houlahan D
Pennsylvania-6
Daniel Meuser R
Pennsylvania-9
John Joyce R
Pennsylvania-13
Guy Reschenthaler R
Pennsylvania-14
Summer L. Lee D
Pennsylvania-12
Christopher R. Deluzio D
Pennsylvania-17
Ryan Mackenzie R
Pennsylvania-7
Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. R
Pennsylvania-8
Seth Magaziner D
Rhode Island-2
Gabe Amo D
Rhode Island-1
Joe Wilson R
South Carolina-2
Ralph Norman R
South Carolina-5
William R. Timmons IV R
South Carolina-4
Nancy Mace R
South Carolina-1
Russell Fry R
South Carolina-7
Sheri Biggs R
South Carolina-3
Dusty Johnson R
South Dakota-AL
Steve Cohen D
Tennessee-9
Scott DesJarlais R
Tennessee-4
Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann R
Tennessee-3
David Kustoff R
Tennessee-8
Tim Burchett R
Tennessee-2
John W. Rose R
Tennessee-6
Diana Harshbarger R
Tennessee-1
Andrew Ogles R
Tennessee-5
Matt Van Epps R
Tennessee-7
John R. Carter R
Texas-31
Henry Cuellar D
Texas-28
Al Green D
Texas-9
Michael T. McCaul R
Texas-10
Randy K. Weber, Sr. R
Texas-14
Joaquin Castro D
Texas-20
Roger Williams R
Texas-25
Marc A. Veasey D
Texas-33
Brian Babin R
Texas-36
Vicente Gonzalez D
Texas-34
Jodey C. Arrington R
Texas-19
Michael Cloud R
Texas-27
Dan Crenshaw R
Texas-2
Lance Gooden R
Texas-5
Lizzie Fletcher D
Texas-7
Veronica Escobar D
Texas-16
Chip Roy R
Texas-21
Sylvia R. Garcia D
Texas-29
Pat Fallon R
Texas-4
August Pfluger R
Texas-11
Ronny Jackson R
Texas-13
Troy E. Nehls R
Texas-22
Beth Van Duyne R
Texas-24
Jake Ellzey R
Texas-6
Nathaniel Moran R
Texas-1
Keith Self R
Texas-3
Morgan Luttrell R
Texas-8
Monica De La Cruz R
Texas-15
Jasmine Crockett D
Texas-30
Greg Casar D
Texas-35
Wesley Hunt R
Texas-38
Craig A. Goldman R
Texas-12
Brandon Gill R
Texas-26
Julie Johnson D
Texas-32
Christian D. Menefee D
Texas-18
Blake D. Moore R
Utah-1
Burgess Owens R
Utah-4
Celeste Maloy R
Utah-2
Mike Kennedy R
Utah-3
H. Morgan Griffith R
Virginia-9
Robert J. Wittman R
Virginia-1
Donald S. Beyer, Jr. D
Virginia-8
Ben Cline R
Virginia-6
Jennifer A. Kiggans R
Virginia-2
Jennifer L. McClellan D
Virginia-4
John J. McGuire III R
Virginia-5
Eugene Simon Vindman D
Virginia-7
Suhas Subramanyam D
Virginia-10
James R. Walkinshaw D
Virginia-11
Becca Balint D
Vermont-AL
Rick Larsen D
Washington-2
Suzan K. DelBene D
Washington-1
Dan Newhouse R
Washington-4
Pramila Jayapal D
Washington-7
Kim Schrier D
Washington-8
Marilyn Strickland D
Washington-10
Marie Gluesenkamp Perez D
Washington-3
Michael Baumgartner R
Washington-5
Emily Randall D
Washington-6
Gwen Moore D
Wisconsin-4
Mark Pocan D
Wisconsin-2
Glenn Grothman R
Wisconsin-6
Bryan Steil R
Wisconsin-1
Thomas P. Tiffany R
Wisconsin-7
Scott Fitzgerald R
Wisconsin-5
Derrick Van Orden R
Wisconsin-3
Tony Wied R
Wisconsin-8
Carol D. Miller R
West Virginia-1
Riley M. Moore R
West Virginia-2
Harriet M. Hageman R
Wyoming-AL
Don Young R
Alaska-AL
H. L. Callahan R
Alabama-1
Earl F. Hilliard D
Alabama-7
Bob Riley R
Alabama-3
Robert E. Cramer Jr. D
Alabama-5
Terry Everett R
Alabama-2
Spencer Bachus R
Alabama-6
Jay Dickey R
Arkansas-4
Asa Hutchinson R
Arkansas-3
Robert Marion Berry D
Arkansas-1
Victor F. Snyder D
Arkansas-2
Robert Stump R
Arizona-3
John D. Hayworth Jr. R
Arizona-6
James T. Kolbe R
Arizona-5
John B. Shadegg R
Arizona-4
Ed Pastor D
Arizona-2
Matt Salmon R
Arizona-1
Tom Campbell R
California-15
Julian C. Dixon D
California-32
Steven T. Kuykendall R
California-36
Ron Packard R
California-48
James E. Rogan R
California-27
Gary Condit D
California-18
Stephen Horn R
California-38
Calvin M. Dooley D
California-20
Robert T. Matsui D
California-5
Doug Ose R
California-3
C. Christopher Cox R
California-47
Randall H. Cunningham R
California-51
Richard W. Pombo R
California-11
William M. Thomas R
California-21
John T. Doolittle R
California-4
Duncan L. Hunter R
California-52
Tom Lantos D
California-12
Juanita Millender-McDonald D
California-37
George P. Radanovich R
California-19
Ellen O. Tauscher D
California-10
Bob Filner D
California-50
Howard L. Berman D
California-26
Brian P. Bilbray R
California-49
Mary Bono Mack R
California-44
David Dreier R
California-28
Elton Gallegly R
California-23
Wally Herger R
California-2
Jerry Lewis R
California-40
Fortney Pete Stark D
California-13
Lynn C. Woolsey D
California-6
Howard P. "Buck" McKeon R
California-25
Gary G. Miller R
California-41
George Miller D
California-7
Henry A. Waxman D
California-29
Lois Capps D
California-22
Sam Farr D
California-17
Loretta Sanchez D
California-46
Xavier Becerra D
California-30
Dana Rohrabacher R
California-45
Edward R. Royce R
California-39
Lucille Roybal-Allard D
California-33
Anna G. Eshoo D
California-14
Barbara Lee D
California-9
Grace F. Napolitano D
California-34
Joe Baca D
California-42
Matthew G. Martínez R
California-31
Bob Schaffer R
Colorado-4
Scott McInnis R
Colorado-3
Joel Hefley R
Colorado-5
Thomas G. Tancredo R
Colorado-6
Mark Udall D
Colorado-2
Sam Gejdenson D
Connecticut-2
James Maloney D
Connecticut-5
Nancy Lee Johnson R
Connecticut-6
Christopher H. Shays R
Connecticut-4
Michael N. Castle R
Delaware-AL
Charles T. Canady R
Florida-12
Tillie K. Fowler R
Florida-4
Bill McCollum R
Florida-8
Carrie Meek D
Florida-17
Dan Miller R
Florida-13
Joe Scarborough R
Florida-1
Karen Thurman D
Florida-5
Peter Deutsch D
Florida-20
Porter J. Goss R
Florida-14
Michael Bilirakis R
Florida-9
James Davis D
Florida-11
Mark Adam Foley R
Florida-16
E. Clay Shaw Jr. R
Florida-22
David J. Weldon Jr. R
Florida-15
Allen Boyd Jr. D
Florida-2
Lincoln Diaz-Balart R
Florida-21
Robert Wexler D
Florida-19
Cliff Stearns R
Florida-6
C. W. Bill Young R
Florida-10
Corrine Brown D
Florida-3
John L. Mica R
Florida-7
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen R
Florida-18
Alcee L. Hastings D
Florida-23
Bob Barr R
Georgia-7
Michael Allen Collins R
Georgia-3
Cynthia McKinney D
Georgia-4
Charles W. Norwood Jr. R
Georgia-10
Nathan Deal R
Georgia-9
John Linder R
Georgia-11
Saxby Chambliss R
Georgia-8
Jack Kingston R
Georgia-1
Johnny Isakson R
Georgia-6
John Lewis D
Georgia-5
Patsy Takemoto Mink D
Hawaii-2
Neil Abercrombie D
Hawaii-1
Greg Ganske R
Iowa-4
James A. Leach R
Iowa-1
James Allen Nussle R
Iowa-2
Leonard L. Boswell D
Iowa-3
Tom Latham R
Iowa-5
Helen Chenoweth-Hage R
Idaho-1
Thomas W. Ewing R
Illinois-15
John Edward Porter R
Illinois-10
Rod Blagojevich D
Illinois-5
David Phelps D
Illinois-19
Philip M. Crane R
Illinois-8
William O. Lipinski D
Illinois-3
Lane A. Evans D
Illinois-17
Henry John Hyde R
Illinois-6
J. Dennis Hastert R
Illinois-14
Ray H. LaHood R
Illinois-18
Gerald C. Weller R
Illinois-11
Jesse L. Jackson Jr. D
Illinois-2
Judy Biggert R
Illinois-13
Jerry F. Costello D
Illinois-12
Donald A. Manzullo R
Illinois-16
Luis V. Gutiérrez D
Illinois-4
John Shimkus R
Illinois-20
Bobby L. Rush D
Illinois-1
David M. McIntosh R
Indiana-2
Edward A. Pease R
Indiana-7
Timothy Roemer D
Indiana-3
John Nathan Hostettler R
Indiana-8
Julia M. Carson D
Indiana-10
Stephen E. Buyer R
Indiana-5
Baron P. Hill D
Indiana-9
Mark Edward Souder R
Indiana-4
Dan Burton R
Indiana-6
Peter J. Visclosky D
Indiana-1
Jim R. Ryun R
Kansas-2
Dennis Moore D
Kansas-3
Todd Tiahrt R
Kansas-4
Jerry Moran R
Kansas-1
Ernest Lee Fletcher R
Kentucky-6
Kenneth R. Lucas D
Kentucky-4
Anne Meagher Northup R
Kentucky-3
Ron Lewis R
Kentucky-2
Ed Whitfield R
Kentucky-1
John Cooksey R
Louisiana-5
Christopher John D
Louisiana-7
William J. Tauzin R
Louisiana-3
Richard Hugh Baker R
Louisiana-6
William J. Jefferson D
Louisiana-2
James O. McCrery III R
Louisiana-4
David Vitter R
Louisiana-1
John Joseph Moakley D
Massachusetts-9
Martin T. Meehan D
Massachusetts-5
William D. Delahunt D
Massachusetts-10
Barney Frank D
Massachusetts-4
John W. Olver D
Massachusetts-1
John F. Tierney D
Massachusetts-6
Michael E. Capuano D
Massachusetts-8
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts-7
Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. R
Maryland-2
Constance Morella R
Maryland-8
Wayne T. Gilchrest R
Maryland-1
Albert Russell Wynn D
Maryland-4
Roscoe G. Bartlett R
Maryland-6
Elijah E. Cummings D
Maryland-7
Benjamin L. Cardin D
Maryland-3
John Baldacci D
Maine-2
Thomas H. Allen D
Maine-1
James A. Barcia D
Michigan-5
David E. Bonior D
Michigan-10
Lynn Rivers D
Michigan-13
Nick Smith R
Michigan-7
Joseph K. Knollenberg R
Michigan-11
Vernon J. Ehlers R
Michigan-3
Peter Hoekstra R
Michigan-2
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick D
Michigan-15
Bart T. Stupak D
Michigan-1
Dale E. Kildee D
Michigan-9
Dave Camp R
Michigan-4
John D. Dingell D
Michigan-16
John Conyers, Jr. D
Michigan-14
Sander M. Levin D
Michigan-12
Fred Upton R
Michigan-6
Debbie Stabenow D
Michigan-8
David Minge D
Minnesota-2
Bruce F. Vento D
Minnesota-4
William Luther D
Minnesota-6
Gilbert W. Gutknecht R
Minnesota-1
Martin Olav Sabo D
Minnesota-5
James M. Ramstad R
Minnesota-3
James L. Oberstar D
Minnesota-8
Collin C. Peterson D
Minnesota-7
William Lacy Clay Sr. D
Missouri-1
Pat Danner D
Missouri-6
James M. Talent R
Missouri-2
Richard Andrew Gephardt D
Missouri-3
Karen McCarthy D
Missouri-5
Kenny C. Hulshof R
Missouri-9
Ike Skelton D
Missouri-4
Jo Ann Emerson R
Missouri-8
Roy Blunt R
Missouri-7
Ronnie Shows D
Mississippi-4
Charles W. Pickering Jr. R
Mississippi-3
Gene Taylor D
Mississippi-5
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi-1
Rick Hill R
Montana-AL
Eva Clayton D
North Carolina-1
Cass Ballenger R
North Carolina-10
Charles H. Taylor R
North Carolina-11
Robin C. Hayes R
North Carolina-8
Bob R. Etheridge D
North Carolina-2
Sue Wilkins Myrick R
North Carolina-9
Melvin L. Watt D
North Carolina-12
Mike McIntyre D
North Carolina-7
Howard Coble R
North Carolina-6
Walter B. Jones R
North Carolina-3
Richard Burr R
North Carolina-5
David E. Price D
North Carolina-4
Earl Ralph Pomeroy D
North Dakota-AL
Bill Barrett R
Nebraska-3
Douglas K. Bereuter R
Nebraska-1
Lee Terry R
Nebraska-2
John E. Sununu R
New Hampshire-1
Charles F. Bass R
New Hampshire-2
Bob Franks R
New Jersey-7
Marge Roukema R
New Jersey-5
H. James Saxton R
New Jersey-3
Donald M. Payne D
New Jersey-10
Steven R. Rothman D
New Jersey-9
Robert E. Andrews D
New Jersey-1
Rush Holt D
New Jersey-12
Rodney P. Frelinghuysen R
New Jersey-11
Frank A. LoBiondo R
New Jersey-2
Bill Pascrell, Jr. D
New Jersey-8
Robert Menendez D
New Jersey-13
Joseph Skeen R
New Mexico-2
Heather A. Wilson R
New Mexico-1
Tom Udall D
New Mexico-3
James A. Gibbons R
Nevada-2
Shelley Berkley D
Nevada-1
Rick A. Lazio R
New York-2
Benjamin Gilman R
New York-20
John J. LaFalce D
New York-29
Amory Houghton Jr. R
New York-31
Jack Quinn R
New York-30
Sherwood L. Boehlert R
New York-23
Sue W. Kelly R
New York-19
Major R. Owens D
New York-11
John E. Sweeney R
New York-22
Vito J. Fossella Jr. R
New York-13
Michael R. McNulty D
New York-21
Thomas M. Reynolds R
New York-27
James T. Walsh R
New York-25
John M. McHugh R
New York-24
Anthony David Weiner D
New York-9
Gary L. Ackerman D
New York-5
Maurice D. Hinchey D
New York-26
Edolphus Towns D
New York-10
Carolyn McCarthy D
New York-4
Charles B. Rangel D
New York-15
Louise McIntosh Slaughter D
New York-28
Joseph Crowley D
New York-7
Eliot L. Engel D
New York-17
Peter T. King R
New York-3
Nita M. Lowey D
New York-18
José E. Serrano D
New York-16
Carolyn B. Maloney D
New York-14
Michael P. Forbes D
New York-1
John R. Kasich R
Ohio-12
Tony P. Hall D
Ohio-3
Thomas C. Sawyer D
Ohio-14
James A. Traficant Jr. D
Ohio-17
Robert William Ney R
Ohio-18
Michael G. Oxley R
Ohio-4
Ted Strickland D
Ohio-6
Paul E. Gillmor R
Ohio-5
David Lee Hobson R
Ohio-7
Stephanie Tubbs Jones D
Ohio-11
Deborah D. Pryce R
Ohio-15
Ralph Regula R
Ohio-16
Dennis J. Kucinich D
Ohio-10
Steven C. LaTourette R
Ohio-19
John A. Boehner R
Ohio-8
Steve Chabot R
Ohio-1
Rob Portman R
Ohio-2
Sherrod Brown D
Ohio-13
Steve Largent R
Oklahoma-1
Wes Watkins R
Oklahoma-3
J.C. Watts R
Oklahoma-4
Ernest J. Istook Jr. R
Oklahoma-5
Tom Coburn R
Oklahoma-2
Darlene Hooley D
Oregon-5
David Wu D
Oregon-1
Greg Walden R
Oregon-2
Peter A. DeFazio D
Oregon-4
Earl Blumenauer D
Oregon-3
William F. Goodling R
Pennsylvania-19
Ron Klink D
Pennsylvania-4
Robert A. Borski D
Pennsylvania-3
William J. Coyne D
Pennsylvania-14
George W. Gekas R
Pennsylvania-17
Frank Mascara D
Pennsylvania-20
Elmer Greinert Shuster R
Pennsylvania-9
James C. Greenwood R
Pennsylvania-8
Joseph M. Hoeffel D
Pennsylvania-13
Donald L. Sherwood R
Pennsylvania-10
W. Curtis Weldon R
Pennsylvania-7
Philip English R
Pennsylvania-21
John E. Peterson R
Pennsylvania-5
Paul E. Kanjorski D
Pennsylvania-11
John P. Murtha D
Pennsylvania-12
Tim Holden D
Pennsylvania-6
Chaka Fattah D
Pennsylvania-2
Joseph R. Pitts R
Pennsylvania-16
Robert A. Brady D
Pennsylvania-1
Michael F. Doyle D
Pennsylvania-18
Patrick J. Toomey R
Pennsylvania-15
Robert A. Weygand D
Rhode Island-2
Patrick Joseph Kennedy D
Rhode Island-1
Floyd Spence R
South Carolina-2
John McKee Spratt Jr. D
South Carolina-5
Jim DeMint R
South Carolina-4
Mark Sanford R
South Carolina-1
Lindsey Graham R
South Carolina-3
John Thune R
South Dakota-AL
Ed Bryant R
Tennessee-7
Robert Clement D
Tennessee-5
Van Hilleary R
Tennessee-4
Harold E. Ford Jr. D
Tennessee-9
William Lewis Jenkins R
Tennessee-1
Barton Jennings Gordon D
Tennessee-6
John S. Tanner D
Tennessee-8
Zach Wamp R
Tennessee-3
John J. Duncan, Jr. R
Tennessee-2
Bill Archer R
Texas-7
Richard K. Armey R
Texas-26
Ken Bentsen D
Texas-25
Larry Combest R
Texas-19
Jonas Frost III D
Texas-24
Max A. Sandlin Jr. D
Texas-1
Charles W. Stenholm D
Texas-17
James Turner D
Texas-2
Henry Bonilla R
Texas-23
Thomas Dale DeLay R
Texas-22
Nicholas V. Lampson D
Texas-9
Thomas Edwards D
Texas-11
Solomon P. Ortiz D
Texas-27
Ciro D. Rodriguez D
Texas-28
Charles A. Gonzalez D
Texas-20
Ron Paul R
Texas-14
Silvestre Reyes D
Texas-16
Ralph M. Hall D
Texas-4
Rubén Hinojosa D
Texas-15
Joe Barton R
Texas-6
Gene Green D
Texas-29
Sam Johnson R
Texas-3
Lamar Smith R
Texas-21
Mac Thornberry R
Texas-13
Kevin Brady R
Texas-8
Eddie Bernice Johnson D
Texas-30
Sheila Jackson Lee D
Texas-18
Kay Granger R
Texas-12
Merrill Cook R
Utah-2
James V. Hansen R
Utah-1
Christopher B. Cannon R
Utah-3
Tom Bliley R
Virginia-7
Owen B. Pickett D
Virginia-2
Norman Sisisky D
Virginia-4
Thomas M. Davis III R
Virginia-11
Frederick C. Boucher D
Virginia-9
James P. Moran D
Virginia-8
Frank R. Wolf R
Virginia-10
Bob Goodlatte R
Virginia-6
Virgil H. Goode Jr. I
Virginia-5
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont-AL
Jack Metcalf R
Washington-2
Jennifer B. Dunn R
Washington-8
George R. Nethercutt Jr. R
Washington-5
Brian N. Baird D
Washington-3
Jay Inslee D
Washington-1
Norman D. Dicks D
Washington-6
Doc Hastings R
Washington-4
Jim McDermott D
Washington-7
Thomas M. Barrett D
Wisconsin-5
Gerald D. Kleczka D
Wisconsin-4
Mark A. Green R
Wisconsin-8
David Ross Obey D
Wisconsin-7
Thomas E. Petri R
Wisconsin-6
Paul D. Ryan R
Wisconsin-1
F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. R
Wisconsin-9
Ron Kind D
Wisconsin-3
Tammy Baldwin D
Wisconsin-2
Robert E. Wise Jr. D
West Virginia-2
Alan B. Mollohan D
West Virginia-1
Nick J. Rahall II D
West Virginia-3
Barbara L. Cubin R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+4,669Congress.gov ↗
4,669 public laws enacted · 16 landmark · 1,684 notable · 1,792 routine · 1,177 ceremonial
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001 landmark
Pub. L. 107-56 · Oct 26, 2001
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 landmark
Pub. L. 108-173 · Dec 8, 2003
Show 30 more notable laws
CHIPS and Science Act or Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act landmark
Pub. L. 117-167 · Aug 9, 2022
Pribilof Islands Transition Act
Pub. L. 106-562 · Dec 23, 2000
Lincoln Highway Study Act of 2000
Pub. L. 106-563 · Dec 23, 2000
Lincoln Highway Study Act of 1999
Pub. L. 106-564 · Dec 23, 2000
Jamestown 400th Commemoration Commission Act of 2000
Pub. L. 106-565 · Dec 23, 2000
Hawaii Water Resources Act of 2000
Pub. L. 106-566 · Dec 23, 2000
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001
Pub. L. 106-567 · Dec 27, 2000
Omnibus Indian Advancement Act
Pub. L. 106-568 · Dec 27, 2000
American Homeownership and Economic Opportunity Act of 2000
Pub. L. 106-569 · Dec 27, 2000
Assistance for International Malaria Control Act
Pub. L. 106-570 · Dec 27, 2000
Federal Physicians Comparability Allowance Amendments of 2000
Pub. L. 106-571 · Dec 28, 2000
Computer Crime Enforcement Act
Pub. L. 106-572 · Dec 28, 2000
Installment Tax Correction Act of 2000
Pub. L. 106-573 · Dec 28, 2000
Dillonwood Giant Sequoia Grove Park Expansion Act
Pub. L. 106-574 · Dec 28, 2000
Anti-Retroactive Taxation Act
Pub. L. 106-575 · Dec 28, 2000
Lower Rio Grande Valley Water Resources Conservation and Improvement Act of 2000
Pub. L. 106-576 · Dec 28, 2000
California Trail Interpretive Act
Pub. L. 106-577 · Dec 28, 2000
Internet False Identification Prevention Act of 2000
Pub. L. 106-578 · Dec 28, 2000
National Moment of Remembrance Act
Pub. L. 106-579 · Dec 28, 2000
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Establishment Act
Pub. L. 106-580 · Dec 29, 2000
Animal Disease Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Control Act of 2001
Pub. L. 107-9 · May 24, 2001
Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001
Pub. L. 107-12 · May 30, 2001
Veterans' Survivor Benefits Improvements Act of 2001
Pub. L. 107-14 · Jun 5, 2001
Fallen Hero Survivor Benefit Fairness Act of 2001
Pub. L. 107-15 · Jun 5, 2001
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
Pub. L. 107-16 · Jun 7, 2001
Under each law: its sponsor, the final-passage roll call in each chamber (hover for the party split; no roll call means a voice vote or unanimous consent), and the president who signed it. Sources: Congress.gov, the House Clerk, and the Senate.
Judicial3 files+2,960−8
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 6 R · 3 D · every justice ↗
John Paul Stevens R
appointed by Gerald Ford · 1975 · confirmed 98–0
Sandra Day O'Connor R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1981 · confirmed 99–0
William Hubbs Rehnquist R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986 · confirmed 65–33
Antonin Scalia R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986 · confirmed 98–0
Anthony McLeod Kennedy R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1988 · confirmed 97–0
David Hackett Souter R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1990 · confirmed 90–9
Ruth Bader Ginsburg D
appointed by William J. Clinton · 1993 · confirmed 96–3
Stephen Gerald Breyer D
appointed by William J. Clinton · 1994 · confirmed 87–9
John Glover Roberts, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2005 · confirmed 78–22
Samuel A. Alito, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2006 · confirmed 58–42
Sonia Sotomayor D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2009 · confirmed 68–31
Elena Kagan D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2010 · confirmed 63–37
Neil M. Gorsuch R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2017 · confirmed 54–45
Brett M. Kavanaugh R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2018 · confirmed 50–48
Amy Coney Barrett R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2020 · confirmed 52–48
Ketanji Brown Jackson D
appointed by Joseph R. Biden · 2022 · confirmed 53–47
1 justice served on both dates
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991 · confirmed 52–48
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): 76 D · 75 R · 5 N( → 92 R · 87 D
District courts (active judges): 341 D · 275 R → 373 D · 279 R
William J. Clinton D appointed 1 judge
1 appeals
George W. Bush R appointed 328 judges
2 Supreme Court · 61 appeals · 263 district · 2 other
Barack Obama D appointed 330 judges
2 Supreme Court · 55 appeals · 269 district · 4 other
Donald J. Trump R appointed 293 judges
3 Supreme Court · 64 appeals · 222 district · 4 other
Joseph R. Biden D appointed 235 judges
1 Supreme Court · 45 appeals · 187 district · 2 other
7 circuits flipped majority
First Circuit 2 D · 4 R (R majority)
First Circuit 5 D · 1 R (D majority)
Third Circuit 6 D · 6 R (tie majority)
Third Circuit 6 D · 8 R (R majority)
Fourth Circuit 4 D · 6 R (R majority)
Fourth Circuit 9 D · 6 R (D majority)
Sixth Circuit 7 D · 5 R (D majority)
Sixth Circuit 6 D · 10 R (R majority)
Tenth Circuit 5 D · 5 R (tie majority)
Tenth Circuit 7 D · 5 R (D majority)
District of Columbia Circuit 4 D · 5 R (R majority)
District of Columbia Circuit 7 D · 4 R (D majority)
Federal Circuit 4 D · 7 R (R majority)
Federal Circuit 8 D · 4 R (D majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+1,765Supreme Court Database ↗
1,765 argued decisions · 30 landmark
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
531 U.S. 356 · Feb 21, 2001 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Legal Services Corporation v. Carmen Velazquez
531 U.S. 533 · Feb 28, 2001 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Hatter
532 U.S. 557 · May 21, 2001 · Decided 5–2 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States and Department of Agriculture v. United Foods, Inc.
533 U.S. 405 · Jun 25, 2001 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Ashcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition
535 U.S. 234 · Apr 16, 2002 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Tommy G. Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
535 U.S. 357 · Apr 29, 2002 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Lapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
535 U.S. 613 · May 13, 2002 · Decided 9–0 · Federalism · Reversed · Overruled precedent
United States v. Cotton
535 U.S. 625 · May 20, 2002 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Daryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
536 U.S. 304 · Jun 20, 2002 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Ring v. Arizona
536 U.S. 584 · Jun 24, 2002 · Decided 7–2 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Show 20 more
Grutter v. Lee Bollinger
Jun 23, 2003 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
Lawrence v. Texas
Jun 26, 2003 · Decided 6–3 · Privacy · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Mitch McConnell v. Federal Election Commission
Dec 10, 2003 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed in part, reversed in part · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Crawford v. Washington
Mar 8, 2004 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
Jun 28, 2004 · Decided 8–1 · Due Process · Vacated and remanded
United States v. Freddie J. Booker
Jan 12, 2005 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Roper v. Simmons
Mar 1, 2005 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Susette Kelo v. City of New London
Jun 23, 2005 · Decided 5–4 · Due Process · Affirmed
Central Virginia Community College v. Katz
Jan 23, 2006 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
Mar 1, 2006 · Decided 8–0 · Economic Activity · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent
Salim Ahmed Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
Jun 29, 2006 · Decided 5–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
Apr 2, 2007 · Decided 5–4 · Judicial Power · Reversed and remanded
Alberto R. Gonzales v. Leroy Carhart
Apr 18, 2007 · Decided 5–4 · Privacy · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly
May 21, 2007 · Decided 7–2 · Economic Activity · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Bowles v. Russell
Jun 14, 2007 · Decided 5–4 · Judicial Power · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
Jun 25, 2007 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Jun 28, 2007 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down local ordinance
Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
Jun 28, 2007 · Decided 5–4 · Economic Activity · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Boumediene v. Bush
Jun 12, 2008 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
District of Columbia v. Heller
Jun 26, 2008 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Struck down local ordinance
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal3 files±0
fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+118% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 2001 → fiscal year 2025 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $1.86T
FY2001
Spending $7.01T
FY2025 · +276% nominal · +118% after inflation
Revenue $1.99T
FY2001
Revenue $5.24T
FY2025 · +163% nominal · +52% after inflation
Surplus / deficit $128B
FY2001
Surplus / deficit −$1.77T
FY2025 · −$1.90T
Spending, % of GDP 17.7%
FY2001
Spending, % of GDP 23.1%
FY2025 · +5.4 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 31.5%
FY2001
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 99.5%
FY2025 · +68.0 pts
Spending by function · real change
A fiscal year still in progress has no actual figures yet, so the latest completed year is shown.
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$34.7TTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$5.66T
as of Dec 22, 2000
$40.3T
as of Oct 14, 2026
fiscal/economyPrices and jobs
+94% pricesBureau of Labor Statistics ↗
Prices rose 94% · a dollar in Nov 2000 bought what $1.94 buys in Sep 2026
Consumer prices 174.1
CPI-U, Nov 2000
Consumer prices 336.9
CPI-U, Sep 2026 · +94%
Unemployment 3.9%
Nov 2000
Unemployment 4.2%
Sep 2026 · +0.3 points
Latest monthly reading on or before each date. Prices are the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (from 1913); unemployment is the seasonally adjusted rate (from 1948).
Constitution & Union1 file±0
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
27 → 27 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.
Reverts1 file−385
revert/undoneWhat was undone
304 executive orders revoked or superseded · 40 rules struck down by Congress · 41 Supreme Court precedents overruled
Trump revoked 110 orders: 80 by Biden, 18 by Obama, 6 by themselves, 4 by Clinton, 2 by Bush
Biden revoked 86 orders: 68 by Trump, 9 by Obama, 7 by themselves, 2 by Bush
Bush revoked 56 orders: 31 by Clinton, 25 by themselves
Obama revoked 51 orders: 27 by Bush, 19 by themselves, 5 by Clinton
Clinton revoked 1 order: 1 by themselves
Show 294 more revoked orders
EO 14010 Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework To Address the Causes of Migration, To Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and To Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border
signed Feb 2, 2021 by Biden · revoked Jan 20, 2025 by EO 14148 (Trump)
EO 13088 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Jun 9, 1998 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
EO 13121 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting Trade Transactions Involving the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Apr 30, 1999 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
40 agency rules nullified under the Congressional Review Act
Show 34 more
41 decisions that overruled precedent
United States v. Hatter
May 21, 2001 · 5-2 · Federal Taxation
Lapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
May 13, 2002 · 9-0 · Federalism
United States v. Cotton
May 20, 2002 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Daryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
Jun 20, 2002 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Ring v. Arizona
Jun 24, 2002 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Lawrence v. Texas
Jun 26, 2003 · 6-3 · Privacy
Crawford v. Washington
Mar 8, 2004 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Roper v. Simmons
Mar 1, 2005 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Show 33 more
Central Virginia Community College v. Katz
Jan 23, 2006 · 5-4 · Federalism
Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
Mar 1, 2006 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Alberto R. Gonzales v. Leroy Carhart
Apr 18, 2007 · 5-4 · Privacy
Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly
May 21, 2007 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Bowles v. Russell
Jun 14, 2007 · 5-4 · Judicial Power
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Cordell Pearson v. Afton Callahan
Jan 21, 2009 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Montejo v. Louisiana
May 26, 2009 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Jan 21, 2010 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Otis McDonald v. City of Chicago
Jun 28, 2010 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Bond v. United States
Jun 16, 2011 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Alleyne v. United States
Jun 17, 2013 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Johnson v. United States
Jun 26, 2015 · 8-1 · Due Process
Obergefell v. Hodges
Jun 26, 2015 · 5-4 · Due Process
Hurst v. Florida
Jan 12, 2016 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
South Dakota v. Wayfair
Jun 21, 2018 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Trump v. Hawaii
Jun 26, 2018 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Janus v. American Federation of State
Jun 27, 2018 · 5-4 · Unions
Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt
May 13, 2019 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Herrera v. Wyoming
May 20, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Knick v. Township of Scott
Jun 21, 2019 · 5-4 · Due Process
Rucho v. Common Cause
Jun 27, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Ramos v. Louisiana
Apr 20, 2020 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Edwards v. Vannoy
May 17, 2021 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Shinn v. Ramirez
May 23, 2022 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
Jun 24, 2022 · 6-3 · Privacy
Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
Jun 27, 2022 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College
Jun 29, 2023 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
Jun 28, 2024 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Cisco Systems v. Doe
Jun 23, 2026 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Trump v. Slaughter
Jun 29, 2026 · 6-3 · Miscellaneous
National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission
Jun 30, 2026 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted). Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.
Log1 file±0
logEverything in between
1,951 events · first 600 shown
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- lawPribilof Islands Transition Act
- lawLincoln Highway Study Act of 2000
- lawLincoln Highway Study Act of 1999
- lawJamestown 400th Commemoration Commission Act of 2000
- lawHawaii Water Resources Act of 2000
- lawIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001
- lawOmnibus Indian Advancement Act
- lawAmerican Homeownership and Economic Opportunity Act of 2000
- lawAssistance for International Malaria Control Act
- lawFederal Physicians Comparability Allowance Amendments of 2000
- lawComputer Crime Enforcement Act
- lawInstallment Tax Correction Act of 2000
- lawDillonwood Giant Sequoia Grove Park Expansion Act
- lawAnti-Retroactive Taxation Act
- lawLower Rio Grande Valley Water Resources Conservation and Improvement Act of 2000
- lawCalifornia Trail Interpretive Act
- lawInternet False Identification Prevention Act of 2000
- lawNational Moment of Remembrance Act
- lawNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Establishment Act
- agency+United States Homeland Security Council
- presidentGeorge Walker Bush takes office
- rulingBoard of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
- rulingLegal Services Corporation v. Carmen Velazquez
- rulingUnited States v. Hatter
- lawAnimal Disease Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Control Act of 2001
- lawPublic Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001
- lawVeterans' Survivor Benefits Improvements Act of 2001
- lawFallen Hero Survivor Benefit Fairness Act of 2001
- lawEconomic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
- rulingUnited States and Department of Agriculture v. United Foods, Inc.
- lawVeterans' Opportunities Act of 2001
- lawSupplemental Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawILSA Extension Act of 2001
- lawCrop Year 2001 Agricultural Economic Assistance Act
- lawFederal Firefighters Retirement Age Fairness Act
- war+War against al-Qaida
- lawAuthorization for Use of Military Force
- lawAir Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act
- lawUnited States-Jordan Free Trade Area Implementation Act
- lawMaking continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2002, and for other purposes
- lawSeptember 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001
- lawDefense Production Act Amendments of 2001
- war+Invasion of Afghanistan
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2002, and for other purposes
- lawSmall Business Technology Transfer Program Reauthorization Act of 2001
- orderCritical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2002, and for other purposes
- lawUniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001
- lawInternational Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001
- lawGreat Falls Historic District Study Act of 2001
- lawWilliam Howard Taft National Historic Site Boundary Adjustment Act of 2001
- lawDepartment of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawMilitary Construction Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawEight Mile River Wild and Scenic River Study Act of 2001
- lawEnergy and Water Development Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawTreasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawLegislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawCongressional Operations Appropriations Act, 2002
- war−Invasion of Afghanistan
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2002, and for other purposes
- lawAviation and Transportation Security Act
- lawNeed-Based Educational Aid Act of 2001
- lawDepartments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawFlight Deck Security Act of 2001
- lawInternet Tax Nondiscrimination Act
- lawAgriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawDepartments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawJudiciary Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2002, and for other purposes
- lawAfghan Women and Children Relief Act of 2001
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2002, and for other purposes
- lawMD-CARE Act
- lawMuscular Dystrophy Community Assistance Research and Education Amendments of 2001
- lawDepartment of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawRailroad Retirement and Survivors' Improvement Act of 2001
- lawDetroit River International Wildlife Refuge Establishment Act
- lawVeterans' Compensation Rate Amendments of 2001
- lawHomeless Veterans Comprehensive Assistance Act of 2001
- lawDistrict of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2002, and for other purposes
- lawZimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001
- lawSmall Business Investment Company Amendments Act of 2001
- lawVeterans Education and Benefits Expansion Act of 2001
- lawVeterans' Benefits Improvement Act of 2001
- lawAdministrative Simplification Compliance Act
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- lawNational Museum of African American History and Culture Plan for Action Presidential Commission Act of 2001
- lawNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002
- lawIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002
- agency+Election Assistance Commission
- lawBest Pharmaceuticals for Children Act
- lawNo Child Left Behind Act of 2001
- lawAfrican Elephant Conservation Reauthorization Act of 2001
- lawRhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Reauthorization Act of 2001
- lawDistrict of Columbia Police Coordination Amendment Act of 2001
- lawDistrict of Columbia Family Court Act of 2001
- lawForeign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawDepartments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002
- lawDepartment of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002
- lawSmall Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
- lawOffice of Government Ethics Authorization Act of 2001
- lawSmall Business Liability Protection Act
- lawNative American Breast and Cervical Cancer Treatment Technical Amendment Act of 2001
- lawHigher Education Relief Opportunities for Students Act of 2001
- lawInvestor and Capital Markets Fee Relief Act
- lawBasic Pilot Extension Act of 2001
- lawPromoting Safe and Stable Families Amendments of 2001
- lawVictims of Terrorism Tax Relief Act of 2001
- lawDepartment of Veterans Affairs Health Care Programs Enhancement Act of 2001
- lawVictims of Terrorism Relief Act of 2001
- lawAsian Elephant Conservation Reauthorization Act of 2001
- lawPacific Northwest Feasibility Studies Act of 2002
- lawPacific Northwest Feasibility Studies Act of 2001
- lawJob Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002
- lawRadio Free Afghanistan Act
- lawAppalachian Regional Development Act Amendments of 2002
- lawFamily Sponsor Immigration Act of 2002
- lawFamily Sponsor Immigration Act of 2001
- agency+Homeland Security Advisory Council
- lawBipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
- lawBipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001
- lawDistrict of Columbia College Access Improvement Act of 2002
- lawDistrict of Columbia College Access Improvement Act of 2001
- order2002 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
- rulingAshcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition
- rulingTommy G. Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
- lawFarm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
- rulingLapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
- lawHematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act of 2002
- lawEnhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002
- lawNotification and Federal Employee Antidiscrimination and Retaliation Act of 2002
- lawCriminal Justice Coordinating Council Restructuring Act of 2002
- lawClergy Housing Allowance Clarification Act of 2002
- rulingUnited States v. Cotton
- lawCriminal Justice Coordinating Council Restructuring Act of 2001
- lawGerald B. H. Solomon Freedom Consolidation Act of 2001
- lawPublic Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002
- lawExport-Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 2002
- lawExport-Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 2001
- lawAuction Reform Act of 2002
- rulingDaryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
- lawMychal Judge Police and Fire Chaplains Public Safety Officers' Benefit Act of 2002
- rulingRing v. Arizona
- lawTerrorist Bombings Convention Implementation Act of 2002
- lawSmall Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002
- lawYucca Mountain Development resolution
- lawSupport of American Eagle Silver Bullion Program Act
- lawBenjamin Franklin Tercentenary Commission Act
- lawSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
- lawNurse Reinvestment Act
- lawAmerican Service-Members' Protection Act
- lawBorn-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2002
- lawChild Status Protection Act
- lawChild Status Protection Act of 2001
- lawTrade Act of 2002
- lawWool Manufacturer Payment Clarification and Technical Corrections Act
- lawGuam Foreign Investment Equity Act
- lawLong Walk National Historic Trail Study Act
- lawBooker T. Washington National Monument Boundary Adjustment Act of 2002
- lawJames Peak Wilderness and Protection Area Act
- lawJames Peak Wilderness, Wilderness Study, and Protection Area Act
- lawTumacacori National Historical Park Boundary Revision Act of 2002
- lawTumacacori National Historical Park Boundary Revision Act of 2001
- lawFort Clatsop National Memorial Expansion Act of 2002
- lawFort Clatsop National Memorial Expansion Act of 2001
- lawJohn F. Kennedy Center Plaza Authorization Act of 2002
- lawFlight 93 National Memorial Act
- lawForeign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003
- lawNational Construction Safety Team Act
- lawSanta Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Boundary Adjustment Act
- lawBurnt, Malheur, Owyhee, and Powder River Basin Water Optimization Feasibility Study Act of 2001
- lawVicksburg National Military Park Boundary Modification Act of 2002
- lawAuthorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002
- lawSudan Peace Act
- lawRussian Democracy Act of 2002
- lawVeterans' Compensation Cost-of-Living Adjustment Act of 2002
- lawDepartment of Defense Appropriations Act, 2003
- lawMilitary Construction Appropriations Act, 2003
- lawMedical Device User Fee and Modernization Act of 2002
- lawHealth Care Safety Net Amendments of 2002
- lawHelp America Vote Act of 2002
- lawInland Flood Forecasting and Warning System Act of 2002
- lawTropical Cyclone Inland Forecasting Improvement and Warning System Development Act of 2001
- lawNiagara Falls National Heritage Area Study Act
- lawPersian Gulf War POW/MIA Accountability Act of 2002
- lawBenign Brain Tumor Cancer Registries Amendment Act
- lawBorder Commuter Student Act of 2002
- lawBlack Lung Consolidation of Administrative Responsibility Act
- lawViolence Against Women Office Act
- lawEnterprise Integration Act of 2002
- lawEnterprise Integration Act of 2001
- lawRegional Educational Technical Assistance Act
- lawRare Diseases Act of 2002
- lawRare Diseases Orphan Product Development Act of 2002
- lawClark County Conservation of Public Land and Natural Resources Act of 2002
- lawSloan Canyon National Conservation Area Act
- lawDepartment of Veterans Affairs Emergency Preparedness Act of 2002
- lawJobs for Veterans Act
- lawAccountability of Tax Dollars Act of 2002
- lawNational Medical Emergency Preparedness Act of 2001
- lawNative American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Reauthorization Act of 2002
- lawNative American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Reauthorization Act of 2001
- agency+United States Department of Homeland Security
- lawMaritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
- lawHomeland Security Act of 2002
- lawTerrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002
- lawReal Interstate Driver Equity Act of 2002
- lawNational Sea Grant College Program Act Amendments of 2002
- lawImproper Payments Information Act of 2002
- lawImproper Payments Reduction Act of 2002
- lawCourt Services and Offender Supervision Agency Interstate Supervision Act of 2002
- lawGreat Lakes and Lake Champlain Act of 2002
- lawGreat Lakes and Lake Champlain Program Act of 2002
- lawCyber Security Research and Development Act
- lawIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003
- lawProduct Packaging Protection Act of 2002
- lawNorth American Wetlands Conservation Reauthorization Act
- lawConsumer Product Protection Act of 2002
- lawDam Safety and Security Act of 2003
- lawArmed Forces Domestic Security Act
- lawDam Safety and Security Act of 2002
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- lawBob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003
- lawNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003
- lawPaul and Sheila Wellstone Center for Community Building Act
- lawDot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002
- lawAnton's Law
- lawChild Safety Enhancement Act of 2002
- lawSmall Webcaster Settlement Act of 2002
- lawPOW/MIA Memorial Flag Act of 2002
- lawPOW/MIA Memorial Flag Act of 2001
- lawOld Spanish Trail Recognition Act of 2002
- lawFHA Downpayment Simplification Act of 2002
- lawAfghanistan Freedom Support Act of 2002
- lawTimpanogos Interagency Land Exchange Act
- lawVeterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2002
- lawIndian Financing Amendments Act of 2002
- lawHomestead National Monument of America Additions Act
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- lawMount Nebo Wilderness Boundary Adjustment Act
- lawLease Lot Conveyance Act of 2002
- lawBuffalo Bayou National Heritage Area Study Act
- lawMetacomet-Monadnock-Mattabesett Trail Study Act of 2002
- lawFallon Rail Freight Loading Facility Transfer Act
- lawPu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park Addition Act of 2002
- lawMetacomet-Monadnock-Sunapee-Mattabesett Trail Study Act of 2001
- lawVirgin River Dinosaur Footprint Preserve Act
- lawE-Government Act of 2002
- lawMuscle Shoals National Heritage Area Study Act of 2002
- lawKlamath Basin Emergency Operation and Maintenance Refund Act of 2001
- lawLower Rio Grande Valley Water Resources Conservation and Improvement Act of 2002
- lawCalifornia Five Mile Regional Learning Center Transfer Act
- lawPipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002
- lawNew River Gorge Boundary Act of 2002
- lawHolocaust Restitution Tax Fairness Act of 2002
- lawCivil War Battlefield Preservation Act of 2002
- lawRussian River Land Act
- lawBainbridge Island Japanese-American Memorial Study Act of 2002
- lawGunn McKay Nature Preserve Act
- lawCaribbean National Forest Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 2002
- lawNational Science Foundation Authorization Act of 2002
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- lawBig Sur Wilderness and Conservation Act of 2002
- lawHydrographic Services Improvement Act Amendments of 2002
- lawCedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park Act
- lawProtection of Family Farmers Act of 2002
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- war+War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
- lawNational Flood Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2003
- lawConsolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003
- orderAmendment of Executive Orders, and Other Actions, in Connection With the Transfer of Certain Functions to the Secretary of Homeland Security
- lawDo-Not-Call Implementation Act
- war+Invasion of Iraq
- orderFurther Amendment to Executive Order 12958, as Amended, Classified National Security Information
- lawEmergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003
- lawAmerican 5-Cent Coin Design Continuity Act of 2003
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- war−Invasion of Iraq
- lawSmallpox Emergency Personnel Protection Act of 2003
- lawProsecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003
- lawGila River Indian Community Judgment Fund Distribution Act of 2003
- lawOttawa National Wildlife Refuge Complex Expansion and Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge Expansion Act
- lawUnited States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003
- orderTermination of Emergencies With Respect to Yugoslavia and Modification of Executive Order 13219 of June 26, 2001
- lawUnemployment Compensation Amendments of 2003
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- lawVeterans' Memorial Preservation and Recognition Act of 2003
- lawGrand Teton National Park Land Exchange Act
- lawZuni Indian Tribe Water Rights Settlement Act of 2003
- rulingGrutter v. Lee Bollinger
- lawKeeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003
- rulingLawrence v. Texas
- lawORBIT Technical Corrections Act of 2003
- lawWelfare Reform Extension Act of 2003
- lawAutomatic Defibrillation in Adam's Memory Act
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- lawStrengthen AmeriCorps Program Act
- lawBurmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003
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- lawEmergency Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act, 2003
- lawSmithsonian Facilities Authorization Act
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- lawMosquito Abatement for Safety and Health Act
- lawHigher Education Relief Opportunities for Students Act of 2003
- orderBlocking Property of the Former Iraqi Regime, Its Senior Officials and Their Family Members, and Taking Certain Other Actions
- lawUnited States-Chile Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act
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- lawHospital Mortgage Insurance Act of 2003
- lawColtsville Study Act of 2003
- lawMount Naomi Wilderness Boundary Adjustment Act
- lawRunaway, Homeless, and Missing Children Protection Act
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- lawPartial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003
- lawEmergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004
- lawDepartment of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2004
- lawNational Cemetery Expansion Act of 2003
- lawMilitary Family Tax Relief Act of 2003
- lawFederal Employee Student Loan Assistance Act
- lawBlack Canyon of the Gunnison Boundary Revision Act of 2003
- lawAnimal Drug User Fee Act of 2003
- lawBlackwater National Wildlife Refuge Expansion Act
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- lawDistrict of Columbia Military Retirement Equity Act of 2003
- lawNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004
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- lawKaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park Addition Act of 2003
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- lawTornado Shelters Act
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- lawHealthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003
- lawFlorida National Forest Land Management Act of 2003
- law21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act
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- lawPediatric Research Equity Act of 2003
- lawBasic Pilot Program Extension and Expansion Act of 2003
- lawOverseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 2003
- lawFair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003
- lawEnvironmental Policy and Conflict Resolution Advancement Act of 2003
- lawNational Veterinary Medical Service Act
- lawHealth Care Safety Net Amendments Technical Corrections Act of 2003
- lawFairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act
- lawNational Transportation Safety Board Reauthorization Act of 2003
- lawNational Flood Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2004
- lawMedicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003
- rulingMitch McConnell v. Federal Election Commission
- lawSyria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003
- lawIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004
- lawTorture Victims Relief Reauthorization Act of 2003
- lawHometown Heroes Survivors Benefits Act of 2003
- lawVeterans Benefits Act of 2003
- lawNational Museum of African American History and Culture Act
- lawControlling the Assault of Non- Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003
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- lawCarter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site Act
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- lawDefense Production Act Reauthorization of 2003
- lawFederal Law Enforcement Pay and Benefits Parity Act of 2003
- lawMental Health Parity Reauthorization Act of 2003
- lawPreserving Independence of Financial Institution Examinations Act of 2003
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- agency+Millennium Challenge Corporation
- war+Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
- lawConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2004
- lawCongo Basin Forest Partnership Act of 2004
- lawNASA Flexibility Act of 2004
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- orderFurther Adjustment of Certain Rates of Pay
- rulingCrawford v. Washington
- lawGalisteo Basin Archaeological Sites Protection Act
- lawFort Bayard National Historic Landmark Act
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- lawUnborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004
- lawEnergy Efficient Housing Technical Correction Act
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- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 2004, Part II
- lawPremier Certified Lenders Program Improvement Act of 2004
- lawIrvine Basin Surface and Groundwater Improvement Act of 2004
- lawNational Great Black Americans Commemoration Act of 2004
- rulingHamdi v. Rumsfeld
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- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 2004, Part III
- lawBunning-Bereuter- Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004
- lawChild Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004
- lawMarine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004
- lawWestern Shoshone Claims Distribution Act
- lawGAO Human Capital Reform Act of 2004
- lawAGOA Acceleration Act of 2004
- lawIdentity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act
- lawProject BioShield Act of 2004
- lawLaw Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2004
- lawTribal Forest Protection Act of 2004
- orderTermination of Emergency Declared in Executive Order 12722 With Respect to Iraq and Modification of Executive Order 13290, Executive Order 13303, and Executive Order 13315
- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 2004, Part IV
- lawNorthern Uganda Crisis Response Act
- lawHelping Hands for Homeownership Act of 2004
- lawAustralia–United States Free Trade Agreement Act
- lawDepartment of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005
- lawSUTA Dumping Prevention Act of 2004
- lawCape Town Treaty Implementation Act of 2004
- lawUnited States- Morocco Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act
- lawEmergency Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act, 2004
- lawSports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act
- lawHarpers Ferry National Historical Park Boundary Revision Act of 2004
- lawWelfare Reform Extension Act, Part VIII
- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 2004, Part V
- lawWorking Families Tax Relief Act of 2004
- lawMount Rainier National Park Boundary Adjustment Act of 2004
- lawJohnstown Flood National Memorial Boundary Adjustment Act of 2004
- lawMartin Luther King, Junior, National Historic Site Land Exchange Act
- lawCarpinteria and Montecito Water Distribution Systems Conveyance Act of 2004
- lawSouthwest Forest Health and Wildfire Prevention Act of 2004
- lawTimucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve Boundary Revision Act of 2004
- agency+Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
- lawMilitary Construction Appropriations and Emergency Hurricane Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2005
- lawCraig Recreation Land Purchase Act
- lawNational Wildlife Refuge Volunteer Act of 2004
- lawDepartment of Homeland Security Financial Accountability Act
- lawNorth Korean Human Rights Act of 2004
- lawDepartment of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2005
- lawDistrict of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2005
- lawSouthern Ute and Colorado Intergovernmental Agreement Implementation Act of 2004
- lawAlaska Native Allotment Subdivision Act
- lawManhattan Project National Historical Park Study Act
- lawEl Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail Act
- lawTapoco Project Licensing Act of 2004
- lawArapaho and Roosevelt National Forests Land Exchange Act of 2004
- lawBelarus Democracy Act of 2004
- lawNational Park System General Authorities Act
- lawChimayo Water Supply System and Espanola Filtration Facility Act of 2004
- lawGarrett Lee Smith Memorial Act
- lawAmerican Jobs Creation Act of 2004
- lawAnabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004
- lawNational Windstorm Impact Reduction Act of 2004
- lawWater Supply, Reliability, and Environmental Improvement Act
- lawPancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation Act of 2004
- lawVeterans' Compensation Cost-of-Living Adjustment Act of 2004
- lawAssistive Technology Act of 1998
- lawMammography Quality Standards Reauthorization Act of 2004
- lawHigher Education Extension Act of 2004
- lawFort Donelson National Battlefield Expansion Act of 2004
- lawFamily Farmer Bankruptcy Relief Act of 2004
- lawPrevention of Child Abduction Partnership Act
- lawState Justice Institute Reauthorization Act of 2004
- lawAmerican Indian Probate Reform Act of 2004
- lawRonald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005
- lawAsthmatic Schoolchildren's Treatment and Health Management Act of 2004
- lawProvo River Project Transfer Act
- lawNational Archives and Records Administration Efficiency Act of 2004
- lawBrown Tree Snake Control and Eradication Act of 2004
- lawJohn Muir National Historic Site Boundary Adjustment Act
- law2004 District of Columbia Omnibus Authorization Act
- lawChickasaw National Recreation Area Land Exchange Act of 2004
- lawHomeownership Opportunities for Native Americans Act of 2004
- lawWilson's Creek National Battlefield Boundary Adjustment Act of 2004
- lawTruman Farm Home Expansion Act
- lawFederal Regulatory Improvement Act of 2004
- lawScott Campbell, Stephanie Roper, Wendy Preston, Louarna Gillis, and Nila Lynn Crime Victims' Rights Act
- lawSpecial Olympics Sport and Empowerment Act of 2004
- lawTaxpayer-Teacher Protection Act of 2004
- lawJohn F. Kennedy Center Reauthorization Act of 2004
- lawHibben Center Act
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- lawCopyright Royalty and Distribution Reform Act of 2004
- lawCalifornia Missions Preservation Act
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- lawVeterans Health Programs Improvement Act of 2004
- lawDepartment of Energy High-End Computing Revitalization Act of 2004
- lawLincoln County Conservation, Recreation, and Development Act of 2004
- lawNorman Y. Mineta Research and Special Programs Improvement Act
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- lawPetrified Forest National Park Expansion Act of 2004
- lawInternet Tax Nondiscrimination Act
- lawIdaho Panhandle National Forest Improvement Act of 2004
- lawThree Affiliated Tribes Health Facility Compensation Act
- lawKate Mullany National Historic Site Act
- lawDepartment of Veterans Affairs Health Care Personnel Enhancement Act of 2004
- lawIndividuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004
- lawConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2005
- lawDistrict of Columbia Mental Health Civil Commitment Modernization Act of 2004
- lawArizona Water Settlements Act
- lawAlaska Land Transfer Acceleration Act
- lawCooperative Research and Technology Enhancement (CREATE) Act of 2004
- lawVeterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2004
- lawIntelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
- lawSpecialty Crops Competitiveness Act of 2004
- lawThrift Savings Plan Open Elections Act of 2004
- lawAmerican History and Civics Education Act of 2004
- lawKilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge Expansion Act of 2004
- lawIntellectual Property Protection and Courts Amendments Act of 2004
- lawMicroenterprise Results and Accountability Act of 2004
- lawDistrict of Columbia Retirement Protection Improvement Act of 2004
- lawCommercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004
- lawVideo Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004
- lawFederal Employee Dental and Vision Benefits Enhancement Act of 2004
- lawComprehensive Peace in Sudan Act of 2004
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- rulingUnited States v. Freddie J. Booker
- presidentGeorge Walker Bush takes office
- lawClass Action Fairness Act of 2005
- rulingRoper v. Simmons
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- lawBankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005
- lawFamily Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005
- lawEmergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005
- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 2005
- rulingSusette Kelo v. City of New London
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- lawTANF Extension Act of 2005
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- lawJunk Fax Prevention Act of 2005
- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 2005, Part III
- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 2005, Part IV
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- lawPatient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005
- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 2005, Part VI
- lawMedical Device User Fee Stabilization Act of 2005
- lawUpper White Salmon Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
- lawSand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Trust Act of 2005
- lawColorado River Indian Reservation Boundary Correction Act
- lawDominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act
- lawDepartment of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawLegislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawFederal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974
- lawSafe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users
- lawNational All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Act of 2005
- lawEmergency Supplemental Appropriations Act to Meet Immediate Needs Arising From the Consequences of Hurricane Katrina, 2005
- lawSecond Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act to Meet Immediate Needs Arising From the Consequences of Hurricane Katrina, 2005
- lawFederal Judiciary Emergency Special Sessions Act of 2005
- lawNational Flood Insurance Program Enhanced Borrowing Authority Act of 2005
- lawPell Grant Hurricane and Disaster Relief Act
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- lawDandini Research Park Conveyance Act
- lawHawaii Water Resources Act of 2005
- lawWind Cave National Park Boundary Revision Act of 2005
- lawFlexibility for Displaced Workers Act
- justiceJohn Glover Roberts, Jr. — Chief Justice
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- lawUnited States Parole Commission Extension and Sentencing Commission Authority Act of 2005
- lawServicemembers' Group Life Insurance Enhancement Act of 2005
- lawHigher Education Extension Act of 2005
- lawAssistance for Individuals with Disabilities Affected by Hurricane Katrina or Rita Act of 2005
- lawNatural Disaster Student Aid Fairness Act
- lawCommunity Disaster Loan Act of 2005
- order2005 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
- lawDepartment of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawQI, TMA, and Abstinence Programs Extension and Hurricane Katrina Unemployment Relief Act of 2005
- lawProtection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act
- lawRocky Mountain National Park Boundary Adjustment Act of 2005
- lawOjito Wilderness Act
- lawAssistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005
- lawAgriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawForeign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawEnergy and Water Development Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawNational Flood Insurance Program Further Enhanced Borrowing Authority Act of 2005
- orderBlocking Property of Additional Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Zimbabwe
- lawScience, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawNorthern Arizona Land Exchange and Verde River Basin Partnership Act of 2005
- lawVeterans' Compensation Cost-of-Living Adjustment Act of 2005
- lawIran Nonproliferation Amendments Act of 2005
- lawFair Access Foster Care Act of 2005
- lawMilitary Quality of Life and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawCaribbean National Forest Act of 2005
- lawAngel Island Immigration Station Restoration and Preservation Act
- lawFranklin National Battlefield Study Act
- lawSenator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005
- lawDepartment of the Interior Volunteer Recruitment Act of 2005
- lawStem Cell Therapeutic and Research Act of 2005
- lawValles Caldera Preservation Act of 2005
- lawNaval Vessels Transfer Act of 2005
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- lawNative American Housing Enhancement Act of 2005
- lawSouthern Oregon Bureau of Reclamation Repayment Act of 2005
- lawPredisaster Mitigation Program Reauthorization Act of 2005
- lawCoast Guard Hurricane Relief Act of 2005
- lawTerrorism Risk Insurance Extension Act of 2005
- lawDepartment of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006
- lawDepartments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006
- lawSecond Higher Education Extension Act of 2005
- lawBuffalo Soldiers Commemoration Act of 2005
- lawBenjamin Franklin National Memorial Commemoration Act of 2005
- lawPublic Lands Corps Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2005