How did the United States change between Oct 27, 1997 and Oct 16, 2026?
Every branch of government, compared side by side.
24 files changed, 127,288 insertions(+), 995 deletions(−) · 29 years
Laws enacted
+5,5602,225 notable · 8th of 10 since 1974
Executive orders
+1,373signed · 3rd of 5 since 2001
Final rules
+106,4188,882 significant · 2nd of 5 since 2001
Supreme Court
8 of 9seats changed hands
Agencies
+108 −43departments & tracked agencies
Public debt
+$34.9T$5.43T → $40.3T
The presidency passed from William Jefferson Clinton to Donald J. Trump across 5 transitions. Congress enacted 5,560 public laws. 93 senators and 407 representatives took seats that they did not hold before. 8 new justices joined the Supreme Court. Inflation-adjusted federal spending changed +132% (FY1998 → FY2025).
Most unusual Final rules published: 3,673 a year, the 2nd highest of 5 presidencies since 2001.
Executive7 files+117,837−69
executive/presidentThe presidency
William Jefferson Clinton D
42nd president
4 presidents in between
George Walker Bush R
took office Jan 20, 2001
Barack Hussein Obama D
took office Jan 20, 2009
Donald J. Trump R
took office Jan 20, 2017
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. D
took office Jan 20, 2021
Donald J. Trump R
47th president · took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/vice-presidentThe vice presidency
Albert Arnold Gore Jr. D
J.D. Vance R
took office Jan 20, 2025
executive/cabinetCabinet & senior officials
+30−24Wikidata ↗
Secretary of State · 8 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R
confirmed 99–0 · Jan 20, 2025
Secretary of the Treasury · 9 people took this office in between
Scott Bessent
confirmed 68–29 · Jan 27, 2025
Secretary of Defense · 10 people took this office in between
Pete Hegseth R
confirmed 51–50 · Jan 24, 2025
Attorney General · 10 people took this office in between
Todd Blanche R
confirmed 50–49 · Aug 8, 2026
Postmaster General · 5 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 16 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Show 20 more cabinet offices
Secretary of the Interior · 8 people took this office in between
Doug Burgum R
confirmed 80–17 · Jan 30, 2025
Secretary of Agriculture · 8 people took this office in between
Brooke Rollins
confirmed 72–28 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Commerce · 11 people took this office in between
Howard Lutnick R
confirmed 51–45 · Feb 18, 2025
Secretary of Labor · 9 people took this office in between
Secretary of Health and Human Services · 9 people took this office in between
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. I
confirmed 52–48 · Feb 13, 2025
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development · 8 people took this office in between
Scott Turner R
confirmed 55–44 · Feb 5, 2025
Secretary of Transportation · 8 people took this office in between
Sean Duffy R
confirmed 77–22 · Jan 28, 2025
Secretary of Energy · 12 people took this office in between
Chris Wright
confirmed 59–38 · Feb 3, 2025
Secretary of Education · 8 people took this office in between
Linda McMahon R
confirmed 51–45 · Mar 3, 2025
Secretary of Veterans Affairs · 10 people took this office in between
Hershel W. Gober D (acting)
Doug Collins R
confirmed 77–23 · Feb 4, 2025
Secretary of Homeland Security · 9 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Markwayne Mullin R
confirmed 54–45 · Mar 23, 2026
White House Chief of Staff · 14 people took this office in between
Director of the Office of Management and Budget · 14 people took this office in between
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency · 9 people took this office in between
Lee Zeldin R
confirmed 56–42 · Jan 29, 2025
Ambassador to the United Nations · 19 people took this office in between
Director of National Intelligence · 11 people took this office in between
office did not exist
Jay Clayton I
confirmed 51–47 · Jul 28, 2026
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency · 10 people took this office in between
office did not exist
John Ratcliffe R
confirmed 74–25 · Jan 23, 2025
Administrator of the Small Business Administration · 9 people took this office in between
Kelly Loeffler R
confirmed 52–46 · Feb 19, 2025
office vacant or abolished
U.S. Trade Representative · 6 people took this office in between
Other senior officials (7 changed)
Postmaster General · 5 people took this office in between
Secretary of the Navy · 16 people took this office in between
office vacant or abolished
Chair of the Federal Reserve · 4 people took this office in between
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff · 9 people took this office in between
Director of the FBI · 4 people took this office in between
National Security Advisor · 12 people took this office in between
Marco Rubio R (acting)
Solicitor General · 8 people took this office in between
executive/ordersExecutive orders
+1,373Federal Register API ↗
1,373 executive orders signed · William J. Clinton 132 · George W. Bush 291 · Barack Obama 278 · Donald Trump 510 · Joseph R. Biden Jr. 162
157 → 1,214 orders (issued since 1994) in force · 316 revoked in this window
EO 13071 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
signed Dec 29, 1997 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 7, 1998 by EO 13106 (Clinton)
EO 13086 1998 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
signed May 27, 1998 by William J. Clinton
EO 13101 Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition
signed Sep 14, 1998 by William J. Clinton · revoked Jan 24, 2007 by EO 13423 (Bush)
EO 13106 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Delegation of a Federal Pay Administration Authority
signed Dec 7, 1998 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 21, 1999 by EO 13144 (Clinton)
EO 13123 Greening the Government Through Efficient Energy Management
signed Jun 3, 1999 by William J. Clinton · revoked Jan 24, 2007 by EO 13423 (Bush)
EO 13140 1999 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
signed Oct 6, 1999 by William J. Clinton
EO 13144 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
signed Dec 21, 1999 by William J. Clinton · revoked Dec 23, 2000 by EO 13182 (Clinton)
EO 13148 Greening the Government Through Leadership in Environmental Management
signed Apr 21, 2000 by William J. Clinton · revoked Jan 24, 2007 by EO 13423 (Bush)
Show 6 more
EO 13178 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve
Dec 4, 2000 · William J. Clinton
EO 13182 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 23, 2000 · William J. Clinton
EO 13231 Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age
Oct 16, 2001 · George W. Bush
EO 13249 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 28, 2001 · George W. Bush
EO 13262 2002 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
Apr 11, 2002 · George W. Bush
EO 13282 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
Dec 31, 2002 · George W. Bush
executive/nominationsSenate confirmations
+9,906Congress.gov ↗
14,202 civilian nominations received · 9,906 confirmed · 661 withdrawn · 3,708 returned to the President
Togo Dennis West, Jr., of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice Jesse Brown, resigned.
confirmed Apr 28, 1998 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Jacob Joseph Lew, of New York, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Franklin D. Raines, resigned.
confirmed Jul 31, 1998 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Bill Richardson, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Federico Pena, resigned.
confirmed Jul 31, 1998 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Lawrence H. Summers, of Maryland, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Robert E. Rubin.
confirmed Jul 1, 1999 · 97–2
Donald Stuart Hays, of Virginia, a Career Member of the Senior Foreign Service, Class of Minister-Counselor, to be Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations for U.N. Management and Reform, with the rank of Ambassador.
confirmed Nov 10, 1999 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Norman Y. Mineta, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice William M. Daley.
confirmed Jul 20, 2000 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Roderick R. Paige, of Texas, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Colin Luther Powell, of Virginia, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Paul Henry O'Neill, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Donald Henry Rumsfeld, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001 · voice vote or unanimous consent
Show 200 more top confirmations
Donald Louis Evans, of Texas, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Spencer Abraham, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Ann Margaret Veneman, of California, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2001
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., of Indiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Anthony Joseph Principi, of California, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Melquiades Rafael Martinez, of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 23, 2001 · 100–0
Tommy G. Thompson, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Jan 24, 2001 · 100–0
Elaine Lan Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Jan 29, 2001
Gale Ann Norton, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 75–24
Christine Todd Whitman, of New Jersey, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 30, 2001 · 99–0
John Ashcroft, of Missouri, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 1, 2001 · 58–42
Thomas J. Ridge, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Homeland Security. (New Position)
confirmed Jan 22, 2003 · 94–0
Condoleezza Rice, of California, to be Secretary of State, vice Colin Luther Powell, resigned.
confirmed Jan 26, 2005 · 85–13
Alberto R. Gonzales, of Texas, to be Attorney General, vice John Ashcroft, resigned.
confirmed Feb 3, 2005 · 60–36
Michael Chertoff, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Thomas J. Ridge, resigned.
confirmed Feb 15, 2005 · 98–0
John D. Negroponte, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence. (New Position)
confirmed Apr 21, 2005 · 98–2
John G. Roberts, Jr., of Maryland, to be Chief Justice of the United States, vice William H. Rehnquist, deceased.
confirmed Sep 29, 2005 · 78–22
Robert M. Gates, of Texas, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Donald Henry Rumsfeld, resigned.
confirmed Dec 6, 2006 · 95–2
Jim Nussle, of Iowa, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Robert J. Portman.
confirmed Sep 4, 2007 · 69–24
Michael B. Mukasey, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Alberto R. Gonzales, resigned.
confirmed Nov 8, 2007 · 53–40
Janet Ann Napolitano, of Arizona, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Kenneth Lee Salazar, of Colorado, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Eric K. Shinseki, of Hawaii, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Arne Duncan, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Steven Chu, of California, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Jan 20, 2009
Hillary Rodham Clinton, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 21, 2009 · 94–2
Ray LaHood, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Jan 22, 2009
Timothy F. Geithner, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 26, 2009 · 60–34
Eric H. Holder, Jr., of the District of Columbia, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 2, 2009 · 75–21
Hilda L. Solis, of California, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Feb 24, 2009 · 80–17
Gary Locke, of Washington, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 24, 2009
Kathleen Sebelius, of Kansas, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Apr 28, 2009 · 65–31
Leon E. Panetta, of California, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Robert M. Gates.
confirmed Jun 21, 2011 · 100–0
David H. Petraeus, of New Hampshire, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Jun 30, 2011 · 94–0
John Edgar Bryson, of California, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice Gary Locke.
confirmed Oct 20, 2011 · 74–26
John Forbes Kerry, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of State, vice Hillary Rodham Clinton.
confirmed Jan 29, 2013 · 94–3
Charles Timothy Hagel, of Nebraska, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Leon E. Panetta.
confirmed Feb 26, 2013 · 58–41
Jacob J. Lew, of New York, to be Secretary of the Treasury, vice Timothy F. Geithner.
confirmed Feb 27, 2013 · 71–26
John Owen Brennan, of Virginia, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice David H. Petraeus, resigned.
confirmed Mar 7, 2013 · 63–34
Sarah Jewell, of Washington, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Kenneth Lee Salazar.
confirmed Apr 10, 2013 · 87–11
Ernest J. Moniz, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Energy, vice Steven Chu.
confirmed May 16, 2013 · 97–0
Penny Pritzker, of Illinois, to be Secretary of Commerce, vice John Edgar Bryson, resigned.
confirmed Jun 25, 2013 · 97–1
Anthony Renard Foxx, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Transportation, vice Ray LaHood.
confirmed Jun 27, 2013 · 100–0
Thomas Edward Perez, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Hilda L. Solis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 18, 2013 · 54–46
Jeh Charles Johnson, of New Jersey, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Janet Ann Napolitano, resigned.
confirmed Dec 16, 2013 · 78–16
Sylvia Mathews Burwell, of West Virginia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Kathleen Sebelius.
confirmed Jun 5, 2014 · 78–17
Julian Castro, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, vice Shaun L. S. Donovan.
confirmed Jul 9, 2014 · 71–26
Shaun L. S. Donovan, of New York, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Sylvia Mathews Burwell.
confirmed Jul 10, 2014 · 75–22
Robert Alan McDonald, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice Eric K. Shinseki, resigned.
confirmed Jul 29, 2014 · 97–0
Ashton B. Carter, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Defense, vice Charles Timothy Hagel.
confirmed Feb 12, 2015 · 93–5
Loretta E. Lynch, of New York, to be Attorney General, vice Eric H. Holder, Jr.
confirmed Apr 23, 2015 · 56–43
John B. King, of New York, to be Secretary of Education, vice Arne Duncan.
confirmed Mar 14, 2016 · 49–40
John F. Kelly, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 88–11
James Mattis, of Washington, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 20, 2017 · 98–1
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice John Owen Brennan.
confirmed Jan 23, 2017 · 66–32
Elaine L. Chao, of Kentucky, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 31, 2017 · 93–6
Rex W. Tillerson, of Texas, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Feb 1, 2017 · 55–43
Jeff Sessions, of Alabama, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 8, 2017 · 52–47
Thomas Price, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 10, 2017 · 52–47
David J. Shulkin, of Pennsylvania, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 100–0
Steven T. Mnuchin, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Feb 13, 2017 · 53–47
Scott Pruitt, of Oklahoma, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Feb 17, 2017 · 52–46
Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 27, 2017 · 72–27
Ryan Zinke, of Montana, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 1, 2017 · 68–31
Benjamin S. Carson, Sr., of Florida, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 58–41
James Richard Perry, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Mar 2, 2017 · 62–37
Daniel Coats, of Indiana, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice James R. Clapper, Jr.
confirmed Mar 15, 2017 · 85–12
Sonny Perdue, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Apr 24, 2017 · 87–11
R. Alexander Acosta, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Apr 27, 2017 · 60–38
Kirstjen Nielsen, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice John F. Kelly, resigned.
confirmed Dec 5, 2017 · 62–37
Alex Michael Azar II, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services, vice Thomas Price, resigned.
confirmed Jan 24, 2018 · 55–43
Mike Pompeo, of Kansas, to be Secretary of State, vice Rex W. Tillerson.
confirmed Apr 26, 2018 · 57–42
Gina Haspel, of Kentucky, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, vice Mike Pompeo.
confirmed May 17, 2018 · 54–45
Robert L. Wilkie, of North Carolina, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, vice David J. Shulkin.
confirmed Jul 23, 2018 · 86–9
William Pelham Barr, of Virginia, to be Attorney General, vice Jeff Sessions, resigned.
confirmed Feb 14, 2019 · 54–45
Andrew Wheeler, of Virginia, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, vice Scott Pruitt.
confirmed Feb 28, 2019 · 52–47
David Bernhardt, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Interior, vice Ryan Zinke.
confirmed Apr 11, 2019 · 56–41
Mark T. Esper, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Defense, vice James Mattis, resigned.
confirmed Jul 23, 2019 · 90–8
Eugene Scalia, of Virginia, to be Secretary of Labor, vice R. Alexander Acosta, resigned.
confirmed Sep 26, 2019 · 53–44
Dan R. Brouillette, of Texas, to be Secretary of Energy, vice James Richard Perry, resigning.
confirmed Dec 2, 2019 · 70–15
Jovita Carranza, of Illinois, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, vice Linda E. McMahon.
confirmed Jan 7, 2020 · 88–5
John L. Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Daniel Coats, resigned.
confirmed May 21, 2020 · 49–44
Russell Vought, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Mick Mulvaney.
confirmed Jul 20, 2020 · 51–45
Avril Danica Haines, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Jan 20, 2021 · 84–10
Lloyd James Austin, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 22, 2021 · 93–2
Janet Louise Yellen, of California, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 25, 2021 · 84–15
Antony John Blinken, of New York, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 26, 2021 · 78–22
Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg, of Indiana, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 86–13
Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, of the District of Columbia, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Feb 2, 2021 · 56–43
Denis Richard McDonough, of Maryland, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 8, 2021 · 87–7
Thomas J. Vilsack, of Iowa, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 23, 2021 · 92–7
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm, of Michigan, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 25, 2021 · 64–35
Miguel A. Cardona, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 1, 2021 · 64–33
Gina Marie Raimondo, of Rhode Island, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Mar 2, 2021 · 84–15
Merrick Brian Garland, of Maryland, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 70–30
Marcia Louise Fudge, of Ohio, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Mar 10, 2021 · 66–34
Debra Anne Haaland, of New Mexico, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Mar 15, 2021 · 51–40
Isabella Casillas Guzman, of California, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Mar 16, 2021 · 81–17
Xavier Becerra, of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Mar 18, 2021 · 50–49
Martin Joseph Walsh, of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 22, 2021 · 68–29
Shalanda D. Young, of Louisiana, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget, vice Russell Vought.
confirmed Mar 15, 2022 · 61–36
Marco Rubio, of Florida, to be Secretary of State.
confirmed Jan 20, 2025 · 99–0
John Ratcliffe, of Texas, to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
confirmed Jan 23, 2025 · 74–25
Peter Hegseth, of Tennessee, to be Secretary of Defense.
confirmed Jan 24, 2025 · 51–50
Kristi Noem, of South Dakota, to be Secretary of Homeland Security.
confirmed Jan 25, 2025 · 59–34
Scott Bessent, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of the Treasury.
confirmed Jan 27, 2025 · 68–29
Sean Duffy, of Wisconsin, to be Secretary of Transportation.
confirmed Jan 28, 2025 · 77–22
Lee Zeldin, of New York, to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
confirmed Jan 29, 2025 · 56–42
Douglas Burgum, of North Dakota, to be Secretary of the Interior.
confirmed Jan 30, 2025 · 80–17
Christopher Wright, of Colorado, to be Secretary of Energy.
confirmed Feb 3, 2025 · 59–38
Pamela Bondi, of Florida, to be Attorney General.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 54–46
Douglas Collins, of Georgia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
confirmed Feb 4, 2025 · 77–23
Eric Turner, of Texas, to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
confirmed Feb 5, 2025 · 55–44
Tulsi Gabbard, of Hawaii, to be Director of National Intelligence.
confirmed Feb 12, 2025 · 52–48
Brooke Rollins, of Texas, to be Secretary of Agriculture.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 72–28
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., of California, to be Secretary of Health and Human Services.
confirmed Feb 13, 2025 · 52–48
Howard Lutnick, of New York, to be Secretary of Commerce.
confirmed Feb 18, 2025 · 51–45
Kelly Loeffler, of Georgia, to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
confirmed Feb 19, 2025 · 52–46
Linda McMahon, of Connecticut, to be Secretary of Education.
confirmed Mar 3, 2025 · 51–45
Lori Chavez-DeRemer, of Oregon, to be Secretary of Labor.
confirmed Mar 10, 2025 · 67–32
Markwayne Mullin, of Oklahoma, to be Secretary of Homeland Security, vice Kristi Noem.
confirmed Mar 23, 2026 · 54–45
Walter Clayton, of New York, to be Director of National Intelligence, vice Tulsi Gabbard.
confirmed Jul 28, 2026 · 51–47
Todd Blanche, of Florida, to be Attorney General, vice Pamela Bondi.
confirmed Aug 8, 2026 · 50–49
Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor, vice Lori Chavez-DeRemer, resigned.
confirmed Sep 30, 2026 · 47–41
Civilian nominations only (military promotions excluded). Top confirmations are cabinet-level posts, Supreme Court justices, and the Fed chair.
executive/agenciesFederal agencies
+108−43Wikidata ↗
353 → 425 tracked organizations · 15 → 16 executive departments
United States Department of Homeland Security department
established Nov 25, 2002 · United States federal executive department
Denali Commission
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent agency of the United States government
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
established Jan 1, 1998 · independent U.S. federal agency charged with investigating industrial chemical accidents
U.S. Agency for Global Media
established Oct 1, 1999 · independent agency of the United States government that broadcasts news and information about the United States and the world to audiences abroad
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
established Oct 25, 1999
Delta Regional Authority
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency of the United States federal government
United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission
established Oct 1, 2000 · independent agency of the United States government
Election Assistance Commission
established Jan 1, 2002 · independent agency of the United States government
Millennium Challenge Corporation
established Jan 1, 2004 · government agency
Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
established Oct 13, 2004
Show 141 more
Federal Housing Finance Agency
established Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. federal agency
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
established Jul 21, 2011 · agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector
National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service
established Sep 19, 2017
United States International Development Finance Corporation
established Dec 20, 2019 · an executive agency of the US federal government responsible for providing foreign aid
United States Homeland Security Council
established Jan 1, 2001 · U.S. federal executive public safety, immigration and disaster relief forum
Homeland Security Advisory Council
established Mar 19, 2002 · part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
United States Digital Service
established Aug 11, 2014 · former digital services department of the Executive Office of the President of the United States
Office of the National Cyber Director
established Jan 1, 2021 · US government agency on cybersecurity
U.S. Census Monitoring Board
established Nov 26, 1997 · former agency
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
established Jan 1, 1998 · government agency
Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center
established Jan 1, 1998 · United States defense organization
United States National Transportation Library
established Jan 1, 1998 · transportation research library serving as a national library of the United States, and the library of the U.S. Department of Transportation
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
established Jan 1, 1999 · facility in Silver Spring, United States
Development Credit Authority
established Jan 1, 1999
Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
established Jan 12, 1999 · U.S. State Department division
White House Initiative on Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders
established Jun 7, 1999 · United States governmental office
United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
established Dec 6, 1999 · United States federal agency division that supports research to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americans
Congressional Office for International Leadership
established Jan 1, 2000 · legislative branch agency in the U.S.
Defense Contract Management Agency
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency in the US federal government
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
established Jan 1, 2000 · agency of the United States Department of Transportation
Interior Business Center
established Jan 1, 2000
National Nuclear Security Administration
established Jan 1, 2000 · semi-autonomous agency within the United States Department of Energy responsible for nuclear weapons stewardship
Bureau of Industry and Security
established Jan 1, 2001 · federal law enforcement agency of the United States
Federal Reserve Police
established Jan 1, 2001 · law enforcement unit of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
established Jan 1, 2001 · facility in Atlanta, United States
Transportation Security Administration
established Jan 1, 2001 · United States federal government agency
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
established Oct 1, 2001 · office of the United States Department of State
Office of Force Transformation
established Oct 29, 2001 · office of the United States Department of Defense Office, 2001–2006
HSARPA
established Jan 1, 2002 · agency of the US Department of Homeland Security
Information Awareness Office
established Jan 1, 2002 · government agency established by the DARPA to achieve "Total Information Awareness"
Institute of Education Sciences
established Jan 1, 2002 · United States Department of Education research branch
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
established Jan 1, 2002 · U.S. government biodefense research laboratory
National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance
established Jan 1, 2002 · center of the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
established Jan 1, 2002 · United States federal agency
Pentagon Force Protection Agency
established Jan 1, 2002 · federal law enforcement agency within the U.S. Department of Defense
Privacy Office of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
established Jan 1, 2002
Office of Special Plans
established Sep 1, 2002 · U.S. intelligence unit
Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate
established Jan 1, 2003 · U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security Research and Development units
DHS Management Directorate
established Jan 1, 2003 · U.S. government body support agency
DHS Office of Health Affairs
established Jan 1, 2003 · office in the United States Department of Homeland Security
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
established Jan 1, 2003 · US Department of Energy program office
United States Chief Human Capital Officers Council
established Jan 1, 2003 · organization of chief human capital officers of United States executive departments
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
established Jan 24, 2003 · United States Treasury bureau which regulates and collects taxes on alcohol, tobacco, and firearms
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
established Mar 1, 2003 · customs service of the United States since 2003
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
established Mar 1, 2003 · immigration benefits agency of the United States government
United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement
established Mar 1, 2003 · United States federal law enforcement agency
Air Traffic Organization
established Nov 1, 2003 · FAA terminology
Alhurra
established Jan 1, 2004 · US TV station broadcasting to the Arab world
Office of Intelligence and Analysis
established Jan 1, 2004 · agency of the United States Department of the Treasury
Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence
established Jan 1, 2004 · United States government agency
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
established Jan 1, 2004 · United States government agency
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board
established Jan 1, 2004 · U.S. government agency
Office of Under Secretary of Energy for Science
established Jan 1, 2005 · American government agency
Research and Innovative Technology Administration
established Feb 22, 2005 · research programs agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation
Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response
established Jan 1, 2006 · United States federal government agency
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
established Jan 1, 2006 · government organization in Washington D.C., United States
CBP Air and Marine Operations
established Jan 1, 2006 · law enforcement agency
Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
established Jan 1, 2006 · American government agency
United States Department of Justice National Security Division
established Jan 1, 2006 · national Security Division
DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis
established Jan 1, 2007 · office of the United States Department of Homeland Security
Joint BioEnergy Institute
established Jan 1, 2007 · research institute in Emeryville, California
Civilian Board of Contract Appeals
established Jan 6, 2007 · United States government agency
Operationally Responsive Space Office
established May 21, 2007 · joint initiative of several agencies within the United States Department of Defense
Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency
established Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. government executive branch office created by 2008 Inspector General Reform Act
United States Capitol Visitor Center
established Jan 1, 2008 · underground visitor center in Washington, D.C.
Defense Academic Information Technology Consortium
established May 1, 2008
Office of Financial Stability
established Oct 1, 2008 · office of the United States Department of the Treasury
Office of Congressional Accessibility Services
established Oct 20, 2008 · office providing accessibility services and information in the United States Capitol Complex
ARPA-E
established Jan 1, 2009 · organization
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
established Jan 1, 2009
Office of Nuclear Energy
established Jan 1, 2009 · US government agency
Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board
established Jan 1, 2009 · former agency of the United States federal government
Office of Digital Strategy
established Jan 20, 2009 · Executive Branch agency that promotes the U.S. president's messaging through traditional and social media
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
established Feb 17, 2009 · U.S. federal agency responsible for national health IT leadership
Office of Government Information Services
established Sep 1, 2009 · office within the National Archives and Records Administration
Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance
established Jan 1, 2010 · bureau within the U.S. Department of State
Young African Leaders Initiative
established Jan 1, 2010 · US Department of State project
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
established Oct 1, 2011 · US Water Energy Agency
Bureau of the Fiscal Service
established Jan 1, 2012 · United States federal agency
Defense Forensics and Biometrics Agency
established Jan 1, 2012 · government organization in Charlotte, United States
Northeast Climate Science Center
established Jan 1, 2012 · government organization in Amherst Center, United States
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Black Americans
established Jul 26, 2012 · White House initiative housed in the United States Department of Education
Administration for Community Living
established Jan 1, 2014 · United States federal agency that supports the needs of the aging and disability populations, and improves access health care and long-term services
Defense Digital Service
established Jan 1, 2015
Defense Innovation Unit
established Aug 1, 2015 · technological research agency of the United States Department of Defense
National Background Investigations Bureau
established Jan 1, 2016 · succesor Agency to the Federal Investigative Services Division
Global Engagement Center
established Jan 1, 2016 · U.S. federal government agency
Build America Bureau
established Jul 20, 2016
Department of Homeland Security Office of Strategy, Policy, and Plans
established Dec 23, 2016 · office of the United States Department of Homeland Security
NOAA National Weather Service Pacific Region
established Jan 1, 2017 · administers the programs and facilities of the NWS throughout a large expanse of the Pacific
National Vetting Center
established Jan 1, 2018 · United States government agency
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
established Nov 16, 2018 · agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security
Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office
established Dec 21, 2018
White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Native Americans and Strengthening Tribal Colleges and Universities
established Oct 11, 2021 · government agency housed in the United States Department of Education
Disinformation Governance Board
established Jan 1, 2022 · board of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health
established Mar 15, 2022 · United States federal agency established in 2022
Office of Long COVID Research and Practice
established Jan 1, 2023
U.S. Wildland Fire Service
established Jan 1, 2026 · United States government agency
United States Information Agency
abolished Jan 1, 1999 · former United States government agency · replaced by U.S. Agency for Global Media
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
abolished Apr 1, 1999 · independent agency
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
abolished Jan 1, 2008 · U.S. government agency
Office of the Federal Coordinator, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects
abolished Mar 7, 2015
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
abolished Dec 20, 2019 · government agency of the United States of America · replaced by United States International Development Finance Corporation
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
abolished Sep 17, 2020
Defense Nuclear Agency
abolished Jan 1, 1998 · agency of the US Department of Defense
Assassination Records Review Board
abolished Sep 30, 1998
United States Information Service
abolished Jan 1, 1999 · the overseas branch of USIA with field offices to promote U.S. interests abroad
U.S. Census Monitoring Board
abolished Sep 30, 2001 · former agency
Ballistic Missile Defense Organization
abolished Jan 1, 2002 · former agency of the United States Department of Defense · replaced by Missile Defense Agency
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
abolished Jan 1, 2003 · former American federal agency · replaced by Q434371,Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
Agency start and end dates come from Wikidata, which covers smaller bureaus unevenly.
executive/regulationsFederal regulations
+106,418Federal Register API ↗
106,418 final rules published in the Federal Register
from Oct 27, 1997
8,882 of them flagged "significant" under EO 12866
major economic or policy impact
68,145 proposed rules · 699,750 notices
Loading which agencies published the most rules…
Final rules carry the force of law. Rescissions count as rules too, so this measures regulatory activity, not net growth.
Military4 files+23−14
military/conflictsArmed conflicts
U.S. in 0 armed conflicts → 7
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
began Aug 8, 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: al-Shabaab
began 2015 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Iran–Israel conflict
began 2020 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Israel
Red Sea: the Houthis (Yemen)
began Feb 3, 2024 · U.S. a principal party · against Ansarallah (the Houthis)
Syria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Nigeria: Islamic State
began 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Somalia: Islamic State
began Feb 1, 2025 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
14 conflicts began and ended in between
Kosovo War
Mar 24, 1999 – Nov 21, 1999 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against UCK
War against al-Qaida
Sep 11, 2001 – Dec 4, 2017 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Invasion of Afghanistan
Oct 7, 2001 – Nov 13, 2001 · U.S. a principal party · against Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency)
2003 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against the Taliban
Invasion of Iraq
Mar 23, 2003 – Apr 28, 2003 · U.S. a principal party · against Iraq
Iraq: insurgency and war against IS
Jan 18, 2004 – Dec 18, 2011 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansar al-Islam, IS
Yemen: Houthis and AQAP
2009 – 2014 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Ansarallah, AQAP
Afghanistan: Islamic State
Mar 3, 2015 – Aug 30, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Libya: Islamic State
2016 – Sep 29, 2019 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Niger: Islamic State
2017 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
Kenya: al-Shabaab
2019 – 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against Al-Shabaab
Somalia: Islamic State
Jun 4, 2019 – Dec 19, 2021 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against IS
War against al-Qaida
Jul 31, 2019 – Sep 7, 2019 · U.S. a principal party · against al-Qaida
Niger: JNIM
Dec 9, 2021 – 2022 · U.S. troops fighting alongside the government · against JNIM
An armed conflict here means at least 25 battle deaths in a year, with U.S. forces as a party or fighting for a government (UCDP's definition). Air strikes, raids, and advisory missions below that threshold aren't included. UN peacekeeping missions are excluded. UCDP data runs through 2025, so "active" on later dates means active at the end of 2025.
military/troopsU.S. troops abroad
−50,811 troops abroadDMDC via troopdata (Allen, Flynn & Martinez Machain) ↗
214,584 → 163,773 active-duty troops stationed abroad · 1,405,021 → 1,335,749 total active duty
19 → 10 countries with 1,000 or more U.S. troops
as of Sep 30, 1997 → as of Mar 31, 2026
Germany 60,053 → 37,009
−23,044
Japan 41,257 → 54,891
+13,634
South Korea 35,663 → 23,372
−12,291
Bosnia and Herzegovina 8,170 → 17
−8,153
Egypt 5,846 → 174
−5,672
Panama 5,400 → 26
−5,374
Hungary 4,220 → 80
−4,140
Guam 4,510 → 7,137
+2,627
Bahrain 748 → 3,151
+2,403
Iceland 1,960 → 1
−1,959
Puerto Rico 2,403 → 673
−1,730
Saudi Arabia 1,722 → 264
−1,458
Largest U.S. deployments as of Mar 31, 2026
Japan 54,891
Germany 37,009
South Korea 23,372
Italy 12,783
United Kingdom 10,158
Guam 7,137
Spain 3,835
Bahrain 3,151
Active-duty personnel assigned to each country in the Defense Department's location reports, which leave out most combat deployments, forces afloat, and short rotations: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan during their wars are press or Pentagon estimates, and Iraq and Syria read zero after 2023 although a few thousand troops remained. Each date shows the latest report on or before it.
military/spendingCost of war
$1.78T war fundingDoD Cost of War reports · CRS ↗
$1.78T spent on named war operations, fiscal years 2001–2024 · Defense Department obligations
Afghanistan $895B
Enduring Freedom → Freedom's Sentinel → Enduring Sentinel · FY2001–FY2024
Iraq & Syria $805B
Iraqi Freedom → New Dawn → Inherent Resolve · FY2001–FY2024
Ukraine $79.1B
U.S. support operations · FY2022–FY2024
Lifetime cost of wars fought in this window · constant FY2011 dollars (CRS)
War in Afghanistan (Taliban insurgency) $321B
0.7% of GDP in its peak year · 2001–2021
Iraq War $784B
1% of GDP in its peak year · 2003–2011
Operation spending is what the Defense Department obligated to each named operation in each fiscal year, from its Cost of War reports; it excludes State Department and USAID programs, veterans' care, interest, and base budgets. Lifetime costs are the Congressional Research Service's estimates of direct military spending for each war, in FY2011 dollars.
military/authorizationsDeclarations of war & authorizations
Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)
Sep 18, 2001 · Authorized force against those responsible for the September 11 attacks (Pub. L. 107-40).
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq (2002)
Oct 16, 2002 · Authorized the Iraq War (Pub. L. 107-243).
Legislative4 files+6,060−501
legislative/controlControl of Congress
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
Top: House · Bottom: Senate DemocraticRepublican
105th Congress → 119th Congress · 14 new Congresses elected
10 changes of chamber control along the way
House: Republican majority on both dates
227 R · 207 D → 219 R · 214 D
Senate: Republican majority on both dates
55 R · 45 D → 53 R · 47 D
legislative/senateSenate
+93−93congress-legislators ↗
93 new members · 93 departed · 7 served on both dates · women 9 → 27 · median age 57 → 66
36 seats changed party
Show 32 more seat flips
Who joined and who left (93 in · 93 out)
Dan Sullivan R
Alaska
Lisa Murkowski R
Alaska
Tommy Tuberville R
Alabama
Katie Boyd Britt R
Alabama
Tom Cotton R
Arkansas
John Boozman R
Arkansas
Mark Kelly D
Arizona
Ruben Gallego D
Arizona
Alex Padilla D
California
Adam B. Schiff D
California
John W. Hickenlooper D
Colorado
Michael F. Bennet D
Colorado
Richard Blumenthal D
Connecticut
Christopher Murphy D
Connecticut
Christopher A. Coons D
Delaware
Lisa Blunt Rochester D
Delaware
Rick Scott R
Florida
Ashley Moody R
Florida
Jon Ossoff D
Georgia
Raphael G. Warnock D
Georgia
Brian Schatz D
Hawaii
Mazie K. Hirono D
Hawaii
Joni Ernst R
Iowa
James E. Risch R
Idaho
Mike Crapo R
Idaho
Tammy Duckworth D
Illinois
Todd Young R
Indiana
Jim Banks R
Indiana
Roger Marshall R
Kansas
Jerry Moran R
Kansas
Rand Paul R
Kentucky
Bill Cassidy R
Louisiana
John Kennedy R
Louisiana
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts
Elizabeth Warren D
Massachusetts
Chris Van Hollen D
Maryland
Angela D. Alsobrooks D
Maryland
Angus S. King, Jr. I
Maine
Gary C. Peters D
Michigan
Elissa Slotkin D
Michigan
Tina Smith D
Minnesota
Amy Klobuchar D
Minnesota
Eric Schmitt R
Missouri
Josh Hawley R
Missouri
Cindy Hyde-Smith R
Mississippi
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi
Steve Daines R
Montana
Tim Sheehy R
Montana
Thom Tillis R
North Carolina
Ted Budd R
North Carolina
John Hoeven R
North Dakota
Kevin Cramer R
North Dakota
Pete Ricketts R
Nebraska
Deb Fischer R
Nebraska
Jeanne Shaheen D
New Hampshire
Margaret Wood Hassan D
New Hampshire
Cory A. Booker D
New Jersey
Andy Kim D
New Jersey
Ben Ray Luján D
New Mexico
Martin Heinrich D
New Mexico
Catherine Cortez Masto D
Nevada
Jacky Rosen D
Nevada
Charles E. Schumer D
New York
Kirsten E. Gillibrand D
New York
Bernie Moreno R
Ohio
Jon Husted R
Ohio
James Lankford R
Oklahoma
Alan Armstrong R
Oklahoma
Jeff Merkley D
Oregon
John Fetterman D
Pennsylvania
David McCormick R
Pennsylvania
Sheldon Whitehouse D
Rhode Island
Tim Scott R
South Carolina
Darline Graham R
South Carolina
Mike Rounds R
South Dakota
John Thune R
South Dakota
Bill Hagerty R
Tennessee
Marsha Blackburn R
Tennessee
John Cornyn R
Texas
Ted Cruz R
Texas
Mike Lee R
Utah
John R. Curtis R
Utah
Mark R. Warner D
Virginia
Tim Kaine D
Virginia
Peter Welch D
Vermont
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont
Maria Cantwell D
Washington
Ron Johnson R
Wisconsin
Tammy Baldwin D
Wisconsin
Shelley Moore Capito R
West Virginia
James C. Justice R
West Virginia
Cynthia M. Lummis R
Wyoming
John Barrasso R
Wyoming
Frank H. Murkowski R
Alaska
Ted F. Stevens R
Alaska
Richard C. Shelby R
Alabama
Jeff Sessions R
Alabama
Dale Bumpers D
Arkansas
Tim Hutchinson R
Arkansas
John McCain R
Arizona
Jon Kyl R
Arizona
Barbara Boxer D
California
Dianne Feinstein D
California
Ben Nighthorse Campbell R
Colorado
Wayne A. Allard R
Colorado
Christopher J. Dodd D
Connecticut
Joseph I. Lieberman D
Connecticut
William V. Roth Jr. R
Delaware
Joseph R. Biden Jr. D
Delaware
Bob Graham D
Florida
Connie Mack III R
Florida
Paul D. Coverdell R
Georgia
J. Maxwell Cleland D
Georgia
Daniel K. Inouye D
Hawaii
Daniel K. Akaka D
Hawaii
Tom Harkin D
Iowa
Dirk Kempthorne R
Idaho
Larry E. Craig R
Idaho
Carol Moseley Braun D
Illinois
Daniel Coats R
Indiana
Richard G. Lugar R
Indiana
Samuel D. Brownback R
Kansas
Pat Roberts R
Kansas
Wendell Hampton Ford D
Kentucky
John B. Breaux D
Louisiana
Mary L. Landrieu D
Louisiana
Edward M. Kennedy D
Massachusetts
John F. Kerry D
Massachusetts
Barbara A. Mikulski D
Maryland
Paul S. Sarbanes D
Maryland
Olympia J. Snowe R
Maine
Spencer Abraham R
Michigan
Carl Levin D
Michigan
Rod Grams R
Minnesota
Paul David Wellstone D
Minnesota
Christopher S. Bond R
Missouri
John Ashcroft R
Missouri
Trent Lott R
Mississippi
Thad Cochran R
Mississippi
Conrad Burns R
Montana
Max Baucus D
Montana
Duncan McLauchlin Faircloth R
North Carolina
Jesse Helms R
North Carolina
Byron L. Dorgan D
North Dakota
Kent Conrad D
North Dakota
J. Robert Kerrey D
Nebraska
Charles T. Hagel R
Nebraska
Judd A. Gregg R
New Hampshire
Robert Smith R
New Hampshire
Frank R. Lautenberg D
New Jersey
Robert Torricelli D
New Jersey
Jeff Bingaman D
New Mexico
Pete V. Domenici R
New Mexico
Harry Reid D
Nevada
Richard H. Bryan D
Nevada
Alfonse Marcello D’Amato R
New York
Daniel Patrick Moynihan D
New York
John Herschel Glenn Jr. D
Ohio
Michael DeWine R
Ohio
Don Nickles R
Oklahoma
James M. Inhofe R
Oklahoma
Gordon Harold Smith R
Oregon
Arlen Specter R
Pennsylvania
Richard J. Santorum R
Pennsylvania
John Hubbard Chafee R
Rhode Island
Ernest F. Hollings D
South Carolina
J. Strom Thurmond R
South Carolina
Thomas A. Daschle D
South Dakota
Tim Johnson D
South Dakota
William H. Frist R
Tennessee
Fred Thompson R
Tennessee
Kay Bailey Hutchison R
Texas
Phil Gramm R
Texas
Robert F. Bennett R
Utah
Orrin G. Hatch R
Utah
Charles S. Robb D
Virginia
John W. Warner R
Virginia
Patrick J. Leahy D
Vermont
James M. Jeffords R
Vermont
T. Slade Gorton R
Washington
Russell D. Feingold D
Wisconsin
Herb Kohl D
Wisconsin
Robert C. Byrd D
West Virginia
John D. Rockefeller, IV D
West Virginia
Craig Thomas R
Wyoming
Michael B. Enzi R
Wyoming
legislative/houseHouse
+407−408congress-legislators ↗
407 new members · 408 departed · 26 served on both dates · women 50 → 125 · median age 52 → 59
38 state delegations changed
Show delegation changes
Arkansas 2 D · 2 R
Arkansas 0 D · 4 R
Arizona 1 D · 5 R
Arizona 3 D · 6 R
California 29 D · 23 R
California 43 D · 9 R
Colorado 2 D · 4 R
Colorado 4 D · 4 R
Connecticut 4 D · 2 R
Connecticut 5 D · 0 R
Delaware 0 D · 1 R
Delaware 1 D · 0 R
Florida 8 D · 15 R
Florida 7 D · 20 R
Georgia 3 D · 8 R
Georgia 5 D · 9 R
Iowa 1 D · 4 R
Iowa 0 D · 4 R
Illinois 10 D · 10 R
Illinois 14 D · 3 R
Indiana 4 D · 6 R
Indiana 2 D · 7 R
Kansas 0 D · 4 R
Kansas 1 D · 3 R
Louisiana 2 D · 5 R
Louisiana 2 D · 4 R
Massachusetts 10 D · 0 R
Massachusetts 9 D · 0 R
Maryland 4 D · 4 R
Maryland 7 D · 1 R
Michigan 10 D · 6 R
Michigan 6 D · 7 R
Minnesota 6 D · 2 R
Minnesota 4 D · 4 R
Missouri 5 D · 4 R
Missouri 2 D · 6 R
Mississippi 2 D · 3 R
Mississippi 1 D · 3 R
Montana 0 D · 1 R
Montana 0 D · 2 R
North Carolina 6 D · 6 R
North Carolina 4 D · 10 R
North Dakota 1 D · 0 R
North Dakota 0 D · 1 R
New Hampshire 0 D · 2 R
New Hampshire 2 D · 0 R
New Jersey 6 D · 7 R
New Jersey 9 D · 3 R
New Mexico 0 D · 3 R
New Mexico 3 D · 0 R
Nevada 0 D · 2 R
Nevada 3 D · 1 R
New York 18 D · 12 R
New York 19 D · 7 R
Ohio 8 D · 11 R
Ohio 5 D · 10 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 6 R
Oklahoma 0 D · 5 R
Oregon 4 D · 1 R
Oregon 5 D · 1 R
Pennsylvania 11 D · 10 R
Pennsylvania 7 D · 10 R
South Carolina 2 D · 4 R
South Carolina 1 D · 6 R
Tennessee 4 D · 5 R
Tennessee 1 D · 8 R
Texas 17 D · 13 R
Texas 13 D · 24 R
Utah 0 D · 3 R
Utah 0 D · 4 R
Washington 3 D · 6 R
Washington 8 D · 2 R
Wisconsin 5 D · 4 R
Wisconsin 2 D · 6 R
West Virginia 3 D · 0 R
West Virginia 0 D · 2 R
Who joined and who left (407 in · 408 out)
Nicholas J. Begich III R
Alaska-AL
Mike Rogers R
Alabama-3
Terri A. Sewell D
Alabama-7
Gary J. Palmer R
Alabama-6
Barry Moore R
Alabama-1
Dale W. Strong R
Alabama-5
Shomari Figures D
Alabama-2
Eric A. "Rick" Crawford R
Arkansas-1
Steve Womack R
Arkansas-3
J. French Hill R
Arkansas-2
Bruce Westerman R
Arkansas-4
Paul A. Gosar R
Arizona-9
David Schweikert R
Arizona-1
Andy Biggs R
Arizona-5
Greg Stanton D
Arizona-4
Elijah Crane R
Arizona-2
Juan Ciscomani R
Arizona-6
Yassamin Ansari D
Arizona-3
Abraham J. Hamadeh R
Arizona-8
Adelita S. Grijalva D
Arizona-7
Judy Chu D
California-28
Jim Costa D
California-21
John Garamendi D
California-8
Doris O. Matsui D
California-7
Tom McClintock R
California-5
Linda T. Sánchez D
California-38
Mike Thompson D
California-4
Jared Huffman D
California-2
Ami Bera D
California-6
Julia Brownley D
California-26
Raul Ruiz D
California-25
Mark Takano D
California-39
Juan Vargas D
California-52
Scott H. Peters D
California-50
Mark DeSaulnier D
California-10
Pete Aguilar D
California-33
Ted Lieu D
California-36
Norma J. Torres D
California-35
Ro Khanna D
California-17
Jimmy Panetta D
California-19
Salud O. Carbajal D
California-24
Nanette Diaz Barragán D
California-44
J. Luis Correa D
California-46
Jimmy Gomez D
California-34
Josh Harder D
California-9
Mike Levin D
California-49
Darrell Issa R
California-48
David G. Valadao R
California-22
Jay Obernolte R
California-23
Young Kim R
California-40
Sara Jacobs D
California-51
Kevin Mullin D
California-15
Sydney Kamlager-Dove D
California-37
Robert Garcia D
California-42
Vince Fong R
California-20
Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr. D
California-31
Lateefah Simon D
California-12
Adam Gray D
California-13
Sam T. Liccardo D
California-16
George Whitesides D
California-27
Luz M. Rivas D
California-29
Laura Friedman D
California-30
Derek Tran D
California-45
Dave Min D
California-47
Kevin Kiley I
California-3
James Gallagher R
California-1
Aisha Wahab D
California-14
Joe Neguse D
Colorado-2
Jason Crow D
Colorado-6
Lauren Boebert R
Colorado-4
Brittany Pettersen D
Colorado-7
Jeff Hurd R
Colorado-3
Jeff Crank R
Colorado-5
Gabe Evans R
Colorado-8
Joe Courtney D
Connecticut-2
James A. Himes D
Connecticut-4
John B. Larson D
Connecticut-1
Jahana Hayes D
Connecticut-5
Sarah McBride D
Delaware-AL
Gus M. Bilirakis R
Florida-12
Vern Buchanan R
Florida-16
Kathy Castor D
Florida-14
Mario Diaz-Balart R
Florida-26
Debbie Wasserman Schultz D
Florida-25
Daniel Webster R
Florida-11
Frederica S. Wilson D
Florida-24
Lois Frankel D
Florida-22
Neal P. Dunn R
Florida-2
John H. Rutherford R
Florida-5
Darren Soto D
Florida-9
Brian J. Mast R
Florida-21
W. Gregory Steube R
Florida-17
Kat Cammack R
Florida-3
Scott Franklin R
Florida-18
Byron Donalds R
Florida-19
Carlos A. Gimenez R
Florida-28
Maria Elvira Salazar R
Florida-27
Aaron Bean R
Florida-4
Cory Mills R
Florida-7
Maxwell Frost D
Florida-10
Anna Paulina Luna R
Florida-13
Laurel M. Lee R
Florida-15
Jared Moskowitz D
Florida-23
Mike Haridopolos R
Florida-8
Jimmy Patronis R
Florida-1
Randy Fine R
Florida-6
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. D
Georgia-4
Austin Scott R
Georgia-8
Earl L. "Buddy" Carter R
Georgia-1
Barry Loudermilk R
Georgia-11
Rick W. Allen R
Georgia-12
Lucy McBath D
Georgia-6
Nikema Williams D
Georgia-5
Andrew S. Clyde R
Georgia-9
Richard McCormick R
Georgia-7
Mike Collins R
Georgia-10
Brian Jack R
Georgia-3
Clay Fuller R
Georgia-14
Everton Blair Jr. D
Georgia-13
Ed Case D
Hawaii-1
Jill N. Tokuda D
Hawaii-2
Ashley Hinson R
Iowa-2
Mariannette Miller-Meeks R
Iowa-1
Randy Feenstra R
Iowa-4
Zachary Nunn R
Iowa-3
Michael K. Simpson R
Idaho-2
Russ Fulcher R
Idaho-1
Mike Quigley D
Illinois-5
Janice D. Schakowsky D
Illinois-9
Bill Foster D
Illinois-11
Robin L. Kelly D
Illinois-2
Mike Bost R
Illinois-12
Darin LaHood R
Illinois-16
Bradley Scott Schneider D
Illinois-10
Raja Krishnamoorthi D
Illinois-8
Jesús G. "Chuy" García D
Illinois-4
Sean Casten D
Illinois-6
Lauren Underwood D
Illinois-14
Mary E. Miller R
Illinois-15
Jonathan L. Jackson D
Illinois-1
Delia C. Ramirez D
Illinois-3
Nikki Budzinski D
Illinois-13
Eric Sorensen D
Illinois-17
André Carson D
Indiana-7
James R. Baird R
Indiana-4
Frank J. Mrvan D
Indiana-1
Victoria Spartz R
Indiana-5
Rudy Yakym III R
Indiana-2
Erin Houchin R
Indiana-9
Marlin A. Stutzman R
Indiana-3
Jefferson Shreve R
Indiana-6
Mark B. Messmer R
Indiana-8
Ron Estes R
Kansas-4
Sharice Davids D
Kansas-3
Tracey Mann R
Kansas-1
Derek Schmidt R
Kansas-2
Brett Guthrie R
Kentucky-2
Thomas Massie R
Kentucky-4
Andy Barr R
Kentucky-6
James Comer R
Kentucky-1
Morgan McGarvey D
Kentucky-3
Steve Scalise R
Louisiana-1
Clay Higgins R
Louisiana-3
Mike Johnson R
Louisiana-4
Julia Letlow R
Louisiana-5
Troy A. Carter D
Louisiana-2
Cleo Fields D
Louisiana-6
William R. Keating D
Massachusetts-9
Stephen F. Lynch D
Massachusetts-8
Katherine M. Clark D
Massachusetts-5
Seth Moulton D
Massachusetts-6
Lori Trahan D
Massachusetts-3
Ayanna Pressley D
Massachusetts-7
Jake Auchincloss D
Massachusetts-4
Andy Harris R
Maryland-1
Jamie Raskin D
Maryland-8
Kweisi Mfume D
Maryland-7
Glenn Ivey D
Maryland-4
Johnny Olszewski, Jr. D
Maryland-2
Sarah Elfreth D
Maryland-3
April McClain Delaney D
Maryland-6
Chellie Pingree D
Maine-1
Jared F. Golden D
Maine-2
Bill Huizenga R
Michigan-4
Tim Walberg R
Michigan-5
John R. Moolenaar R
Michigan-2
Debbie Dingell D
Michigan-6
Jack Bergman R
Michigan-1
Haley M. Stevens D
Michigan-11
Rashida Tlaib D
Michigan-12
Lisa C. McClain R
Michigan-9
Hillary J. Scholten D
Michigan-3
John James R
Michigan-10
Shri Thanedar D
Michigan-13
Tom Barrett R
Michigan-7
Kristen McDonald Rivet D
Michigan-8
Betty McCollum D
Minnesota-4
Tom Emmer R
Minnesota-6
Angie Craig D
Minnesota-2
Ilhan Omar D
Minnesota-5
Pete Stauber R
Minnesota-8
Michelle Fischbach R
Minnesota-7
Brad Finstad R
Minnesota-1
Kelly Morrison D
Minnesota-3
Emanuel Cleaver D
Missouri-5
Sam Graves R
Missouri-6
Ann Wagner R
Missouri-2
Jason Smith R
Missouri-8
Mark Alford R
Missouri-4
Eric Burlison R
Missouri-7
Wesley Bell D
Missouri-1
Robert F. Onder, Jr. R
Missouri-3
Trent Kelly R
Mississippi-1
Michael Guest R
Mississippi-3
Mike Ezell R
Mississippi-4
Ryan K. Zinke R
Montana-1
Troy Downing R
Montana-2
Virginia Foxx R
North Carolina-5
Richard Hudson R
North Carolina-9
Alma S. Adams D
North Carolina-12
David Rouzer R
North Carolina-7
Gregory F. Murphy R
North Carolina-3
Deborah K. Ross D
North Carolina-2
Donald G. Davis D
North Carolina-1
Valerie P. Foushee D
North Carolina-4
Chuck Edwards R
North Carolina-11
Addison P. McDowell R
North Carolina-6
Mark Harris R
North Carolina-8
Pat Harrigan R
North Carolina-10
Brad Knott R
North Carolina-13
Tim Moore R
North Carolina-14
Julie Fedorchak R
North Dakota-AL
Adrian Smith R
Nebraska-3
Don Bacon R
Nebraska-2
Mike Flood R
Nebraska-1
Chris Pappas D
New Hampshire-1
Maggie Goodlander D
New Hampshire-2
Donald Norcross D
New Jersey-1
Bonnie Watson Coleman D
New Jersey-12
Josh Gottheimer D
New Jersey-5
Jefferson Van Drew R
New Jersey-2
Thomas H. Kean, Jr. R
New Jersey-7
Robert Menendez D
New Jersey-8
LaMonica McIver D
New Jersey-10
Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. D
New Jersey-3
Nellie Pou D
New Jersey-9
Analilia Mejia D
New Jersey-11
Teresa Leger Fernandez D
New Mexico-3
Melanie A. Stansbury D
New Mexico-1
Gabe Vasquez D
New Mexico-2
Mark E. Amodei R
Nevada-2
Dina Titus D
Nevada-1
Steven Horsford D
Nevada-4
Susie Lee D
Nevada-3
Yvette D. Clarke D
New York-9
Gregory W. Meeks D
New York-5
Paul Tonko D
New York-20
Grace Meng D
New York-6
Hakeem S. Jeffries D
New York-8
Elise M. Stefanik R
New York-21
Adriano Espaillat D
New York-13
Joseph D. Morelle D
New York-25
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D
New York-14
Andrew R. Garbarino R
New York-2
Nicole Malliotakis R
New York-11
Ritchie Torres D
New York-15
Claudia Tenney R
New York-24
Patrick Ryan D
New York-18
Nick LaLota R
New York-1
Daniel S. Goldman D
New York-10
Michael Lawler R
New York-17
Nicholas A. Langworthy R
New York-23
Thomas R. Suozzi D
New York-3
Timothy M. Kennedy D
New York-26
Laura Gillen D
New York-4
George Latimer D
New York-16
Josh Riley D
New York-19
John W. Mannion D
New York-22
Jim Jordan R
Ohio-4
Robert E. Latta R
Ohio-5
Michael R. Turner R
Ohio-10
Joyce Beatty D
Ohio-3
David P. Joyce R
Ohio-14
Warren Davidson R
Ohio-8
Troy Balderson R
Ohio-12
Shontel M. Brown D
Ohio-11
Mike Carey R
Ohio-15
Greg Landsman D
Ohio-1
Max L. Miller R
Ohio-7
Emilia Strong Sykes D
Ohio-13
Michael A. Rulli R
Ohio-6
David J. Taylor R
Ohio-2
Tom Cole R
Oklahoma-4
Kevin Hern R
Oklahoma-1
Stephanie I. Bice R
Oklahoma-5
Josh Brecheen R
Oklahoma-2
Suzanne Bonamici D
Oregon-1
Cliff Bentz R
Oregon-2
Val T. Hoyle D
Oregon-4
Andrea Salinas D
Oregon-6
Maxine Dexter D
Oregon-3
Janelle S. Bynum D
Oregon-5
Mike Kelly R
Pennsylvania-16
Glenn Thompson R
Pennsylvania-15
Scott Perry R
Pennsylvania-10
Brendan F. Boyle D
Pennsylvania-2
Dwight Evans D
Pennsylvania-3
Brian K. Fitzpatrick R
Pennsylvania-1
Lloyd Smucker R
Pennsylvania-11
Mary Gay Scanlon D
Pennsylvania-5
Madeleine Dean D
Pennsylvania-4
Chrissy Houlahan D
Pennsylvania-6
Daniel Meuser R
Pennsylvania-9
John Joyce R
Pennsylvania-13
Guy Reschenthaler R
Pennsylvania-14
Summer L. Lee D
Pennsylvania-12
Christopher R. Deluzio D
Pennsylvania-17
Ryan Mackenzie R
Pennsylvania-7
Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. R
Pennsylvania-8
Seth Magaziner D
Rhode Island-2
Gabe Amo D
Rhode Island-1
Joe Wilson R
South Carolina-2
Ralph Norman R
South Carolina-5
William R. Timmons IV R
South Carolina-4
Nancy Mace R
South Carolina-1
Russell Fry R
South Carolina-7
Sheri Biggs R
South Carolina-3
Dusty Johnson R
South Dakota-AL
Steve Cohen D
Tennessee-9
Scott DesJarlais R
Tennessee-4
Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann R
Tennessee-3
David Kustoff R
Tennessee-8
Tim Burchett R
Tennessee-2
John W. Rose R
Tennessee-6
Diana Harshbarger R
Tennessee-1
Andrew Ogles R
Tennessee-5
Matt Van Epps R
Tennessee-7
John R. Carter R
Texas-31
Henry Cuellar D
Texas-28
Al Green D
Texas-9
Michael T. McCaul R
Texas-10
Randy K. Weber, Sr. R
Texas-14
Joaquin Castro D
Texas-20
Roger Williams R
Texas-25
Marc A. Veasey D
Texas-33
Brian Babin R
Texas-36
Vicente Gonzalez D
Texas-34
Jodey C. Arrington R
Texas-19
Michael Cloud R
Texas-27
Dan Crenshaw R
Texas-2
Lance Gooden R
Texas-5
Lizzie Fletcher D
Texas-7
Veronica Escobar D
Texas-16
Chip Roy R
Texas-21
Sylvia R. Garcia D
Texas-29
Pat Fallon R
Texas-4
August Pfluger R
Texas-11
Ronny Jackson R
Texas-13
Troy E. Nehls R
Texas-22
Beth Van Duyne R
Texas-24
Jake Ellzey R
Texas-6
Nathaniel Moran R
Texas-1
Keith Self R
Texas-3
Morgan Luttrell R
Texas-8
Monica De La Cruz R
Texas-15
Jasmine Crockett D
Texas-30
Greg Casar D
Texas-35
Wesley Hunt R
Texas-38
Craig A. Goldman R
Texas-12
Brandon Gill R
Texas-26
Julie Johnson D
Texas-32
Christian D. Menefee D
Texas-18
Blake D. Moore R
Utah-1
Burgess Owens R
Utah-4
Celeste Maloy R
Utah-2
Mike Kennedy R
Utah-3
H. Morgan Griffith R
Virginia-9
Robert J. Wittman R
Virginia-1
Donald S. Beyer, Jr. D
Virginia-8
Ben Cline R
Virginia-6
Jennifer A. Kiggans R
Virginia-2
Jennifer L. McClellan D
Virginia-4
John J. McGuire III R
Virginia-5
Eugene Simon Vindman D
Virginia-7
Suhas Subramanyam D
Virginia-10
James R. Walkinshaw D
Virginia-11
Becca Balint D
Vermont-AL
Rick Larsen D
Washington-2
Suzan K. DelBene D
Washington-1
Dan Newhouse R
Washington-4
Pramila Jayapal D
Washington-7
Kim Schrier D
Washington-8
Marilyn Strickland D
Washington-10
Marie Gluesenkamp Perez D
Washington-3
Michael Baumgartner R
Washington-5
Emily Randall D
Washington-6
Gwen Moore D
Wisconsin-4
Mark Pocan D
Wisconsin-2
Glenn Grothman R
Wisconsin-6
Bryan Steil R
Wisconsin-1
Thomas P. Tiffany R
Wisconsin-7
Scott Fitzgerald R
Wisconsin-5
Derrick Van Orden R
Wisconsin-3
Tony Wied R
Wisconsin-8
Carol D. Miller R
West Virginia-1
Riley M. Moore R
West Virginia-2
Harriet M. Hageman R
Wyoming-AL
Don Young R
Alaska-AL
H. L. Callahan R
Alabama-1
Earl F. Hilliard D
Alabama-7
Bob Riley R
Alabama-3
Robert E. Cramer Jr. D
Alabama-5
Terry Everett R
Alabama-2
Spencer Bachus R
Alabama-6
Jay Dickey R
Arkansas-4
Asa Hutchinson R
Arkansas-3
Robert Marion Berry D
Arkansas-1
Victor F. Snyder D
Arkansas-2
Robert Stump R
Arizona-3
John D. Hayworth Jr. R
Arizona-6
James T. Kolbe R
Arizona-5
John B. Shadegg R
Arizona-4
Ed Pastor D
Arizona-2
Matt Salmon R
Arizona-1
Walter Holden Capps D
California-22
Sonny Bono R
California-44
Ronald Vernie Dellums D
California-9
Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. D
California-3
Jay Kim R
California-41
Frank D. Riggs R
California-1
Esteban Edward Torres D
California-34
George E. Brown Jr. D
California-42
Tom Campbell R
California-15
Julian C. Dixon D
California-32
Matthew G. Martínez D
California-31
Ron Packard R
California-48
James E. Rogan R
California-27
Gary Condit D
California-18
Stephen Horn R
California-38
Calvin M. Dooley D
California-20
Robert T. Matsui D
California-5
C. Christopher Cox R
California-47
Randall H. Cunningham R
California-51
Richard W. Pombo R
California-11
William M. Thomas R
California-21
John T. Doolittle R
California-4
Duncan L. Hunter R
California-52
Tom Lantos D
California-12
Juanita Millender-McDonald D
California-37
George P. Radanovich R
California-19
Ellen O. Tauscher D
California-10
Jane Harman D
California-36
Bob Filner D
California-50
Howard L. Berman D
California-26
Brian P. Bilbray R
California-49
David Dreier R
California-28
Elton Gallegly R
California-23
Wally Herger R
California-2
Jerry Lewis R
California-40
Fortney Pete Stark D
California-13
Lynn C. Woolsey D
California-6
Howard P. "Buck" McKeon R
California-25
George Miller D
California-7
Henry A. Waxman D
California-29
Sam Farr D
California-17
Loretta Sanchez D
California-46
Xavier Becerra D
California-30
Dana Rohrabacher R
California-45
Edward R. Royce R
California-39
Lucille Roybal-Allard D
California-33
Anna G. Eshoo D
California-14
Daniel Schaefer R
Colorado-6
David Evans Skaggs D
Colorado-2
Bob Schaffer R
Colorado-4
Scott McInnis R
Colorado-3
Joel Hefley R
Colorado-5
Barbara Bailey Kennelly D
Connecticut-1
Sam Gejdenson D
Connecticut-2
James Maloney D
Connecticut-5
Nancy Lee Johnson R
Connecticut-6
Christopher H. Shays R
Connecticut-4
Michael N. Castle R
Delaware-AL
Charles T. Canady R
Florida-12
Tillie K. Fowler R
Florida-4
Bill McCollum R
Florida-8
Carrie Meek D
Florida-17
Dan Miller R
Florida-13
Joe Scarborough R
Florida-1
Karen Thurman D
Florida-5
Peter Deutsch D
Florida-20
Porter J. Goss R
Florida-14
Michael Bilirakis R
Florida-9
James Davis D
Florida-11
Mark Adam Foley R
Florida-16
E. Clay Shaw Jr. R
Florida-22
David J. Weldon Jr. R
Florida-15
Allen Boyd Jr. D
Florida-2
Lincoln Diaz-Balart R
Florida-21
Robert Wexler D
Florida-19
Cliff Stearns R
Florida-6
C. W. Bill Young R
Florida-10
Corrine Brown D
Florida-3
John L. Mica R
Florida-7
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen R
Florida-18
Alcee L. Hastings D
Florida-23
Newton Leroy Gingrich R
Georgia-6
Bob Barr R
Georgia-7
Michael Allen Collins R
Georgia-3
Cynthia McKinney D
Georgia-4
Charles W. Norwood Jr. R
Georgia-10
Nathan Deal R
Georgia-9
John Linder R
Georgia-11
Saxby Chambliss R
Georgia-8
Jack Kingston R
Georgia-1
John Lewis D
Georgia-5
Patsy Takemoto Mink D
Hawaii-2
Neil Abercrombie D
Hawaii-1
Greg Ganske R
Iowa-4
James A. Leach R
Iowa-1
James Allen Nussle R
Iowa-2
Leonard L. Boswell D
Iowa-3
Tom Latham R
Iowa-5
Helen Chenoweth-Hage R
Idaho-1
Mike Crapo R
Idaho-2
Harris W. Fawell R
Illinois-13
Glenn Poshard D
Illinois-19
Sidney Richard Yates D
Illinois-9
Thomas W. Ewing R
Illinois-15
John Edward Porter R
Illinois-10
Rod Blagojevich D
Illinois-5
Philip M. Crane R
Illinois-8
William O. Lipinski D
Illinois-3
Lane A. Evans D
Illinois-17
Henry John Hyde R
Illinois-6
J. Dennis Hastert R
Illinois-14
Ray H. LaHood R
Illinois-18
Gerald C. Weller R
Illinois-11
Jesse L. Jackson Jr. D
Illinois-2
Jerry F. Costello D
Illinois-12
Donald A. Manzullo R
Illinois-16
Luis V. Gutiérrez D
Illinois-4
John Shimkus R
Illinois-20
Bobby L. Rush D
Illinois-1
Lee Herbert Hamilton D
Indiana-9
David M. McIntosh R
Indiana-2
Edward A. Pease R
Indiana-7
Timothy Roemer D
Indiana-3
John Nathan Hostettler R
Indiana-8
Julia M. Carson D
Indiana-10
Stephen E. Buyer R
Indiana-5
Mark Edward Souder R
Indiana-4
Dan Burton R
Indiana-6
Peter J. Visclosky D
Indiana-1
Vincent K. Snowbarger R
Kansas-3
Jim R. Ryun R
Kansas-2
Todd Tiahrt R
Kansas-4
Jerry Moran R
Kansas-1
Henry Scott Baesler D
Kentucky-6
Jim Bunning R
Kentucky-4
Anne Meagher Northup R
Kentucky-3
Ron Lewis R
Kentucky-2
Ed Whitfield R
Kentucky-1
Robert Linligthgow Livingston Jr. R
Louisiana-1
John Cooksey R
Louisiana-5
Christopher John D
Louisiana-7
William J. Tauzin R
Louisiana-3
Richard Hugh Baker R
Louisiana-6
William J. Jefferson D
Louisiana-2
James O. McCrery III R
Louisiana-4
Joseph Patrick Kennedy II D
Massachusetts-8
John Joseph Moakley D
Massachusetts-9
Martin T. Meehan D
Massachusetts-5
William D. Delahunt D
Massachusetts-10
Barney Frank D
Massachusetts-4
John W. Olver D
Massachusetts-1
John F. Tierney D
Massachusetts-6
Edward J. Markey D
Massachusetts-7
Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. R
Maryland-2
Constance Morella R
Maryland-8
Wayne T. Gilchrest R
Maryland-1
Albert Russell Wynn D
Maryland-4
Roscoe G. Bartlett R
Maryland-6
Elijah E. Cummings D
Maryland-7
Benjamin L. Cardin D
Maryland-3
John Baldacci D
Maine-2
Thomas H. Allen D
Maine-1
James A. Barcia D
Michigan-5
David E. Bonior D
Michigan-10
Lynn Rivers D
Michigan-13
Nick Smith R
Michigan-7
Joseph K. Knollenberg R
Michigan-11
Vernon J. Ehlers R
Michigan-3
Peter Hoekstra R
Michigan-2
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick D
Michigan-15
Bart T. Stupak D
Michigan-1
Dale E. Kildee D
Michigan-9
Dave Camp R
Michigan-4
John D. Dingell D
Michigan-16
John Conyers, Jr. D
Michigan-14
Sander M. Levin D
Michigan-12
Fred Upton R
Michigan-6
Debbie Stabenow D
Michigan-8
David Minge D
Minnesota-2
Bruce F. Vento D
Minnesota-4
William Luther D
Minnesota-6
Gilbert W. Gutknecht R
Minnesota-1
Martin Olav Sabo D
Minnesota-5
James M. Ramstad R
Minnesota-3
James L. Oberstar D
Minnesota-8
Collin C. Peterson D
Minnesota-7
William Lacy Clay Sr. D
Missouri-1
Pat Danner D
Missouri-6
James M. Talent R
Missouri-2
Richard Andrew Gephardt D
Missouri-3
Karen McCarthy D
Missouri-5
Kenny C. Hulshof R
Missouri-9
Ike Skelton D
Missouri-4
Roy Blunt R
Missouri-7
Jo Ann Emerson R
Missouri-8
Michael Parker R
Mississippi-4
Charles W. Pickering Jr. R
Mississippi-3
Gene Taylor D
Mississippi-5
Roger F. Wicker R
Mississippi-1
Rick Hill R
Montana-AL
Willie Gathrel Hefner D
North Carolina-8
Eva Clayton D
North Carolina-1
Cass Ballenger R
North Carolina-10
Charles H. Taylor R
North Carolina-11
Bob R. Etheridge D
North Carolina-2
Sue Wilkins Myrick R
North Carolina-9
Melvin L. Watt D
North Carolina-12
Mike McIntyre D
North Carolina-7
Howard Coble R
North Carolina-6
Walter B. Jones R
North Carolina-3
Richard Burr R
North Carolina-5
David E. Price D
North Carolina-4
Earl Ralph Pomeroy D
North Dakota-AL
Jon Lynn Christensen R
Nebraska-2
Bill Barrett R
Nebraska-3
Douglas K. Bereuter R
Nebraska-1
John E. Sununu R
New Hampshire-1
Charles F. Bass R
New Hampshire-2
Michael James Pappas R
New Jersey-12
Bob Franks R
New Jersey-7
Marge Roukema R
New Jersey-5
H. James Saxton R
New Jersey-3
Donald M. Payne D
New Jersey-10
Steven R. Rothman D
New Jersey-9
Robert E. Andrews D
New Jersey-1
Rodney P. Frelinghuysen R
New Jersey-11
Frank A. LoBiondo R
New Jersey-2
Bill Pascrell, Jr. D
New Jersey-8
Robert Menendez D
New Jersey-13
Steven Harvey Schiff R
New Mexico-1
Joseph Skeen R
New Mexico-2
William Thomas Redmond R
New Mexico-3
James A. Gibbons R
Nevada-2
John Eric Ensign R
Nevada-1
Floyd Harold Flake D
New York-6
Thomas J. Manton D
New York-7
L. William Paxon R
New York-27
Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon R
New York-22
Michael P. Forbes R
New York-1
Rick A. Lazio R
New York-2
Benjamin Gilman R
New York-20
John J. LaFalce D
New York-29
Amory Houghton Jr. R
New York-31
Jack Quinn R
New York-30
Sherwood L. Boehlert R
New York-23
Sue W. Kelly R
New York-19
Major R. Owens D
New York-11
Michael R. McNulty D
New York-21
James T. Walsh R
New York-25
John M. McHugh R
New York-24
Gary L. Ackerman D
New York-5
Maurice D. Hinchey D
New York-26
Edolphus Towns D
New York-10
Carolyn McCarthy D
New York-4
Charles B. Rangel D
New York-15
Louise McIntosh Slaughter D
New York-28
Eliot L. Engel D
New York-17
Peter T. King R
New York-3
Nita M. Lowey D
New York-18
José E. Serrano D
New York-16
Carolyn B. Maloney D
New York-14
Charles E. Schumer D
New York-9
Louis Stokes D
Ohio-11
John R. Kasich R
Ohio-12
Tony P. Hall D
Ohio-3
Thomas C. Sawyer D
Ohio-14
James A. Traficant Jr. D
Ohio-17
Robert William Ney R
Ohio-18
Michael G. Oxley R
Ohio-4
Ted Strickland D
Ohio-6
Paul E. Gillmor R
Ohio-5
David Lee Hobson R
Ohio-7
Deborah D. Pryce R
Ohio-15
Ralph Regula R
Ohio-16
Dennis J. Kucinich D
Ohio-10
Steven C. LaTourette R
Ohio-19
John A. Boehner R
Ohio-8
Steve Chabot R
Ohio-1
Rob Portman R
Ohio-2
Sherrod Brown D
Ohio-13
Steve Largent R
Oklahoma-1
Wes Watkins R
Oklahoma-3
J.C. Watts R
Oklahoma-4
Ernest J. Istook Jr. R
Oklahoma-5
Tom Coburn R
Oklahoma-2
Elizabeth Furse D
Oregon-1
Robert Freeman Smith R
Oregon-2
Darlene Hooley D
Oregon-5
Peter A. DeFazio D
Oregon-4
Earl Blumenauer D
Oregon-3
Thomas Michael Foglietta D
Pennsylvania-1
Jon D. Fox R
Pennsylvania-13
Joseph Michael McDade R
Pennsylvania-10
Paul F. McHale Jr. D
Pennsylvania-15
William F. Goodling R
Pennsylvania-19
Ron Klink D
Pennsylvania-4
Robert A. Borski D
Pennsylvania-3
William J. Coyne D
Pennsylvania-14
George W. Gekas R
Pennsylvania-17
Frank Mascara D
Pennsylvania-20
Elmer Greinert Shuster R
Pennsylvania-9
James C. Greenwood R
Pennsylvania-8
W. Curtis Weldon R
Pennsylvania-7
Philip English R
Pennsylvania-21
John E. Peterson R
Pennsylvania-5
Paul E. Kanjorski D
Pennsylvania-11
John P. Murtha D
Pennsylvania-12
Tim Holden D
Pennsylvania-6
Chaka Fattah D
Pennsylvania-2
Joseph R. Pitts R
Pennsylvania-16
Michael F. Doyle D
Pennsylvania-18
Robert A. Weygand D
Rhode Island-2
Patrick Joseph Kennedy D
Rhode Island-1
Floyd Spence R
South Carolina-2
Bob Inglis R
South Carolina-4
John McKee Spratt Jr. D
South Carolina-5
Mark Sanford R
South Carolina-1
Lindsey Graham R
South Carolina-3
John Thune R
South Dakota-AL
Ed Bryant R
Tennessee-7
Robert Clement D
Tennessee-5
Van Hilleary R
Tennessee-4
Harold E. Ford Jr. D
Tennessee-9
William Lewis Jenkins R
Tennessee-1
Barton Jennings Gordon D
Tennessee-6
John S. Tanner D
Tennessee-8
Zach Wamp R
Tennessee-3
John J. Duncan, Jr. R
Tennessee-2
Henry Barbosa González D
Texas-20
Bill Archer R
Texas-7
Richard K. Armey R
Texas-26
Ken Bentsen D
Texas-25
Larry Combest R
Texas-19
Jonas Frost III D
Texas-24
Max A. Sandlin Jr. D
Texas-1
Charles W. Stenholm D
Texas-17
James Turner D
Texas-2
Henry Bonilla R
Texas-23
Thomas Dale DeLay R
Texas-22
Nicholas V. Lampson D
Texas-9
Thomas Edwards D
Texas-11
Solomon P. Ortiz D
Texas-27
Ron Paul R
Texas-14
Silvestre Reyes D
Texas-16
Ralph M. Hall D
Texas-4
Rubén Hinojosa D
Texas-15
Joe Barton R
Texas-6
Gene Green D
Texas-29
Sam Johnson R
Texas-3
Lamar Smith R
Texas-21
Mac Thornberry R
Texas-13
Kevin Brady R
Texas-8
Eddie Bernice Johnson D
Texas-30
Sheila Jackson Lee D
Texas-18
Kay Granger R
Texas-12
Ciro D. Rodriguez D
Texas-28
Merrill Cook R
Utah-2
James V. Hansen R
Utah-1
Christopher B. Cannon R
Utah-3
Herbert H. Bateman R
Virginia-1
Tom Bliley R
Virginia-7
Owen B. Pickett D
Virginia-2
Norman Sisisky D
Virginia-4
Thomas M. Davis III R
Virginia-11
Virgil H. Goode Jr. D
Virginia-5
Frederick C. Boucher D
Virginia-9
James P. Moran D
Virginia-8
Frank R. Wolf R
Virginia-10
Bob Goodlatte R
Virginia-6
Bernard Sanders I
Vermont-AL
Linda Smith R
Washington-3
Richard Alan White R
Washington-1
Jack Metcalf R
Washington-2
Jennifer B. Dunn R
Washington-8
George R. Nethercutt Jr. R
Washington-5
Norman D. Dicks D
Washington-6
Doc Hastings R
Washington-4
Jim McDermott D
Washington-7
Jay W. Johnson D
Wisconsin-8
Scott L. Klug R
Wisconsin-2
Mark W. Neumann R
Wisconsin-1
Thomas M. Barrett D
Wisconsin-5
Gerald D. Kleczka D
Wisconsin-4
David Ross Obey D
Wisconsin-7
Thomas E. Petri R
Wisconsin-6
F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. R
Wisconsin-9
Ron Kind D
Wisconsin-3
Robert E. Wise Jr. D
West Virginia-2
Alan B. Mollohan D
West Virginia-1
Nick J. Rahall II D
West Virginia-3
Barbara L. Cubin R
Wyoming-AL
legislative/lawsLaws enacted
+5,560Congress.gov ↗
5,560 public laws enacted · 16 landmark · 2,209 notable · 2,037 routine · 1,298 ceremonial
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001 landmark
Pub. L. 107-56 · Oct 26, 2001
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 landmark
Pub. L. 108-173 · Dec 8, 2003
Show 30 more notable laws
CHIPS and Science Act or Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act landmark
Pub. L. 117-167 · Aug 9, 2022
Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
Pub. L. 105-65 · Oct 27, 1997
Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
Pub. L. 105-66 · Oct 27, 1997
Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
Pub. L. 105-78 · Nov 13, 1997
Hoopa Valley Reservation South Boundary Adjustment Act
Pub. L. 105-79 · Nov 13, 1997
Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness and Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center Designation Act
Pub. L. 105-82 · Nov 13, 1997
Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
Pub. L. 105-83 · Nov 14, 1997
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998
Pub. L. 105-85 · Nov 18, 1997
Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
Pub. L. 105-86 · Nov 18, 1997
Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-89 · Nov 19, 1997
Savings are Vital to Everyone's Retirement Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-92 · Nov 19, 1997
John F. Kennedy Center Parking Improvement Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-95 · Nov 19, 1997
Asian Elephant Conservation Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-96 · Nov 19, 1997
Veterans' Compensation Rate Amendments of 1997
Pub. L. 105-98 · Nov 19, 1997
District of Columbia Appropriations, Medical Liability Reform, and Education Reform Act of 1998
Pub. L. 105-100 · Nov 19, 1997
Veterans' Cemetery Protection Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-101 · Nov 19, 1997
Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin Compact
Pub. L. 105-105 · Nov 20, 1997
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998
Pub. L. 105-107 · Nov 20, 1997
United States Fire Administration Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1998 and 1999
Pub. L. 105-108 · Nov 20, 1997
Law Enforcement Technology Advertisement Clarification Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-112 · Nov 21, 1997
Census of Agriculture Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-113 · Nov 21, 1997
Veterans' Benefits Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-114 · Nov 21, 1997
Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997
Pub. L. 105-115 · Nov 21, 1997
Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998
Pub. L. 105-118 · Nov 26, 1997
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
Pub. L. 105-119 · Nov 26, 1997
Under each law: its sponsor, the final-passage roll call in each chamber (hover for the party split; no roll call means a voice vote or unanimous consent), and the president who signed it. Sources: Congress.gov, the House Clerk, and the Senate.
Judicial3 files+3,368−8
judicial/supreme-courtThe Supreme Court
Bench by appointing party: 7 R · 2 D → 6 R · 3 D · every justice ↗
John Paul Stevens R
appointed by Gerald Ford · 1975 · confirmed 98–0
Sandra Day O'Connor R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1981 · confirmed 99–0
William Hubbs Rehnquist R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986 · confirmed 65–33
Antonin Scalia R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1986 · confirmed 98–0
Anthony McLeod Kennedy R
appointed by Ronald Reagan · 1988 · confirmed 97–0
David Hackett Souter R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1990 · confirmed 90–9
Ruth Bader Ginsburg D
appointed by William J. Clinton · 1993 · confirmed 96–3
Stephen Gerald Breyer D
appointed by William J. Clinton · 1994 · confirmed 87–9
John Glover Roberts, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2005 · confirmed 78–22
Samuel A. Alito, Jr. R
appointed by George W. Bush · 2006 · confirmed 58–42
Sonia Sotomayor D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2009 · confirmed 68–31
Elena Kagan D
appointed by Barack Obama · 2010 · confirmed 63–37
Neil M. Gorsuch R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2017 · confirmed 54–45
Brett M. Kavanaugh R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2018 · confirmed 50–48
Amy Coney Barrett R
appointed by Donald J. Trump · 2020 · confirmed 52–48
Ketanji Brown Jackson D
appointed by Joseph R. Biden · 2022 · confirmed 53–47
1 justice served on both dates
Clarence Thomas R
appointed by George H.W. Bush · 1991 · confirmed 52–48
judicial/lower-courtsAppeals & district courts
Courts of appeals (active judges): 96 R · 55 D · 8 N( → 92 R · 87 D
District courts (active judges): 338 R · 243 D → 373 D · 279 R
William J. Clinton D appointed 155 judges
31 appeals · 121 district · 3 other
George W. Bush R appointed 328 judges
2 Supreme Court · 61 appeals · 263 district · 2 other
Barack Obama D appointed 330 judges
2 Supreme Court · 55 appeals · 269 district · 4 other
Donald J. Trump R appointed 293 judges
3 Supreme Court · 64 appeals · 222 district · 4 other
Joseph R. Biden D appointed 235 judges
1 Supreme Court · 45 appeals · 187 district · 2 other
7 circuits flipped majority
First Circuit 1 D · 4 R (R majority)
First Circuit 5 D · 1 R (D majority)
Fourth Circuit 4 D · 9 R (R majority)
Fourth Circuit 9 D · 6 R (D majority)
Sixth Circuit 7 D · 7 R (tie majority)
Sixth Circuit 6 D · 10 R (R majority)
Ninth Circuit 9 D · 9 R (tie majority)
Ninth Circuit 16 D · 13 R (D majority)
Tenth Circuit 5 D · 7 R (R majority)
Tenth Circuit 7 D · 5 R (D majority)
District of Columbia Circuit 5 D · 6 R (R majority)
District of Columbia Circuit 7 D · 4 R (D majority)
Federal Circuit 2 D · 9 R (R majority)
Federal Circuit 8 D · 4 R (D majority)
D and R describe the party of the appointing president, not the judge. Active service ends when a judge takes senior status.
judicial/rulingsSupreme Court decisions
+2,019Supreme Court Database ↗
2,019 argued decisions · 30 landmark
State Oil Company v. Barkat U. Khan and Khan & Associates, Inc.
522 U.S. 3 · Nov 4, 1997 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent
Hudson v. United States
522 U.S. 93 · Dec 10, 1997 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
C. Elvin Feltner, Jr. v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
523 U.S. 340 · Mar 31, 1998 · Decided 9–0 · Economic Activity · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. United States Shoe Corporation
523 U.S. 360 · Mar 31, 1998 · Decided 9–0 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Arnold F. Hohn v. United States
524 U.S. 236 · Jun 15, 1998 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Vacated and remanded · Overruled precedent
United States v. Hosep Krikor Bajakajian
524 U.S. 321 · Jun 22, 1998 · Decided 5–4 · Criminal Procedure · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Clinton v. City of New York
524 U.S. 417 · Jun 25, 1998 · Decided 6–3 · Miscellaneous · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel
524 U.S. 498 · Jun 25, 1998 · Decided 5–4 · Due Process · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
526 U.S. 172 · Mar 24, 1999 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Affirmed · Overruled precedent
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Association, Inc. v. United States
527 U.S. 173 · Jun 14, 1999 · Decided 9–0 · First Amendment · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Show 20 more
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank and United States
Jun 23, 1999 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Reversed and remanded · Declared federal law unconstitutional
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
Jun 23, 1999 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Affirmed · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Alden v. Maine
Jun 23, 1999 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
J. Daniel Kimel, Jr. v. Florida Board of Regents
Jan 11, 2000 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Morrison
May 15, 2000 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
May 22, 2000 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Dickerson v. United States
Jun 26, 2000 · Decided 7–2 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Guy Mitchell v. Helms
Jun 28, 2000 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Reversed · Overruled precedent
Bush v. Gore
Dec 12, 2000 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Reversed and remanded
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
Feb 21, 2001 · Decided 5–4 · Federalism · Reversed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Legal Services Corporation v. Carmen Velazquez
Feb 28, 2001 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States v. Hatter
May 21, 2001 · Decided 5–2 · Federal Taxation · Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded · Overruled precedent · Declared federal law unconstitutional
United States and Department of Agriculture v. United Foods, Inc.
Jun 25, 2001 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Ashcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition
Apr 16, 2002 · Decided 6–3 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Tommy G. Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
Apr 29, 2002 · Decided 5–4 · First Amendment · Affirmed · Declared federal law unconstitutional
Lapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
May 13, 2002 · Decided 9–0 · Federalism · Reversed · Overruled precedent
United States v. Cotton
May 20, 2002 · Decided 9–0 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent
Daryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
Jun 20, 2002 · Decided 6–3 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Ring v. Arizona
Jun 24, 2002 · Decided 7–2 · Criminal Procedure · Reversed and remanded · Overruled precedent · Struck down state law
Grutter v. Lee Bollinger
Jun 23, 2003 · Decided 5–4 · Civil Rights · Affirmed
Landmark means the Court overruled precedent, struck down a federal law, or the case is on a curated landmark list.
Fiscal3 files±0
fiscal/budgetThe federal budget
+132% real spendingOMB Historical Tables ↗
Fiscal year 1998 → fiscal year 2025 · inflation-adjusted with the GDP price index
Spending $1.65T
FY1998
Spending $7.01T
FY2025 · +324% nominal · +132% after inflation
Revenue $1.72T
FY1998
Revenue $5.24T
FY2025 · +204% nominal · +66% after inflation
Surplus / deficit $69.3B
FY1998
Surplus / deficit −$1.77T
FY2025 · −$1.84T
Spending, % of GDP 18.5%
FY1998
Spending, % of GDP 23.1%
FY2025 · +4.6 pts
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 41.7%
FY1998
Debt held by the public, % of GDP 99.5%
FY2025 · +57.8 pts
Spending by function · real change
A fiscal year still in progress has no actual figures yet, so the latest completed year is shown.
fiscal/debtTotal public debt outstanding
+$34.9TTreasury Fiscal Data ↗
$5.43T
as of Oct 24, 1997
$40.3T
as of Oct 14, 2026
fiscal/economyPrices and jobs
+109% pricesBureau of Labor Statistics ↗
Prices rose 109% · a dollar in Sep 1997 bought what $2.09 buys in Sep 2026
Consumer prices 161.2
CPI-U, Sep 1997
Consumer prices 336.9
CPI-U, Sep 2026 · +109%
Unemployment 4.9%
Sep 1997
Unemployment 4.2%
Sep 2026 · −0.7 points
Latest monthly reading on or before each date. Prices are the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers (from 1913); unemployment is the seasonally adjusted rate (from 1948).
Constitution & Union1 file±0
constitution/amendmentsAmendments & statehood
27 → 27 amendments in force · 50 → 50 states
No amendments ratified and no states admitted. The last amendment was the 27th, in 1992.
Reverts1 file−403
revert/undoneWhat was undone
316 executive orders revoked or superseded · 40 rules struck down by Congress · 47 Supreme Court precedents overruled
Trump revoked 110 orders: 80 by Biden, 18 by Obama, 6 by themselves, 4 by Clinton, 2 by Bush
Biden revoked 86 orders: 68 by Trump, 9 by Obama, 7 by themselves, 2 by Bush
Bush revoked 56 orders: 31 by Clinton, 25 by themselves
Obama revoked 51 orders: 27 by Bush, 19 by themselves, 5 by Clinton
Clinton revoked 13 orders: 13 by themselves
Show 306 more revoked orders
EO 14010 Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework To Address the Causes of Migration, To Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and To Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border
signed Feb 2, 2021 by Biden · revoked Jan 20, 2025 by EO 14148 (Trump)
EO 13088 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Jun 9, 1998 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
EO 13121 Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting Trade Transactions Involving the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
signed Apr 30, 1999 by Clinton · revoked May 28, 2003 by EO 13304 (Bush)
40 agency rules nullified under the Congressional Review Act
Show 34 more
47 decisions that overruled precedent
State Oil Company v. Barkat U. Khan and Khan & Associates, Inc.
Nov 4, 1997 · 9-0 · Economic Activity
Hudson v. United States
Dec 10, 1997 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Arnold F. Hohn v. United States
Jun 15, 1998 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
Mar 24, 1999 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
Jun 23, 1999 · 5-4 · Federalism
Guy Mitchell v. Helms
Jun 28, 2000 · 6-3 · First Amendment
United States v. Hatter
May 21, 2001 · 5-2 · Federal Taxation
Lapides v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
May 13, 2002 · 9-0 · Federalism
Show 39 more
United States v. Cotton
May 20, 2002 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Daryl Renard Atkins v. Virginia
Jun 20, 2002 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Ring v. Arizona
Jun 24, 2002 · 7-2 · Criminal Procedure
Lawrence v. Texas
Jun 26, 2003 · 6-3 · Privacy
Crawford v. Washington
Mar 8, 2004 · 9-0 · Criminal Procedure
Roper v. Simmons
Mar 1, 2005 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Central Virginia Community College v. Katz
Jan 23, 2006 · 5-4 · Federalism
Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
Mar 1, 2006 · 8-0 · Economic Activity
Alberto R. Gonzales v. Leroy Carhart
Apr 18, 2007 · 5-4 · Privacy
Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly
May 21, 2007 · 7-2 · Economic Activity
Bowles v. Russell
Jun 14, 2007 · 5-4 · Judicial Power
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
Jun 28, 2007 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Cordell Pearson v. Afton Callahan
Jan 21, 2009 · 9-0 · Civil Rights
Montejo v. Louisiana
May 26, 2009 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Jan 21, 2010 · 5-4 · First Amendment
Otis McDonald v. City of Chicago
Jun 28, 2010 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Bond v. United States
Jun 16, 2011 · 9-0 · Judicial Power
Alleyne v. United States
Jun 17, 2013 · 5-4 · Criminal Procedure
Johnson v. United States
Jun 26, 2015 · 8-1 · Due Process
Obergefell v. Hodges
Jun 26, 2015 · 5-4 · Due Process
Hurst v. Florida
Jan 12, 2016 · 8-1 · Criminal Procedure
South Dakota v. Wayfair
Jun 21, 2018 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Trump v. Hawaii
Jun 26, 2018 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Janus v. American Federation of State
Jun 27, 2018 · 5-4 · Unions
Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt
May 13, 2019 · 5-4 · Economic Activity
Herrera v. Wyoming
May 20, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Knick v. Township of Scott
Jun 21, 2019 · 5-4 · Due Process
Rucho v. Common Cause
Jun 27, 2019 · 5-4 · Civil Rights
Ramos v. Louisiana
Apr 20, 2020 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Edwards v. Vannoy
May 17, 2021 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Shinn v. Ramirez
May 23, 2022 · 6-3 · Criminal Procedure
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
Jun 24, 2022 · 6-3 · Privacy
Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
Jun 27, 2022 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College
Jun 29, 2023 · 6-2 · Civil Rights
Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
Jun 28, 2024 · 6-2 · Economic Activity
Cisco Systems v. Doe
Jun 23, 2026 · 6-3 · Judicial Power
Trump v. Slaughter
Jun 29, 2026 · 6-3 · Miscellaneous
National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission
Jun 30, 2026 · 6-3 · First Amendment
Revocations are full revocations or supersessions recorded in the Federal Register (partial amendments aren't counted). Congressional Review Act disapprovals are identified by title. Laws repealed outright aren't tracked yet. Agencies abolished are in the Executive section.
Log1 file±0
logEverything in between
2,514 events · first 600 shown
- lawDepartments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
- lawDepartment of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
- rulingState Oil Company v. Barkat U. Khan and Khan & Associates, Inc.
- lawDepartments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
- lawHoopa Valley Reservation South Boundary Adjustment Act
- lawMarjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness and Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center Designation Act
- lawDepartment of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
- lawNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998
- lawAgriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
- lawAdoption and Safe Families Act of 1997
- lawSavings are Vital to Everyone's Retirement Act of 1997
- lawJohn F. Kennedy Center Parking Improvement Act of 1997
- lawAsian Elephant Conservation Act of 1997
- lawVeterans' Compensation Rate Amendments of 1997
- lawDistrict of Columbia Appropriations, Medical Liability Reform, and Education Reform Act of 1998
- lawVeterans' Cemetery Protection Act of 1997
- lawAlabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin Compact
- lawIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998
- lawUnited States Fire Administration Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1998 and 1999
- lawLaw Enforcement Technology Advertisement Clarification Act of 1997
- lawCensus of Agriculture Act of 1997
- lawVeterans' Benefits Act of 1997
- lawFood and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997
- lawForeign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998
- lawDepartments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998
- lawPhilippine Army, Scouts, and Guerilla Veterans of World War II Naturalization Act of 1997
- lawExport-Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 1997
- lawHispanic Cultural Center Act of 1997
- lawMuseum and Library Services Technical and Conforming Amendments of 1997
- lawSurface Transportation Extension Act of 1997
- lawLower Brule Sioux Tribe Infrastructure Development Trust Fund Act
- lawAmtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997
- lawSmall Business Reauthorization Act of 1997
- lawAviation Insurance Reauthorization Act of 1997
- rulingHudson v. United States
- lawMichigan Indian Land Claims Settlement Act
- lawAtlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act
- lawNo Electronic Theft (NET) Act
- lawArmy Reserve-National Guard Equity Reimbursement Act
- lawFederal Advisory Committee Act Amendments of 1997
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- agency+Denali Commission
- agency+U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
- lawFAA Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1998
- lawEnvironmental Policy and Conflict Resolution Act of 1997
- lawFAA Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1997
- lawHolocaust Victims Redress Act
- lawNational Sea Grant College Program Reauthorization Act of 1998
- lawExamination Parity and Year 2000 Readiness for Financial Institutions Act
- rulingC. Elvin Feltner, Jr. v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
- rulingUnited States v. United States Shoe Corporation
- lawLobbying Disclosure Technical Amendments Act of 1998
- lawBirth Defects Prevention Act of 1998
- lawAviation Medical Assistance Act of 1998
- lawWireless Telephone Protection Act
- lawVisa Waiver Pilot Program Reauthorization Act of 1997
- order1998 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
- lawTransportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
- rulingArnold F. Hohn v. United States
- lawCare for Police Survivors Act of 1998
- lawBulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Act of 1998
- lawReligious Liberty and Charitable Donation Protection Act of 1998
- rulingUnited States v. Hosep Krikor Bajakajian
- lawTelemarketing Fraud Prevention Act of 1998
- lawAgricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998
- lawU.S. Holocaust Assets Commission Act of 1998
- lawDeadbeat Parents Punishment Act of 1998
- rulingClinton v. City of New York
- rulingEastern Enterprises v. Apfel
- lawAgriculture Export Relief Act of 1998
- lawNational Bone Marrow Registry Reauthorization Act of 1998
- lawOccupational Safety and Health Administration Compliance Assistance Authorization Act of 1998
- lawNational Drought Policy Act of 1998
- lawChild Support Performance and Incentive Act of 1998
- lawNational Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1998
- lawInternal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998
- lawNational Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1998
- lawTropical Forest Conservation Act of 1998
- lawHomeowners Protection Act of 1998
- lawAfrican Elephant Conservation Reauthorization Act of 1998
- lawCredit Union Membership Access Act
- lawWorkforce Investment Partnership Act of 1998
- lawAmy Somers Volunteers at Food Banks Act
- lawTwenty-First Century Workforce Commission Act
- lawJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Authorization Act of 1998
- lawJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Authorization Act
- lawEmergency Farm Financial Relief Act
- lawShackleford Banks Wild Horses Protection Act
- lawBiomaterials Access Assurance Act of 1998
- lawBiomaterials Access Assurance Act of 1997
- orderGreening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition
- lawTexas Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact Consent Act
- lawMilitary Construction Appropriations Act, 1999
- lawMarion National Fish Hatchery and Claude Harris National Aquacultural Research Center Conveyance Act
- lawPostal Employees Safety Enhancement Act
- lawNational Wildlife Refuge System Volunteer and Community Partnership Enhancement Act of 1998
- lawSand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Preservation Act of 1998
- lawHigher Education Amendments of 1998
- lawEnergy and Water Development Appropriations Act, 1999
- lawNazi War Crimes Disclosure Act
- lawMammography Quality Standards Reauthorization Act of 1998
- lawCrime Identification Technology Act of 1998
- lawCommission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development Act
- lawOcean Shipping Reform Act of 1998
- lawStrom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999
- lawDepartment of Defense Appropriations Act, 1999
- lawSouthern Nevada Public Land Management Act of 1998
- lawTravel and Transportation Reform Act of 1998
- lawGreat Lakes Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act of 1998
- lawFederal Employees Health Care Protection Act of 1998
- lawGallatin Land Consolidation Act of 1998
- lawMigratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Promotion Act
- lawFederal Activities Inventory Reform Act of 1998
- lawYear 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act
- lawIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999
- lawDistrict of Columbia Courts and Justice Technical Corrections Act of 1998
- lawLegislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1999
- lawDepartments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999
- lawOmnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999
- lawCharter School Expansion Act of 1998
- lawMount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Completion Act
- lawGranite Watershed Enhancement and Protection Act of 1998
- lawCoats Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1998
- lawBorder Smog Reduction Act of 1998
- lawArmored Car Reciprocity Amendments of 1998
- lawMiles Land Exchange Act of 1998
- lawPlant Patent Amendment Act of 1998
- lawGuam Organic Act Amendments of 1998
- lawInternational Religious Freedom Act of 1998
- lawIrrigation Project Contract Extension Act of 1998
- lawAdvisory Council on California Indian Policy Extension Act of 1998
- lawCurt Flood Act of 1998
- lawSonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act
- lawCrime Victims With Disabilities Awareness Act
- lawCommercial Space Act of 1998
- lawDigital Millennium Copyright Act
- lawNext Generation Internet Research Act of 1998
- lawNoncitizen Benefit Clarification and Other Technical Amendments Act of 1998
- lawDante Fascell Biscayne National Park Visitor Center Designation Act
- lawTechnology Administration Act of 1998
- lawMoney Laundering and Financial Crimes Strategy Act of 1998
- lawFederal Employees Life Insurance Improvement Act
- lawMigratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 1998
- lawMiccosukee Reserved Area Act
- lawProtection of Children From Sexual Predators Act of 1998
- lawAlternative Dispute Resolution Act of 1998
- lawCanadian River Project Prepayment Act
- lawGlacier Bay National Park Boundary Adjustment Act of 1998
- lawIdentity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998
- lawIrish Peace Process Cultural and Training Program Act of 1998
- lawTorture Victims Relief Act of 1998
- lawOregon Public Lands Transfer and Protection Act of 1998
- lawExtradition Treaties Interpretation Act of 1998
- lawAntimicrobial Regulation Technical Corrections Act of 1998
- lawNational Cave and Karst Research Institute Act of 1998
- lawDutch John Federal Property Disposition and Assistance Act of 1998
- lawFish and Wildlife Revenue Enhancement Act of 1998
- lawArches National Park Expansion Act of 1998
- lawTrademark Law Treaty Implementation Act
- lawCarl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Amendments of 1998
- lawANCSA Land Bank Protection Act of 1998
- lawDrive for Teen Employment Act
- lawUtah Schools and Lands Exchange Act of 1998
- lawWilliam F. Goodling Child Nutrition Reauthorization Act of 1998
- lawHaskell Indian Nations University and Southwestern Indian PolytechnicInstitute Administrative Systems Act of 1998
- lawIraq Liberation Act of 1998
- lawVeterans Employment Opportunities Act of 1998
- lawWomen's Health Research and Prevention Amendments of 1998
- lawWomen's Progress Commemoration Act
- lawAdams National Historical Park Act of 1998
- lawConsumer Reporting Employment Clarification Act of 1998
- lawFall River Water Users District Rural Water System Act of 1998
- lawSecurities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998
- lawAutomobile National Heritage Area Act
- lawControlled Substances Trafficking Prohibition Act
- lawUnited States Patent and Trademark Office Reauthorization Act, Fiscal Year 1999
- lawNative American Programs Act Amendments of 1998
- lawFederal Reports Elimination Act of 1998
- lawGrant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site Boundary Adjustment Act of 1998
- lawInternational Anti-Bribery and Fair Competition Act of 1998
- lawVeterans Programs Enhancement Act of 1998
- lawRicky Ray Hemophilia Relief Fund Act of 1998
- lawCorrection Officers Health and Safety Act of 1998
- lawSalton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998
- lawBandelier National Monument Administrative Improvement and Watershed Protection Act of 1998
- lawLower East Side Tenement National Historic Site Act of 1998
- lawHawaii Volcanoes National Park Adjustment Act of 1998
- lawDepartment of State Special Agents Retirement Act of 1998
- lawCoast Guard Authorization Act of 1998
- lawNorthwest Straits Marine Conservation Initiative Act
- lawAfrica: Seeds of Hope Act of 1998
- lawMississippi Sioux Tribes Judgment Fund Distribution Act of 1998
- lawEnergy Conservation Reauthorization Act of 1998
- lawCentennial of Flight Commemoration Act
- lawPolice, Fire, and Emergency Officers Educational Assistance Act of 1998
- lawNational Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998
- lawHealth Professions Education Partnerships Act of 1998
- lawEconomic Development Administration and Appalachian Regional Development Reform Act of 1998
- lawAssistive Technology Act of 1998
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay and Delegation of a Federal Pay Administration Authority
- agency−United States Information Agency
- lawDistrict of Columbia Management Restoration Act of 1999
- war+Kosovo War
- rulingMinnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
- lawNursing Home Resident Protection Amendments of 1999
- lawInterim Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act
- agency−Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
- lawSmall Business Year 2000 Readiness Act
- lawSmall Business Investment Improvement Act of 1999
- lawWomen's Business Center Amendments Act of 1999
- lawSudbury, Assabet, and Concord Wild and Scenic River Act
- lawMicroloan Program Technical Corrections Act of 1999
- lawTerry Sanford Commemoration Act of 1999
- lawEducation Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999
- lawEmergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1999
- orderGreening the Government Through Efficient Energy Management
- lawFastener Quality Act Amendments Act of 1999
- rulingGreater New Orleans Broadcasting Association, Inc. v. United States
- lawWestern Hemisphere Drug Elimination Technical Corrections Act
- rulingFlorida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank and United States
- rulingCollege Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
- rulingAlden v. Maine
- lawMiscellaneous Trade and Technical Corrections Act of 1999
- lawY2K Act
- lawNational Missile Defense Act of 1999
- lawChemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act
- lawLake Oconee Land Exchange Act
- lawPatent Fee Integrity and Innovation Protection Act of 1999
- lawTrademark Amendments Act of 1999
- lawConstruction Industry Payment Protection Act of 1999
- lawVeterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999
- lawEmergency Steel Loan Guarantee and Emergency Oil and Gas Guaranteed Loan Act of 1999
- lawMilitary Construction Appropriations Act, 2000
- lawWater Resources Development Act of 1999
- lawOrgan Donor Leave Act
- lawLegislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2000
- lawTreasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2000
- lawEnergy and Water Development Appropriations Act, 2000
- lawMaking continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2000, and for other purposes
- agency+U.S. Agency for Global Media
- lawNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000
- order1999 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
- lawTroops-to-Teachers Program Act of 1999
- lawDepartment of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000
- lawMissing, Exploited, and Runaway Children Protection Act
- lawDepartments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2000, and for other purposes
- lawBlack Canyon of the Gunnison National Park and Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area Act of 1999
- lawAgriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000
- agency+Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
- lawDepartment of Defense Appropriations Act, 2000
- lawWireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999
- lawNational Medal of Honor Memorial Act
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2000, and for other purposes
- lawPennsylvania Battlefields Protection Act of 1999
- lawTorture Victims Relief Reauthorization Act of 1999
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2000, and for other purposes
- lawValley Forge Museum of the American Revolution Act of 1999
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2000, and for other purposes
- lawNursing Relief for Disadvantaged Areas Act of 1999
- lawExport Apple Act
- lawDistrict of Columbia College Access Act of 1999
- lawHistory of the House Awareness and Preservation Act
- lawDistrict of Columbia College Access Act
- lawGramm-Leach-Bliley Act
- lawProgram for Investment in Microentrepreneurs Act of 1999
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2000, and for other purposes
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2000, and for other purposes
- lawFederal Financial Assistance Management Improvement Act of 1999
- war−Kosovo War
- lawArctic Tundra Habitat Emergency Conservation Act
- lawConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2000
- lawMinuteman Missile National Historic Site Establishment Act of 1999
- lawVeterans Millennium Health Care and Benefits Act
- lawVeterans' Compensation Cost-of-Living Adjustment Act of 1999
- lawUpper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River Mongaup Visitor Center Act of 1999
- lawIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000
- lawHealthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999
- lawGateway Visitor Center Authorization Act of 1999
- lawArizona Statehood and Enabling Act Amendments of 1999
- lawStar-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail Study Act of 1999
- lawPerkins County Rural Water System Act of 1999
- lawTerry Peak Land Act of 1999
- lawState Flexibility Clarification Act
- lawFour Corners Interpretive Center Act
- lawOtay Mountain Wilderness Act of 1999
- lawThomas Cole National Historic Site Act
- lawNational Geologic Mapping Reauthorization Act of 1999
- lawQuinebaug and Shetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor Reauthorization Act of 1999
- lawU.S. Holocaust Assets Commission Extension Act
- lawDugger Mountain Wilderness Act of 1999
- lawExport Enhancement Act of 1999
- lawMotor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999
- lawDigital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999
- lawChippewa Cree Tribe of the Rocky Boy's Reservation Indian Reserved Water Rights Settlement and Water Supply Enhancement Act of 1999
- lawFallen Timbers Battlefield and Fort Miamis National Historic Site Act of 1999
- lawWomen's Business Centers Sustainability Act of 1999
- lawJohn H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System Act
- lawDeceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act
- lawFoster Care Independence Act of 1999
- lawTicket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- agency+Delta Regional Authority
- rulingJ. Daniel Kimel, Jr. v. Florida Board of Regents
- lawElectronic Benefit Transfer Interoperability and Portability Act of 2000
- lawHillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000
- lawAbraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Act
- lawPoison Control Center Enhancement and Awareness Act
- lawOmnibus Parks Technical Corrections Act of 2000
- lawChild Abuse Prevention and Enforcement Act
- lawIran Nonproliferation Act of 2000
- lawIndian Tribal Economic Development and Contract Encouragement Act of 2000
- lawOpen-market Reorganization for the Betterment of International Telecommunications Act
- lawWendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century
- lawSenior Citizens' Freedom to Work Act of 2000
- orderGreening the Government Through Leadership in Environmental Management
- lawCivil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000
- lawBikini Resettlement and Relocation Act of 2000
- lawLamprey Wild and Scenic River Extension Act
- lawMethane Hydrate Research and Development Act of 2000
- lawContinued Reporting of Intercepted Wire, Oral, and Electronic Communications Act
- rulingUnited States v. Morrison
- lawTrade and Development Act of 2000
- lawWorker Economic Opportunity Act
- rulingUnited States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
- lawHmong Veterans' Naturalization Act of 2000
- lawNational Historic Preservation Act Amendments of 2000
- lawMuhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act
- lawAmerican Institute in Taiwan Facilities Enhancement Act
- lawImmigration and Naturalization Service Data Management Improvement Act of 2000
- lawCarlsbad Irrigation Project Acquired Land Transfer Act
- lawWellton-Mohawk Transfer Act
- lawFreedom to E-File Act
- lawAgricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000
- rulingDickerson v. United States
- rulingGuy Mitchell v. Helms
- lawElectronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
- lawThird Millennium Digital Commerce Act
- lawChurch Plan Parity and Entanglement Prevention Act of 1999
- lawRadiation Exposure Compensation Act Amendments of 2000
- lawMilitary Construction Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawNeotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act
- lawValles Caldera Preservation Act
- lawGriffith Project Prepayment and Conveyance Act
- lawMobile Telecommunications Sourcing Act
- lawSemipostal Authorization Act
- lawFederal Law Enforcement Animal Protection Act of 2000
- lawCross-Border Cooperation and Environmental Safety in Northern Europe Act of 2000
- lawOceans Act of 2000
- lawOregon Land Exchange Act of 2000
- lawTriangle Land Exchange Act of 1999
- lawDepartment of Defense Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawTribal Self-Governance Amendments of 2000
- lawShivwits Band of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah Water Rights Settlement Act
- lawGlobal AIDS and Tuberculosis Relief Act of 2000
- lawLong-Term Care Security Act
- lawDeschutes Resources Conservancy Reauthorization Act of 2000
- lawCorinth Battlefield Preservation Act of 2000
- lawJackson Multi-Agency Campus Act of 1999
- lawReligious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000
- lawMaking continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- agency+United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission
- lawLackawanna Valley National Heritage Area Act of 1999
- lawIntercountry Adoption Act of 2000
- lawSecurity Assistance Act of 2000
- lawFHA Downpayment Simplification Extension Act of 2000
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawKake Tribal Corporation Land Transfer Act
- lawBeaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act of 2000
- lawAk-Chin Water Use Amendments Act of 1999
- lawU.S.-China Relations Act of 2000
- lawDepartment of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawPresidential Transition Act of 2000
- lawFederal Prisoner Health Care Copayment Act of 2000
- lawFederal Prisoner Health Care Copayment Act of 1999
- lawDeath in Custody Reporting Act of 2000
- lawLincoln County Land Act of 2000
- lawWekiva Wild and Scenic River Act of 2000
- lawRed River National Wildlife Refuge Act
- lawUtah West Desert Land Exchange Act of 2000
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawEl Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail Act
- lawMicroenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-Corruption Act of 2000
- lawChildren's Health Act of 2000
- lawYouth Drug and Mental Health Services Act
- lawTruth in Regulating Act of 2000
- lawKids 2000 Act
- lawStrengthening Abuse and Neglect Courts Act of 2000
- lawTaunton River Wild and Scenic River Study Act of 2000
- lawYuma Crossing National Heritage Area Act of 2000
- lawEffigy Mounds National Monument Additions Act
- lawBlack Hills National Forest and Rocky Mountain Research Station Improvement Act
- lawTexas National Forests Improvement Act of 2000
- lawCahaba River National Wildlife Refuge Establishment Act
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawRyan White CARE Act Amendments of 2000
- lawDepartment of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawCarter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site Study Act of 2000
- lawGolden Gate National Recreation Area Boundary Adjustment Act of 2000
- lawSanta Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Act of 2000
- lawRosie the Riveter-World War II Home Front National Historical Park Establishment Act of 2000
- lawColorado Canyons National Conservation Area and Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness Act of 2000
- lawBreast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000
- lawNational Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000
- lawDayton Aviation Heritage Preservation Amendments Act of 2000
- lawWhite Clay Creek Wild and Scenic Rivers System Act
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawIvanpah Valley Airport Public Lands Transfer Act
- lawDefense Production Act Amendments of 1999
- lawNational Police Athletic League Youth Enrichment Act of 2000
- lawNational Police Athletic League Youth Enrichment Act of 1999
- lawCat Island National Wildlife Refuge Establishment Act
- lawDuchesne City Water Rights Conveyance Act
- lawFamine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger Improvement Act of 2000
- lawDepartment of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawDepartments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawWork Made for Hire and Copyright Corrections Act of 2000
- lawVeterans' Oral History Project Act
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawFort Peck Reservation Rural Water System Act of 2000
- lawFort Peck Reservation Rural Water System Act of 1999
- lawVictims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000
- lawAgriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawDisaster Mitigation Act of 2000
- lawNational Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2000
- lawNational Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 1999
- lawSecure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000
- lawFederal Employees Health Benefits Children's Equity Act of 2000
- lawChild Citizenship Act of 2000
- lawVisa Waiver Permanent Program Act
- lawDistrict of Columbia Receivership Accountability Act of 2000
- lawFloyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001
- lawSteens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Act of 2000
- lawMcKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawDevelopmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawTechnology Transfer Commercialization Act of 2000
- lawCommercial Space Transportation Competitiveness Act of 2000
- lawInternational Patient Act of 2000
- lawSoutheast Federal Center Public-Private Development Act of 2000
- lawFish and Wildlife Programs Improvement and National Wildlife Refuge System Centennial Act of 2000
- lawReligious Workers Act of 2000
- lawWildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Programs Improvement Act of 2000
- lawGreat Ape Conservation Act of 2000
- lawVeterans' Compensation Cost-of-Living Adjustment Act of 2000
- lawTransportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation (TREAD) Act
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawAlaska Native and American Indian Direct Reimbursement Act of 2000
- lawLower Delaware Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
- lawVeterans Benefits and Health Care Improvement Act of 2000
- lawCollege Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act of 2000
- lawCastle Rock Ranch Acquisition Act of 2000
- lawCastle Rock Ranch Acquisition Act of 1999
- lawTimbisha Shoshone Homeland Act
- lawNational Transportation Safety Board Amendments Act of 2000
- lawSanto Domingo Pueblo Claims Settlement Act of 2000
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawForeign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawNeedlestick Safety and Prevention Act
- lawSaint Helena Island National Scenic Area Act
- lawMiwaleta Park Expansion Act
- lawSocial Security Number Confidentiality Act of 2000
- lawSocial Security Number Confidentiality Act of 1999
- lawFreedmen's Bureau Records Preservation Act of 2000
- lawUnited States Mint Numismatic Coin Clarification Act of 2000
- lawIndian Tribal Regulatory Reform and Business Development Act of 2000
- lawIndian Tribal Regulatory Reform and Business Development Act of 1999
- lawFishermen's Protective Act Amendments of 2000
- lawWartime Violation of Italian American Civil Liberties Act
- lawYukon River Salmon Act of 2000
- lawGlacier Bay National Park Resource Management Act of 2000
- lawSpanish Peaks Wilderness Act of 2000
- lawEstuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000
- lawArizona National Forest Improvement Act of 2000
- lawArizona National Forest Improvement Act of 1999
- lawHoover Dam Miscellaneous Sales Act
- lawIndian Land Consolidation Act Amendments of 2000
- lawCoal Market Competition Act of 2000
- lawNative American Business Development, Trade Promotion, and Tourism Act of 2000
- lawSand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Establishment Act of 2000
- lawNampa and Meridian Conveyance Act
- lawIndian Land Consolidation Act Amendments of 1999
- lawKristen's Act
- lawEnergy Act of 2000
- lawUpper Housatonic National Heritage Area Study Act of 2000
- lawNational Oilheat Research Alliance Act of 2000
- lawGrain Standards and Warehouse Improvement Act of 2000
- lawWashington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route National Heritage Act of 2000
- lawNational Recording Preservation Act of 2000
- lawVeterans Claims Assistance Act of 2000
- lawTariff Suspension and Trade Act of 2000
- lawProduct Development and Testing Act of 2000
- lawLibrary of Congress Fiscal Operations Improvement Act of 2000
- lawBring Them Home Alive Act of 2000
- lawVicksburg Campaign Trail Battlefields Preservation Act of 2000
- lawNational Law Enforcement Museum Act
- lawBend Feed Canal Pipeline Project Act of 2000
- lawIndian Arts and Crafts Enforcement Act of 2000
- lawKlamath Basin Water Supply Enhancement Act of 2000
- lawOlder Americans Act Amendments of 2000
- lawFisheries Restoration and Irrigation Mitigation Act of 2000
- lawFire Administration Authorization Act of 2000
- lawGuam Omnibus Opportunities Act
- lawPublic Health Improvement Act
- lawLake Tahoe Restoration Act
- lawTwenty-First Century Research Laboratories Act
- lawExport Administration Modification and Clarification Act of 2000
- lawAla Kahakai National Historic Trail Act
- lawHawaii Volcanoes National Park Adjustment Act of 2000
- lawCheyenne River Sioux Tribe Equitable Compensation Act
- lawPalmetto Bend Conveyance Act
- lawNational Marine Sanctuaries Amendments Act of 2000
- lawCoastal Barrier Resources Reauthorization Act of 2000
- lawAmerica's Law Enforcement and Mental Health Project
- lawHarriet Tubman Special Resource Study Act
- lawBulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Act of 2000
- lawFederal Courts Improvement Act of 2000
- lawFSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawCoastal Barrier Resources Reauthorization Act of 1999
- lawDistrict of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawMilitary Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000
- lawMilitary and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 1999
- lawMinority Health and Health Disparities Research and Education Act of 2000
- lawBend Pine Nursery Land Conveyance Act
- lawHealth Care Fairness Act of 1999
- lawAirport Security Improvement Act of 2000
- lawSaint Croix Island Heritage Act
- lawGreat Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve Act of 2000
- lawReports Consolidation Act of 2000
- lawDairy Market Enhancement Act of 2000
- lawCongressional Recognition for Excellence in Arts Education Act
- lawProtecting Seniors From Fraud Act
- orderNorthwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawLas Cienegas National Conservation Area Establishment Act of 1999
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawWater Resources Development Act of 2000
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- rulingBush v. Gore
- lawMaking further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 2001, and for other purposes
- lawPresidential Threat Protection Act of 2000
- lawICCVAM Authorization Act of 2000
- lawDNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000
- lawEnhanced Federal Security Act of 2000
- lawPresidential Threat Protection Act of 1999
- lawJames Madison Commemoration Commission Act
- lawChimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection Act
- lawDistrict of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawStriped Bass Conservation, Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Management, and Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Act of 2000
- lawMarine Mammal Rescue Assistance Act of 2000
- lawShark Finning Prohibition Act
- lawIndian Tribal Justice Technical and Legal Assistance Act of 2000
- lawInterstate Transportation of Dangerous Criminals Act of 2000
- lawPaul Coverdell National Forensic Sciences Improvement Act of 2000
- orderAdjustments of Certain Rates of Pay
- lawPribilof Islands Transition Act
- lawLincoln Highway Study Act of 2000
- lawLincoln Highway Study Act of 1999
- lawJamestown 400th Commemoration Commission Act of 2000
- lawHawaii Water Resources Act of 2000
- lawIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001
- lawOmnibus Indian Advancement Act
- lawAmerican Homeownership and Economic Opportunity Act of 2000
- lawAssistance for International Malaria Control Act
- lawFederal Physicians Comparability Allowance Amendments of 2000
- lawComputer Crime Enforcement Act
- lawInstallment Tax Correction Act of 2000
- lawDillonwood Giant Sequoia Grove Park Expansion Act
- lawAnti-Retroactive Taxation Act
- lawLower Rio Grande Valley Water Resources Conservation and Improvement Act of 2000
- lawCalifornia Trail Interpretive Act
- lawInternet False Identification Prevention Act of 2000
- lawNational Moment of Remembrance Act
- lawNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Establishment Act
- agency+United States Homeland Security Council
- presidentGeorge Walker Bush takes office
- rulingBoard of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
- rulingLegal Services Corporation v. Carmen Velazquez
- rulingUnited States v. Hatter
- lawAnimal Disease Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Control Act of 2001
- lawPublic Safety Officer Medal of Valor Act of 2001
- lawVeterans' Survivor Benefits Improvements Act of 2001
- lawFallen Hero Survivor Benefit Fairness Act of 2001
- lawEconomic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
- rulingUnited States and Department of Agriculture v. United Foods, Inc.
- lawVeterans' Opportunities Act of 2001
- lawSupplemental Appropriations Act, 2001
- lawILSA Extension Act of 2001
- lawCrop Year 2001 Agricultural Economic Assistance Act
- lawFederal Firefighters Retirement Age Fairness Act
- war+War against al-Qaida